Can a lawyer suing a company talk to its current and former employees without the company's lawyer's consent?

Plain-English summary

The Board addressed whether a lawyer adverse to a corporation may communicate with the corporation's current and former employees without the consent of corporate counsel, especially when corporate counsel asserts blanket representation of the corporation and all of its employees. The analysis turns on Prof. Cond. R. 4.2, the no-contact rule, and its Comment [7].

For current employees, the Board concluded that three categories are off-limits without corporate counsel's consent: employees who supervise, direct, or regularly consult with the corporation's lawyer about the matter; employees who can obligate the corporation as to the matter; and employees whose act or omission in the matter may be imputed to the corporation for civil or criminal liability. Because an outside lawyer often cannot tell which employees fall into these categories, the Board advised extreme caution and, in close cases, notifying corporate counsel before contact.

For former employees, the Board concluded that a lawyer may communicate on the subject of the representation with any unrepresented former employee, including former management and even those whose prior acts or omissions may be imputed to the corporation, without notice to or consent of corporate counsel. It grounded this in Comment [7]'s statement that consent is not required for a former constituent, in ABA Formal Op. 91-359, and in its own prior Opinion 1996-1 and supporting federal cases. The lawyer must still disclose their identity and adverse role, must not solicit privileged information (Rules 1.6, 4.4), may not contact a former employee who has independent counsel, and under Rule 4.3 may not advise an unrepresented former employee beyond suggesting they seek counsel. Finally, the Board held that a corporate lawyer's blanket assertion of representing all current and former employees is unsupported by the Rules and cannot insulate all employees from contact. The opinion withdrew Advisory Opinion 2005-3.

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the Ohio rules as they stood at the time, the no-contact rule shields only the three Comment [7] categories of current employees, and a lawyer adverse to a corporation may contact any unrepresented former employee, even one whose conduct may be imputed to the company. Per the opinion, the contacting lawyer must identify their role and adverse client, must avoid eliciting privileged information, and may not advise an unrepresented former employee other than to seek counsel; a corporate lawyer's blanket assertion of representing all employees does not bar contact.

Common questions

Q: Which current employees of an adverse company are off-limits without counsel's consent?

A: The opinion concluded Rule 4.2 bars contact with current employees who supervise, direct, or regularly consult with the corporation's lawyer about the matter, who can obligate the corporation, or whose acts or omissions may be imputed to it for civil or criminal liability.

Q: Can a lawyer interview former employees of the opposing company?

A: The opinion concluded yes; a lawyer may communicate with any unrepresented former employee, including former management and even those whose prior conduct may be imputed to the corporation, without corporate counsel's consent.

Q: Does a corporate lawyer's claim to represent "all current and former employees" block contact?

A: The opinion concluded no; such a blanket assertion is unsupported by the Rules and cannot insulate all employees from contact by an adverse lawyer.

Q: What must a lawyer do when contacting a former employee?

A: The opinion concluded the lawyer must disclose their identity and adverse role, must not seek privileged information (Rules 1.6, 4.4), and under Rule 4.3 may not give advice beyond suggesting the former employee seek counsel.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Ohio Prof. Cond. R. 4.2 (communication with a represented person), including Comment [7] on organizational constituents, along with 4.3 (dealing with unrepresented persons), 4.4 (respect for the rights of third persons), and 1.6 (confidentiality) (Model Rules 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 1.6).

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Ohio Prof. Cond. R. 4.2 (communication with person represented by counsel) (Model Rule 4.2)
• Ohio Prof. Cond. R. 4.3 (dealing with unrepresented person) (Model Rule 4.3)
• Ohio Prof. Cond. R. 4.4 (respect for rights of third persons) (Model Rule 4.4)
• Ohio Prof. Cond. R. 1.6 (confidentiality) (Model Rule 1.6)

Cases:

• United States v. Beiersdorf-Jobst, Inc., 980 F. Supp. 257 (N.D. Ohio 1997), contact with former employees
• Smith v. Kalamazoo Ophthalmology, 322 F. Supp. 2d 883 (W.D. Mich. 2004), former employees and Rule 4.2

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Formal Op. 95-396 (1995): contact with represented organization's employees; blanket representation
• ABA Formal Op. 91-359 (1991): contact with former employees
• Ohio BPC Op. 2005-3 (withdrawn by this opinion) and Op. 1996-1: contact with corporate employees

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 1996-001: Ex Parte Communication With Former Corporate Employees
• Ohio BPC Op. 1990-020: Interviewing Corporate Employees and the Anti-Contact Rule
• Ohio BPC Op. 2005-003: Contact With Current and Former Corporate Employees

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op_16-005.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

BOARD OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
Telephone: 614.387.9370 Fax: 614.387.9379
www.supremecourt.ohio.gov

