Can a retired judge who practices law also serve as a private judge under R.C. 2701.10?

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2005 under the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, which the Board flagged as superseded by the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct effective March 1, 2009. The impropriety and disqualification provisions discussed here have been renumbered and revised in the current Code, and R.C. 2701.10 may have been amended. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current Code and current statutes before relying on any specific rule mentioned here.

Plain-English summary

The Board addressed a retired judge who both practices law and serves as a private judge under R.C. 2701.10, the Ohio statute authorizing parties to refer a case to a retired judge for decision. The Board concluded that, in the absence of an express ethical or statutory restriction, a retired judge who engages in the practice of law may also serve as a private judge.

The Board attached two appearance-of-impropriety limits. To avoid an appearance of impropriety, the retired judge should not practice law in the court in which he or she frequently accepts referrals as a private judge. And the retired judge should not act as a lawyer in any proceeding in which he or she served as a private judge, or in any related proceeding.

Common questions

Q: Can a retired judge work both as a practicing lawyer and as a private judge?

A: Yes. The opinion concluded that, absent an express restriction, a retired judge who practices law may also serve as a private judge under R.C. 2701.10.

Q: Are there limits to keep the two roles separate?

A: Yes. Per the opinion, the retired judge should not practice in a court where he or she frequently takes private-judge referrals, and should not act as a lawyer in any proceeding where he or she served as a private judge or any related proceeding.

Background and rules framework

The opinion applies the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct's prohibition on impropriety and the appearance of impropriety (Canon 2) to a retired judge's dual roles, read with R.C. 2701.10 (private judging). These provisions are addressed, renumbered and revised, in the current Code.

Citations and references

Rules of Judicial Conduct:

• Former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2

Statutes:

• Ohio Rev. Code 2701.10 (private judges)

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 2005-004: Law Partners of a County Court Judge Appearing Before Another County Court Judge
• Ohio BPC Op. 1998-012: Extra-Judicial Business Activity by a Full-Time Judge or Magistrate
• Ohio BPC Op. 1991-002: County Court Judge in Part-Time Criminal Defense

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op-05-008.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

The Supreme Court of Ohio
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ON GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINE
65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
(614) 387-9370 (888) 664-8345 FAX: (614) 387-9379
www.sconet.state.oh.us
OFFICE OF SECRETARY
OPINION 2005-8
Issued August 5, 2005

[Former CJC Opinion-provides advice under the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct which is
superseded by the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, eff. 3/1/2009.]

SYLLABUS: In the absence of an express ethical or statutory restriction, a
retired judge who engages in the practice of law may also serve as a private judge
pursuant to R.C. § 2701.10. To avoid an appearance of impropriety, a retired
judge should not practice law in the court in which he or she frequently accepts
referrals as a private judge and should not act as a lawyer in any proceeding in
which he or she served as a private judge or in any related proceeding.

OPINION: This opinion addresses a question regarding a retired judge’s
simultaneous pursuit of the practice of law and private judging.

   Is it proper for a retired judge who is engaged in the full-time or
   part-time practice of law to register for referrals as a private judge
   pursuant to R.C. § 2701.10?

A retired judge has various options for remaining active in the bar and the
judiciary. Three options are pertinent to addressing the question raised.

One option is to re-enter the private practice of law.

Another option is to serve as an “assigned judge” pursuant to Ohio Const. Article
IV § 6(C) and Ohio Revised Code Section 141.16 An “assigned judge” is a retired
judge who consents to and receive assignments to active duty as a judge by the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. See Ohio Const. Art IV § 6(C) and
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §141.16 (West 2002)

A third option is to serve as a “private judge” pursuant to Section 2701.10 of the
Ohio Revised Code. A “private judge” is a retired judge who registers with the
clerk of a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court to receive
referrals for adjudications of civil actions or proceedings and submissions for
determination of specific issues or questions of fact or law in any pending civil
action or proceeding. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2701.10 (West 1994).

By law, upon entry of an order of referral or submission, a private judge “shall
have all of the powers, duties, and authority of an active judge of the court in
which the action or proceeding is pending.” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2701.10 (C)

Op. 2005-8 2

(West 1994). “Any judgment entered, and any finding of fact, conclusion of law,
or determination of an issue or question made, by a retired judge in accordance
with this section shall have the same force and effect as if it had been entered or
made by an active judge of the court, and any appeal from the judgment, finding,
conclusion, or determination shall be made as if the judgment had been entered,
or the finding, conclusion, or determination had been made, by an active judge of
the court.” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2701.10 (D) (West 1994).

