Must a sitting judge resign to seek appointment as county prosecutor, and what campaign activity is allowed?

Plain-English summary

The Board addressed whether a sitting judge must resign to seek appointment as county prosecuting attorney, an office filled by appointment under R.C. 305.02 rather than by election. It read Canon 7(B)(4), which requires a judge to resign when becoming a candidate in a primary or general election for a nonjudicial office, and found that rule does not reach appointments. It also distinguished Canon 4(C)(2), which bars accepting certain governmental appointments while serving, noting that seeking an appointment is not the same as accepting one.

Finding no express Ohio restriction on seeking appointment, the Board looked to the ABA Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5B, which permits a judge to keep office while seeking another governmental office, subject to ethical limits, and adopted that approach. The Board concluded the judge may announce the intention to the public and the appointing authority and may seek support or endorsement from those involved in the recommendation, but may not personally participate in fundraising (Canon 2(B)(2)), must not let the candidacy interfere with diligent and impartial judicial duties (Canon 3(A)), and must resign before accepting the appointment, since a judge cannot practice law (Canon 4(F)) and cannot hold another office of profit or trust (Ohio Const. art. IV, § 6(B)).

Currency note

The Ohio Board flags this opinion as a "Former CJC Opinion" interpreting the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, which was superseded by the current Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct effective March 1, 2009.

This opinion issued in 1998, before that change, and the canon numbering and resign-to-run provisions have since been revised. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct before relying on any specific rule mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Did a judge have to resign just to seek appointment as prosecutor?

A: No. The opinion concluded that the resign-to-run rule (Canon 7(B)(4)) applies to elections, not appointments, and no other rule barred seeking the appointment.

Q: Could the judge raise money for the appointment campaign?

A: Not personally. The opinion concluded that a judge may not personally participate in fundraising activities to support the candidacy under Canon 2(B)(2).

Q: What if the judge was actually offered the appointment?

A: The judge had to resign first. The opinion concluded that the judge must resign before accepting, because a judge cannot practice law (Canon 4(F)) or hold another office of profit or trust under Ohio Const. art. IV, § 6(B).

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct: Canon 7(B)(4) (resign-to-run for elective nonjudicial office), Canon 4(C)(2) (accepting governmental appointments), Canon 2(B)(2) (fundraising), Canon 3(A) (judicial duties take precedence), and Canon 4(F) (no practice of law), with Ohio Const. art. IV, § 6(B) (no dual office), informed by ABA Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5B.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 7(B)(4), Canon 4(C)(2), Canon 2(B)(2), Canon 3(A), Canon 4(F)
• ABA Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5B

Statutes:

• Ohio Const. art. IV, § 6(B); Ohio Rev. Code § 305.02

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 1997-008: A Retired Judge as a Legislative Agent
• Ohio BPC Op. 1998-007: Terminating a Nonjudicial Campaign Committee
• Ohio BPC Op. 1996-006: Council Member Practicing in the City's Municipal Court

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op-98-006.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

The Supreme Court of Ohio
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ON GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINE
41 SOUTH HIGH STREET-SUITE 3370, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-6105
(614) 644-5800 FAX: (614) 644-5804

                                       OFFICE OF SECRETARY


                                       OPINION 98-6
                                     Issued June 5, 1998

[Former CJC Opinion-provides advice under the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct which is
superseded by the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, eff. 3/1/2009.]

SYLLABUS: A judge is not required to resign from judicial office to become a
candidate for appointment by a county central committee to fill the office of prosecuting
attorney when a vacancy occurs in that office. However, as a candidate for appointment,
a judge’s activities are limited by ethical restraints within the Ohio Code of Judicial
Conduct. Making an announcement to the public and to the appointing authority
regarding the intention to be a candidate for appointment to fill the vacancy in the office
of prosecuting attorney is permitted. Seeking support or endorsement for the appointment
from individuals or organizations that are involved in the making of the recommendation
for appointment to the office is permitted. Personally participating in fundraising
activities to support the candidacy for appointment is not permitted under Canon 2(B)(2).
Conducting the activities of the candidacy must not interfere with the diligent and
impartial performance of the judicial duties, for under Canon 3(A) “[t]he judicial duties
of a judge take precedence over all the judge’s other activities.” A judge who is actually
offered the appointment, should resign from judicial office before accepting the
appointment, for a judge cannot practice law under Canon 4(F) and is prohibited under
Article IV §6(B) of the Ohio Constitution and related statutes from holding any other
office of profit or trust, under the authority of this state, or of the United States.