PAUL M. DE MARCO RICHARD A. DOVE
CHAIR DIRECTOR
WILLIAM J. NOVAK D. ALLAN ASBURY
VICE- CHAIR SENIOR COUNSEL

                                                                              HEIDI WAGNER
                                                                                  DORN
                                                                                 COUNSEL




                                 OPINION 2016-5
                               Issued August 5, 2016
                         Withdraws Advisory Opinion 2005-3

          Communication With Current and Former Corporate Employees

SYLLABUS: When a corporation is known to be represented with respect to a
particular matter, Prof.Cond.R. 4.2 prohibits communication without the consent
of the corporate lawyer with a current employee of the corporation who
supervises, directs, or regularly consults with the corporation’s lawyer concerning
the matter, who has authority to obligate the corporation with respect to the
matter, or whose act or omission in connection with the matter may be imputed to
the corporation for purposes of civil or criminal liability. A lawyer may
communicate on the subject matter of the representation with former employees
of the corporation, without notification or consent of the corporation’s lawyer, as
long as the former employee is not represented by counsel. A lawyer representing
an interest adverse to a corporation may communicate with certain employees of
the corporation without the consent of a corporation’s lawyer, even when a
corporate lawyer asserts blanket representation of the corporation and all of its
current and former employees.

QUESTION: May a lawyer who represents an interest adverse to a corporation
communicate with current and former employees of the corporation without the
consent of the corporation’s lawyer, when the corporate lawyer asserts blanket
representation of the corporation and all current and former employees?

APPLICABLE RULES: Prof.Cond.R. 1.6, 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4.

OPINION: A lawyer’s communication with current and former employees of the
corporation is addressed by Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, which provides:
Op. 2016-5 2

         In representing a client, a lawyer shall not
         communicate about the subject of the representation
         with a person the lawyer knows to be represented by
         another lawyer in the matter, unless the lawyer has the
         consent of the other lawyer or is authorized to do so by
         law or a court order.

   The rule “provide[s] protection of the represented person against

overreaching by adverse counsel, safeguard[s] the client-lawyer relationship from
interference by adverse counsel, and reduce[s] the likelihood that clients will
disclose privileged or other information that might harm their interests.” ABA,
Formal Opinion 95-396 (1995), Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, cmt. [1].

Current employees

   Certain categories of current employees of a corporation are considered

represented by the corporation’s lawyer and are shielded from contact by adverse
counsel. Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, cmt. [7] sets forth three categories of employees an
adverse lawyer may not contact without permission of corporate counsel.
Specifically, the comment provides that communication is prohibited with current
employees who 1) supervise, direct, or regularly consult with the corporation’s
lawyer concerning the subject of the representation; 2) have the authority to
obligate the corporation with respect to the matter; and 3) employees whose “act[s]
or omission[s] in connection with the matter may be imputed to the organization
for purposes of civil or criminal liability.” Id.

   Extreme caution should be observed by adverse lawyers when interviewing

current employees, even those employees who do not satisfy the categories set
forth in Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, cmt. [7]. When an adverse lawyer interviews current
employees, he or she may inadvertently violate Prof.Cond.R. 4.2 because the
lawyer typically is not privy to which employees of the corporation regularly
consult with the corporation’s lawyer or have the authority to bind the
organization. In close cases, it may be appropriate to notify the corporation’s
lawyer before making contact with current employees. If a legitimate basis for
denying contact is given by the corporate lawyer, the adverse lawyer may need to
conduct further investigation through other means or engage in limited discovery
before initial contact with a current employee is made.
Op. 2016-5 3

Former employees

   Once a management employee has left the corporation, he or she no longer

supervises, directs, or consults with the corporation’s lawyer and cannot obligate
the organization. Former employees cannot bind the organization and their
statements cannot be introduced as admissions of the organization.1 Geoffrey
Hazard, Jr. & W. William Hodes, The Law of Lawyering, Sec. 38.7 (3d ed. Supp.
2011). Similarly, under the law of agency, the former management employee is no
longer acting on behalf of the organization. See Mich. Op. RI-360 (2013).
Consequently, a lawyer may communicate on the subject matter of the
representation with any former and unrepresented corporate employees,
including those in management, without notification or consent of the corporate
lawyer.

   Communications are also permitted under Prof.Cond.R. 4.2 with

unrepresented former employees whose prior acts or omissions committed while
they were employed may be imputed to the organization and give rise to civil or
criminal liability. This conclusion is supported by the distinction between current
and former employees, referred to as “constituents” in comment [7] to
Prof.Cond.R. 4.2. The comment directs that, in the “case of represented
organization, [the] rule prohibits communications with a constituent of the
organization . . . whose act or omission may be imputed to the organization . . . .”
(emphasis added.) This sentence is immediately followed by the statement that
“[c]onsent of the organization’s lawyer is not required for communication with a
former constituent,” thus clarifying that a lawyer’s communication is permitted
with former employees, even those whose prior act or omissions may eventually
be imputed to the corporation. Id. (emphasis added.)