A private judge who receives referrals under R.C. § 2701.10 is distinct from an
assigned judge who receives assignments from the Chief Justice pursuant to
Ohio Const. Article IV § 6(C) and Ohio Revised Code Section 141.16. Unlike an
assigned judge, a private judge is not eligible for recall to judicial service by
assignment.

Some of these options for retired judges may be pursued simultaneously and
some may not. The pertinent authority is the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct.
Also instructive are the Guidelines for the Assignment of Judges promulgated by
the Supreme Court.

Retired judge who serves as an assigned judge may not practice law but
may serve as a private judge

A retired judge who serves as an assigned judge may not practice law but may
serve as a private judge. Why?

An assigned judge is subject to Section (D) of Compliance with Code of Judicial
Conduct.
Section (D) of Compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct

  A retired judge who is eligible for recall to judicial service shall
  comply with all the provisions of this Code except Canon 2(C)(3)
  and Canon 4(C)(2), (D), and (E).

Pursuant to Section D of Compliance, an assigned judge must comply with the
Canon 4(F) prohibition on the practice of law.

                               Canon 4(F)

  A judge shall not practice law. Notwithstanding this prohibition, a
  judge may act pro se and, without compensation, may give legal
  advice to and draft or revise documents for a member of the judge’s
  family.

Pursuant to Section D of Compliance, an assigned judge is not required to
comply with the Canon 4(E) restriction on the performance of judicial functions
in a private capacity.

Op. 2005-8 3

                                Canon 4(E)

   A judge shall not act as an arbitrator or mediator or otherwise
   perform judicial functions in a private capacity unless expressly
   authorized by law.

Further, Section 15(b) of the Guidelines for Assignment of Judges states: “A
retired judge shall not be assigned while the judge is engaged in the fulltime or
parttime practice of law. For this purpose, the practice of law does not include,
among other activities, service with or without compensation as an adjudicator
for submissions or referrals pursuant to R.C. 2701.10.” (The Guidelines refer to a
private judge as an “adjudicator for submissions or referrals pursuant to R.C.
2701.10.”).

Retired judge who practices law may not serve as an assigned judge but
may serve as a private judge

A retired judge who practices law may not serve as an assigned judge but may
serve as a private judge. Why?

The reason is not obvious because the Compliance Section does not directly
address how, if at all, the Code of Judicial Conduct applies to a private judge who
receives referrals pursuant to R.C. § 2701.10. Assigned judges are covered by
Section D. Part-time judges are covered by Section B. Judges pro tempore are
covered by Section C. But, private judges are not mentioned and do not readily
fit within any of these sections.

But, because Section D of Compliance prohibits a retired judge who serves as an
assigned judge from practicing law it is logical that the reverse is a true. A retired
judge who engages in the practice of law will be precluded from serving as an
assigned judge because an assigned judge is prohibited from practicing law.

And, because there is no express ethical or statutory restriction, the Board’s view
is that is not considered improper for a retired judge, who engages in the practice
of law, to accept referrals as a private judge. To avoid an appearance of
impropriety, a retired judge should not practice law in the court in which he or
she frequently accepts referrals as a private judge and should not act as a lawyer
in any proceeding in which he or she served as a private judge or any related
proceeding.

Further clarification of how the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct applies, if at all, to
private judges who register for referrals pursuant to R.C. § 2701.10 is needed and
should be addressed by rule within the Code.

Op. 2005-8 4

In conclusion, in the absence of an express ethical or statutory restriction, a
retired judge who engages in the practice of law may also serve as a private judge
pursuant to R.C. § 2701.10. To avoid an appearance of impropriety, a retired
judge should not practice law in the court in which he or she frequently accepts
referrals as a private judge and should not act as a lawyer in any proceeding in
which he or she served as a private judge or in any related proceeding.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and
Discipline are informal, nonbinding opinions in response to
prospective or hypothetical questions regarding the application of the
Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Bar of Ohio, the
Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary, the Code
of Professional Responsibility, the Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney’s Oath of Office.