Can an Ohio judge thank jurors for their service by giving them a letter, certificate, or memento such as a bookmark imprinted with the judge's name and picture?

Plain-English summary

The Board addressed whether a judge may, at personal expense, give jurors bookmarks imprinted with the judge's name, picture, and a historic quote about jury service. The Board framed the question as a balance among the judge's duty of courtesy (Rule 2.8(B)), the duty to promote public confidence in the judiciary and avoid impropriety (Rule 1.2), and the duty not to abuse the prestige of office to advance personal or economic interests (Rule 1.3). Surveying advisory opinions from several states, the Board noted broad agreement that thanking jurors is permissible.

The Board concluded that a judge may thank jurors by a verbal expression, a letter, a certificate, or a small but dignified memento, and that a memento such as a bookmark may carry the judge's name, picture, and a historic quote regarding jury service. Thanking jurors is a courtesy available in an election or non-election year, and is best extended soon after service through a uniform method in keeping with the dignity of jury service.

The Board attached limits drawn from the Code. A judge must not commend or criticize jurors for their verdict (Rule 2.8(C)) and must not discuss the merits of the case (Comment [3] to Rule 2.8, with Rules 2.9(A) on ex parte communications and 2.10(A) on public statements). The Board also advised the judge to consider whether to act at personal rather than court expense, noting the Ohio Elections Commission's Opinion 89-4: distributing items bearing the judge's name and office at personal expense to promote a possible future candidacy may trigger the expenditure-reporting requirements of R.C. 3517.10.

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, a judge may thank jurors through a verbal expression, letter, certificate, or small dignified memento, including a bookmark bearing the judge's name, picture, and a historic quote, so long as the method is uniform and dignified and the judge neither discusses the merits nor commends or criticizes the verdict. Per the opinion, the choice to act at personal expense calls for care: applying the Ohio Elections Commission's Opinion 89-4, personal-expense items distributed with the judge's name and office to promote a possible future candidacy may trigger reporting under R.C. 3517.10.

Common questions

Q: Can an Ohio judge send jurors a thank-you letter or certificate after a trial?

A: Yes. The opinion concluded a verbal expression, a letter, or a certificate of appreciation are appropriate methods of thanking jurors under the courtesy duty in Rule 2.8(B).

Q: Can the memento carry the judge's name and picture?

A: The opinion concluded a small but dignified memento such as a bookmark may be imprinted with the judge's name, picture, and a historic quote regarding jury service, and that each judge or court may decide whether to include a picture.

Q: What must the judge avoid when thanking jurors?

A: The opinion concluded the judge must not commend or criticize jurors for their verdict (Rule 2.8(C)) and must not discuss the merits of the case (Comment [3] to Rule 2.8, with Rules 2.9(A) and 2.10(A)).

Q: Does it matter whether the judge pays personally?

A: The opinion concluded the judge should consider whether to act at personal rather than court expense, because under the Ohio Elections Commission's Opinion 89-4 personal-expense items bearing the judge's name and office that promote a future candidacy may trigger reporting under R.C. 3517.10.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct: Jud. Cond. R. 2.8(B) (courtesy) and 2.8(C) (no commendation or criticism of a verdict), R. 1.2 (public confidence and avoiding impropriety), R. 1.3 (not abusing the prestige of office), and R. 2.9(A) and 2.10(A) (ex parte communications and public statements). It also relies on the Ohio Elections Commission's Opinion 89-4 and R.C. 3517.10 for the campaign-finance reporting consideration.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Ohio Jud. Cond. R. 2.8(B), (C) (courtesy; verdict)
• Ohio Jud. Cond. R. 1.2 (public confidence); R. 1.3 (prestige of office)
• Ohio Jud. Cond. R. 2.9(A) (ex parte communications); R. 2.10(A) (public statements)

Statutes:

• R.C. 3517.10 (campaign expenditure reporting)

Other opinions cited:

• Ohio Elections Commission Op. 89-4: items bearing an officeholder's name and office distributed to promote candidacy
• Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission Ops. 95-552, 83-178, 82-160, 82-126; Arizona Sup. Ct. Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee Op. 01-01; California Judges Assn. Op. 52 (2002); New York Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics Op. 95-53; Texas Committee on Judicial Ethics Op. 69 (1983): judges thanking jurors

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 2009-011: Judge's Charitable Contributions and Name Recognition
• Ohio BPC Op. 2010-004: Charitable Contribution in Lieu of Community Service

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op_09-010.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

The Supreme Court of Ohio
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ON GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINE
65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
(614) 387-9370 (888) 664-8345 FAX: (614) 387-9379
www.supremecourt.ohio.gov

                                   OFFICE OF SECRETARY




                                  OPINION 2009-10
                               Issued December 4, 2009

SYLLABUS: A judge may thank jurors for their service by a verbal expression of
appreciation, a letter of appreciation, a certificate of appreciation, or a small but dignified
memento, such as a bookmark. A memento, such as a bookmark, may be imprinted with
the judge’s name, picture, and a historic quote regarding jury service. Thanking jurors
for their service is a courtesy that judges may extend in an election or non-election year.
Preferably, a judge’s thanks to jurors would be extended soon after the jury service is
completed. A judge should use a uniform method of thanking the jury that is in keeping
with the dignity of jury service and the furtherance of the administration of justice. In
thanking jurors for their service, a judge should not discuss the merits of the case; and
should not commend or criticize the jurors for their verdict. In thanking jurors for their
service, a judge should carefully consider whether it is prudent to do so at personal
expense, rather than at court expense. Applying the advice offered by the Ohio Elections
Commission in Op. 89-4, if a judge at personal expense distributes items with the judge’s
name and office for the purpose of promoting a possible future candidacy, the
expenditure reporting requirements under R.C. 3517.10 might be triggered.