   In 1991, the ABA concluded that Model Rule 4.2 did not prohibit

communication with any former corporate employee, even if they were in one of
the categories under which communication was prohibited while they were
employed. ABA Formal Op. 1991-359 (a lawyer may communicate about the
subject of the representation with an unrepresented former employee of the
corporate party without the consent of the corporation's lawyer.)

   The Board previously interpreted former DR 7-104(A)(1), the predecessor

to Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, as permitting communication with former employees whose

1Statements made by a “party’s agent or employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship
and while it existed” are non-hearsay statements admissible against the party. Consequently, only
communications with current employees of a corporation are prohibited when their admissions
would constitute admissions of the corporation under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(D).
Op. 2016-5 4

prior acts or omissions may give rise to corporate or organization liability. Adv.
Op. 1996-1. Federal courts are also in accord with the view that contact with all
former unrepresented employees is permissible. In United States v. Beiersdorf-Jobst,
Inc., 980 F. Supp. 257, 262 (N.D. Ohio 1997) (citing with approval Adv. Op. 1996-
1), the court held that contact with former employees was permitted under former
DR 7-104(A)(1), based on the premise that the “unimpeded flow of information
between adversaries . . . encourage[s] the early detection and elimination of both
undisputed and meritless claims.” The court made no distinction between
different categories of former employees, e.g. management employees, employees
with the authority to bind the corporation, or whose prior acts or omissions may
be imputed, and suggested no exceptions to its general holding. See also Smith v.
Kalamazoo Ophthalmology, 322 F. Supp. 2d 883, 890 (W.D. Mich. 2004) (ex parte
contact with former employees is not subject to Rule 4.2).

   Based on the foregoing, the Board reiterates its position in Adv. Op. 1996-1

and concludes that communication with a former employee, even one whose prior
acts or omissions may be imputed to the corporation, is permissible under
Prof.Cond.R. 4.2.

   Before interviewing a former employee, a lawyer should disclose his or her

identity, and fully explain that he or she represents a client adverse to the
corporation. The lawyer also must immediately inform the former employee not
to divulge any privileged communications that the former employee may have
had with corporate or other retained counsel. Prof.Cond.R. 1.6, 4.4 (lawyers may
not use methods to obtain evidence that violate the legal rights of third parties.)
Consequently, a lawyer must endeavor not to solicit information from former
employees that the lawyer knows or reasonably knows to be protected by the
attorney-client privilege. See D.C. Bar Op. 287. Nor may a lawyer communicate
ex parte with a former employee who is represented by independent counsel, or if
the corporation's lawyer has agreed to provide representation in the matter. See
Davis v. Creditors Interchange Receivable Mgmt., LLC, 585 F. Supp. 2d 968 (N.D. Ohio
2008).

    Finally, Prof.Cond.R. 4.3 requires a lawyer not to give advice to an

unrepresented former employee other than advice to seek counsel in the matter.
In essence, the rule requires an adverse lawyer contacting a former employee of
an opposing corporate party to identify his or her role in the matter, the identity
of the lawyer's client and the fact that the witness's former employer is an adverse
party to the litigation.
Blanket representation of representation
Op. 2016-5 5

     A corporate lawyer’s blanket assertion of representation of the corporation

and all of its current and former employees is unsupported by the Rules of
Professional Conduct. Such a declaration by a corporation’s lawyer does not, by
itself, establish legal representation of all employees and is fraught with potential
and inherent conflicts of interest for the corporate lawyer.

  A lawyer representing a corporation may not prohibit contact with all

current and former employees. A similar view was expressed by the ABA: “[A]
lawyer representing the organization cannot insulate all employees from contacts
with opposing lawyers by asserting a blanket representation of the organization.”
ABA, Formal Op. 95-396 (1995).

CONCLUSION: When representing an interest adverse to a corporation, a
lawyer may communicate without the consent of a corporation’s lawyer with
certain current and any former employees of the corporation. Prof.Cond.R. 4.2
prohibits communications without the consent of the corporation’s lawyer with a
current employee of the corporation who supervises, directs, or regularly consults
with the corporation’s lawyer concerning the matter, has authority to obligate the
corporation with respect to the matter, or whose act or omission in connection with
the matter may be imputed to the corporation for purposes of civil or criminal
liability. A lawyer’s communication with unrepresented former employees does
not violate Prof.Cond.R. 4.2, even if the employee’s prior acts and omissions may
be imputed to the organization. Subject to the three exceptions described above, a
corporate counsel’s blanket assertion of representation is not supported by the
Rules of Professional Conduct. A lawyer must inform an unrepresented former
employee not to divulge any information that is subject to attorney-client privilege
and refrain from giving the employee advice.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Professional Conduct are informal,
nonbinding opinions in response to prospective or hypothetical questions
regarding the application of the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of
the Bar of Ohio, the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary,
the Rules of Professional Conduct, the Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney’s Oath of Office.