OPINION: This opinion addresses whether a sitting judge must resign from judicial
office to become a candidate for appointment as county prosecuting attorney when a
vacancy in that office occurs. In becoming a candidate, the judge proposes to make a
public announcement of the intention to seek the position; to schedule speaking
engagements to promote the candidacy; to lobby central committee persons for their
support in the election; and to engage in fundraising activities to pay for the expenditures
associated with the candidacy.

   Is a judge required to resign from judicial office to become a candidate for
   appointment by a county central committee to fill the office of prosecuting
   attorney when a vacancy occurs in that office?

A vacancy in the office of prosecuting attorney is filled by the appointment process set
forth in Section 305.02 of the Ohio Revised Code (Baldwin 1994). It is not filled through
a primary, general, or special election.

Canon 7(B)(4) of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct requires a judge to resign from
office when he or she becomes a candidate in a primary or general election for a
nonjudicial office.

   Canon 7(B)(4) A judge shall resign from office when he or she becomes a
   candidate in a primary or general election for a nonjudicial office. A judge
   may continue to hold judicial office while he or she is a candidate for
   election to or serving as a delegate in a state constitutional convention, if
   the judge is otherwise permitted by law to do so.

There is no requirement in that rule that a judge resign from office when seeking an
appointment to another governmental office. In addition, there is no other rule that
prohibits a judge from seeking an appointment to another governmental office. Canon
4(C)(2) prohibits a judge from accepting “appointment to a governmental committee or
commission or other governmental position that is concerned with issues of fact or policy
on matters other than the improvement of the law, the legal system or the administration
of justice.” Seeking appointment and accepting appointment are not the same. Canon
4(C)(2) does not govern seeking appointment. Canon 4(C)(2) is a prohibition against
accepting governmental appointments concerned with issues other than the improvement
of law, the legal system, and the administration of justice while one is serving as a judge.

The ABA Code of Judicial Conduct is instructive as to the issue raised. Like the
Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, the ABA Code of Judicial Conduct in Canon
5(A)(2) requires a judge to resign from office when he or she becomes a candidate
in a primary or general election for a nonjudicial office. Unlike the Ohio Code of
Judicial Conduct, the ABA Code includes another rule, Canon 5B, that expressly
permits a judge to maintain the judicial office while seeking appointment to
another governmental office.

   ABA Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5B. Candidates Seeking
   Appointment to Judicial or Other Governmental Office.

   (1) A candidate for appointment to judicial office or a judge seeking other
       governmental office shall not solicit or accept funds, personally or
       through a committee or otherwise, to support his or her candidacy.

   (2) A candidate for appointment to judicial office or a judge seeking other
       governmental office shall not engage in any political activity to secure
       the appointment except that:

           (a) such persons may:


                  (i) communicate with the appointing authority,
                      including any selection or nominating
                      commission or other agency designated to
                      screen candidates;

                  (ii) seek support or endorsement for the
                       appointment from organizations that regularly
                       make recommendations for reappointment or
                       appointment to the office, and from individuals
                       to the extent requested or required by those
                       specified in Section 5B(2)(a); and

                  (iii) provide to those specified in Sections
                       5B(2)(a)(i) and 5B(2)(a)(ii)information as to his
                       or her qualifications for the office;

           (b)    (omitted).

Thus, under the ABA rule, seeking the appointment is permitted so long as the conduct
comports with ethical requirements. The Board agrees with this approach and in the
absence of any express restriction in the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct advises
accordingly.

In conclusion, the Board advises that a judge is not required to resign from judicial office
to become a candidate for appointment by a county central committee to fill the office of
prosecuting attorney when a vacancy occurs in that office. However, as a candidate for
appointment, a judge’s activities are limited by ethical restraints within the Ohio Code of
Judicial Conduct. Making an announcement to the public and to the appointing authority
regarding the intention to be a candidate for appointment to fill the vacancy in the office
of prosecuting attorney is permitted. Seeking support or endorsement for the appointment
from individuals or organizations that are involved in the making of the recommendation
for appointment to the office is permitted. Personally participating in fundraising
activities to support the candidacy for appointment is not permitted under Canon 2(B)(2).
Conducting the activities of the candidacy must not interfere with the diligent and
impartial performance of the judicial duties, for under Canon 3(A) “[t]he judicial duties
of a judge take precedence over all of the judge’s other activities.” A judge who is
actually offered the appointment should resign from judicial office before accepting the
appointment, for a judge cannot practice law under Canon 4(F) and is prohibited under
Article IV §6(B) of the Ohio Constitution and related statutes from holding any other
office of profit or trust, under the authority of this state, or of the United States.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and Discipline are
informal, nonbinding opinions in response to prospective or hypothetical questions

regarding the application of the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the
Bar of Ohio, the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary, the
Code of Professional Responsibility, the Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney’s Oath of Office.