OPINION: This opinion addresses a question regarding a judge’s distribution of
bookmarks to jurors, at personal expense.

   Is it proper for a judge, at personal expense, to distribute bookmarks,
   imprinted with the judge’s name, picture, and a historic quote regarding
   jury service, to jurors who serve in the judge’s courtroom?

A judge has an ethical duty to be courteous to jurors. Rule 2.8(B) of the Ohio Code of
Judicial Conduct requires that “[a] judge shall be patient, dignified, and courteous to
litigants, jurors, witnesses, lawyers, court staff, court officials, and others with whom the
judge deals in an official capacity, and shall require similar conduct of lawyers, court
staff, court officials, and others subject to the judge’s direction and control.”

A judge has an ethical duty to act in a manner that promotes confidence in the judiciary.
Rule 1.2 requires that “[a] judge shall act at all time in a manner that promotes public
Op. 2009-10 2

confidence in the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary, and shall
avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.”

A judge has an ethical duty to refrain from using the prestige of office to advance the
judge’s economic or personal interests. Rule 1.3 states that “[a] judge shall not abuse the
prestige of judicial office to advance the personal or economic interests of the judge or
others, or allow others to do so.”

A judge must balance these ethical duties. A judge’s actions toward a jury must not be
discourteous; must not undermine public confidence in the judge’s independence,
integrity, or impartiality; and must not be undertaken solely to advance the judge’s
personal or economic interests, such as to promote the judge’s reelection.

Ohio has never addressed the ethical propriety of a judge thanking jurors for their service
by sending a letter or by distributing small tokens of appreciation, such as bookmarks,
imprinted with the judge’s name, picture, and a historic quote regarding jury service, to
jurors who serve in the judge’s courtroom.

Several states have addressed the ethical propriety of a judge writing letters of thanks to a
jury. Alabama issued four advisory opinions on the topic. In 1995, the Alabama Judicial
Inquiry Commission advised that a judge may send commendatory letters to jurors at the
conclusion of service if the conditions in past advisory opinions are met.1 An earlier
1983 Alabama Inquiry Commission advisory opinion, addressing the question of whether
letters of thanks signed by all judges of the circuit could be sent at court expense, advised
that “the Canons of Judicial Ethics do not preclude suitable commendatory letters being
sent to veniremen at court expense and signed by all circuit judges where the letters are
approved by court rule and where such letters accurately reflect their participation or the
participation of the signatory judge in the judicial process.”2 A 1982 Alabama Inquiry
Commission advisory opinion, advised that a circuit judge may send commendatory
letters to jurors at his own expense so long as the action does not conflict with an earlier
1982 advisory opinion (Op. 82-126) and a judge is mindful that under Canon 1 the letters
should be sent only to jurors who participated in a proceeding over which the judge
sending the letter presided.3 The earlier 1982 Alabama Inquiry Commission advisory
opinion advised that “no judge should send commendatory letters to jurors using court
stationery, stamps, or personnel except where such letters are either authorized by court
rule or expressly permitted by the presiding circuit judge.”4

An Arizona Supreme Court, Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee, advised that “Canon
3(B)(10) authorizes expressions of appreciation for jury service and prohibits only the
commendation or criticism of a particular verdict. Certificates or letters of appreciation

1
Alabama, Judicial Inquiry Commission, Op. 95-552 (1995).
2
Alabama, Judicial Inquiry Commission, Op. 83-178 (1983).
3
Alabama, Judicial Inquiry Commission, Op. 82-160 (1982).
4
Alabama, Judicial Inquiry Commission, Op. 82-126 (1982) (Clarification of Op. 82-126).
Op. 2009-10 3

that simply acknowledge a juror’s performance of his or her civic duty without reference
to the outcome of a particular case are entirely consistent with this canon.”5

A California, Committee on Judicial Ethics of the California Judges Association, advised
that “[i]t is permissible for a judge to write a thank you letter to jurors and solicit
constructive criticism of how the court proceedings are conducted, including having the
jurors fill out a questionnaire with comments regarding the proceedings and court
personnel.”6

A New York, Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics advised that “the judge may thank
the jurors for their service but should not praise or criticize them for their verdict.
Accordingly, the practice of writing letters to the jurors expressing the court’s thanks for
their service does not violate any ethical standards.”7

A Texas Committee on Judicial Ethics advised that a judge may write letters of
appreciation to persons who have served at jurors in the court, but that the judge “should
avoid the appearance of impropriety in selecting the content of the letter” and “should
also mail the letter immediately after the service has been rendered on a routine basis.”8

As to Ohio, it is this Board’s view that a judge is permitted to thank jurors for their
service, pursuant to the duty of courtesy under Rule 2.8(B). A verbal expression of
appreciation, a letter of appreciation, a certificate of appreciation, or a small but dignified
memento of jury service are all appropriate methods of thanking a jury. The giving of
bookmarks to jurors is but one way of thanking jurors for their service. Thanking jurors
for their service is a courtesy that a judge may extend in an election or non-election year.

In thanking jurors, a judge should take certain measures to uphold the requirements of
Rule 1.2 (acting in a manner that promotes public confidence in the independence,
integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary and avoiding impropriety and the appearance
of impropriety) and Rule 1.3 (not abusing the prestige of office to advance the judge’s
personal or economic interests).

Preferably, a judge’s thanks to jurors would be extended soon after the jury service is
completed using a uniform method of thanking the jury that is in keeping with the dignity
of the juror’s service and the furtherance of the administration of justice.

In thanking jurors for their service, the method of courtesy extended should be a matter of
thoughtful court policy in keeping with the dignity of the juror’s service and the
furtherance of the administration of justice. As a California committee on judicial ethics
advised “[a] judge should be careful of giving any mementos to the jury which in any
way makes light of their services or the court.”9 If an individual judge or a court chooses

5
Arizona, Sup.Ct., Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee, Op. 01-01 (Reissued Jan. 22, 2003)
6
California Judges Association, 2001/2002 Committee of Judicial Ethics, Op. 52 (2002).
7
New York, Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics, Op. 95-53 (1995).
8
Texas, Committee on Judicial Ethics, Op. 69 (1983).
9
California, 2001/2002 Committee on Judicial Ethics, California Judges Association, Op. 52 (2002).
Op. 2009-10 4

a memento, such as a bookmark, as a method to thank jurors for service, it should be
dignified in design. Each individual judge or court may decide whether or not a picture
of a judge or judges is to be included on a letter, certificate, or memento to jurors.

In thanking jurors for their service, a judge should carefully consider whether it is
prudent to do so at personal expense, rather than at court expense. Judges are reminded
that the Ohio Elections Commission advised in Op. 89-4 that “[a]n office holder who
purchases with his personal funds such items as emery boards, rulers, or pencils with his
[her] name and office printed thereon and distributes them for the purpose of promoting a
possible future candidacy . . . must report such expenditures in compliance with Revised
Code section 3517.10.” The Ohio Elections Commission explained that “[t]he purpose
for the distribution of the described items . . . determines whether there is a contribution
or expenditure under Chapter 3517 of the Revised Code.”

Further, in thanking jurors for their service, a judge should not commend or criticize the
jurors for their verdict. Rule 2.8(C) requires that “[a] judge shall not commend or
criticize jurors for their verdict other than in a court order or opinion in a proceeding.”
The act of thanking jurors for their service must be distinct from commending or
criticizing jurors for their verdict.

Finally, in thanking jurors for their service, a judge must not discuss the merits of the
case. Comment [3] to Rule 2.8 of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct states: “A judge
who is not otherwise prohibited by law from doing so may meet with jurors who choose
to remain after trial but should be careful not to discuss the merits of the case.” As
required by Rule 2.9(A), “[a] judge shall not initiate, receive, permit, or consider exparte
communications,” except as permitted in divisions (A)(1) through (A)(6) of the rule.
And, as required by Rule 2.10(A), a judge “shall not make any public statement that
might reasonably be expected to affect the outcome or impair the fairness of a matter
pending or impending in any court, or make any nonpublic statement that might
substantially interfere with a fair trial or hearing.”

In conclusion, the Board advises as follows. A judge may thank jurors for their service
by a verbal expression of appreciation, a letter of appreciation, a certificate of
appreciation, or a small but dignified memento, such as a bookmark. A memento, such
as a bookmark, may be imprinted with the judge’s name, picture, and a historic quote
regarding jury service. Thanking jurors for their service is a courtesy that judges may
extend in an election or non-election year. Preferably, a judge’s thanks to jurors would
be extended soon after the jury service is completed. A judge should use a uniform
method of thanking the jury that is in keeping with the dignity of jury service and the
furtherance of the administration of justice. In thanking jurors for their service, a judge
should not discuss the merits of the case; and should not commend or criticize the jurors
for their verdict. In thanking jurors for their service, a judge should carefully consider
whether it is prudent to do so at personal expense, rather than at court expense. Applying
the advice offered by the Ohio Elections Commission in Op. 89-4, if a judge at personal
expense distributes items with the judge’s name and office for the purpose of promoting a
Op. 2009-10 5

possible future candidacy, the expenditure reporting requirements under R.C. 3517.10
might be triggered.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and Discipline are
informal, nonbinding opinions in response to prospective or hypothetical questions
regarding the application of the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the
Bar of Ohio, the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary, the
Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney’s Oath of Office.