Can a magistrate running for judge use the title 'magistrate' and wear a judicial robe in campaign advertisements?

Plain-English summary

The Board answered three questions about a magistrate campaigning for a judicial seat. On the title, it read Canon 7(D)(1), which bars using the title of an office not currently held, as permitting by inference the truthful use of a title currently held; Canon 7(D)(3) and Canon 7(B)(2)(f) reinforce that a candidate may truthfully state positions held. The Board found no impropriety in a magistrate's truthful use of the title "magistrate," consistent with its earlier treatment of "referee" in Opinion 92-16.

On specifying the court, the Board concluded that a magistrate of a division of a common pleas court must identify the division served, for example "Magistrate of the Domestic Relations/Juvenile Division of the Court of Common Pleas" rather than "Magistrate of the Common Pleas Court," because omitting the division would misrepresent the candidate's present position under Canon 7(B)(2)(f). It analogized to Opinion 89-15 (a sitting judge running for a different court) and a judicial-campaign complaint decision involving a county court judge.

On the robe, the Board concluded that a magistrate may not wear a judicial robe in a campaign advertisement. Under Canon 7(B)(2)(f), the robe would lead viewers to a false impression that the candidate is an experienced incumbent judge, misrepresenting both the magistrate's present position and qualifications.

Currency note

The Ohio Board flagged this opinion as "Withdrawn" by Opinion 2003-8 (December 5, 2003) and as "Not current" because of subsequent amendments to Canon 7 of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct. It interpreted the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct, which was superseded by the current Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct effective March 1, 2009.

This opinion issued in 1996, before those changes. Subsequent rule amendments and the Board's withdrawal may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct before relying on any specific rule mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Could a magistrate use the title "magistrate" in campaign ads?

A: Yes. The opinion concluded that a magistrate, who acts as a judicial officer, could truthfully use the title in judicial-campaign advertisements under Canon 7(D)(1) and (3).

Q: Did the candidate have to name the court division?

A: Yes. The opinion concluded that a magistrate of a division of a common pleas court had to identify the division served, because omitting it would misrepresent the candidate's present position under Canon 7(B)(2)(f).

Q: Could the magistrate appear in a judicial robe?

A: No. The opinion concluded that wearing a judicial robe in a campaign advertisement misrepresented the magistrate as an incumbent judge, contrary to Canon 7(B)(2)(f).

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets the former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct: Canon 7(D)(1) (using the title of an office not currently held), Canon 7(D)(3) (false statements about licenses or salaried positions), and Canon 7(B)(2)(f) (knowingly misrepresenting identity, qualifications, or present position). Magistrates were subject to the Code's campaign standards because they perform duties as judicial officers.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Former Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 7(D)(1), Canon 7(D)(3), Canon 7(B)(2)(f)

Cases:

• In re Judicial Campaign Complaint Against Emrich, 78 Ohio Misc. 2d 32 (Ohio Comm. of Judges 1996), candidate's failure to specify court

Other opinions cited:

• Ohio BPC Ops. 92-16, 89-15; New York State Bar Ops. 581, 558, 289; State Bar of Michigan Op. CI-1007

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 1996-007: Judicial Campaign Funds and Tickets to Another Candidate's Fund Raiser
• Ohio BPC Op. 1997-006: Forming a Judicial Campaign Committee and Timing of Funds
• Ohio BPC Op. 1995-005: Judge Writing Letters of Recommendation

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op-96-008.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

The Supreme Court of Ohio
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ON GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINE
41 SOUTH HIGH STREET-SUITE 3370, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-6105
(614) 644-5800 FAX: (614) 644-5804

                                       OFFICE OF SECRETARY
                                    OPINION 96-8
                                Issued October 11, 1996

                     [Withdrawn by Opinion 2003-8 on Dec. 5, 2003]

   [Not current-subsequent rule amendments to Canon 7, Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct.]

SYLLABUS: It is proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to use the title
“magistrate” in campaign advertisements.

A judicial candidate who is a magistrate of a division of a common pleas court must clearly
identify in campaign advertisements the division of the court on which he or she serves.
For example, a magistrate of a domestic relations/juvenile division of a common pleas court
should use in campaign advertisements “Magistrate of the Domestic Relations/Juvenile
Division of the Court of Common Pleas” rather than “Magistrate of the Common Pleas
Court.”

It is not proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to wear a judicial robe in a
campaign advertisement. Since the practice of wearing judicial robes by magistrates who
are campaigning for a higher judicial office may have been occurring in some areas of Ohio
for some time, the Board offers this guidance as clarification for future judicial campaigns.

OPINION: We have before us a request concerning the proper campaign conduct of a
magistrate seeking election to a judicial seat. What are the guidelines for a magistrate’s
campaigning activities with regard to judicial elections? The specific questions are set forth
below.

   1.   Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to use the
        title “magistrate” in campaign advertisements?

   2.   Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate of a division
        of a common pleas court to use the title “Magistrate of the Common
        Pleas Court” in campaign advertisements or should the candidate
        clearly identify the division of the court on which he or she serves,
        for example, “Magistrate of the Domestic Relations/Juvenile
        Division of the Court of Common Pleas”?

   3.   Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to wear
        judicial robes in a judicial campaign advertisement?

Question One

   Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to use the title
   “magistrate” in campaign advertisements?

Canon 7(D) of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct governs the use of titles by judicial
candidates during a campaign. This rule also governs magistrates, in as much as those
acting under the title of “magistrate” are performing duties as judicial officers and must be
in compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct. See Compliance Section, Code of
Judicial Conduct. Canon 7(D)(1) and (3) are set forth below.

   Canon (7D) Campaign Standards. During the course of any campaign
   for nomination or election to judicial office, a judicial candidate, by
   means of campaign materials, including sample ballots, an
   advertisement on radio or television or in a newspaper or periodical, a
   public speech, press release, or otherwise, shall not knowingly or with
   reckless disregard do any of the following:

   (1) Use the title of an office not currently held by a judicial candidate in
       a manner that implies that the judicial candidate does currently hold
       that office, or use the term “re-elect” when the judicial candidate has
       never been elected at a general or special election to the office for
       which he or she is a judicial candidate;

   ****
   (3) Make a false statement concerning the professional, occupational, or
       vocational licenses held by a judicial candidate, or concerning any
       position a judicial candidate held for which he or she received a
       salary or wages.

Canon 7(D)(1) prohibits the use of a title of an office not currently held by a candidate, and
by inference permits a candidate to identify an office currently occupied. This inference is
supported by Canon 7(D)(3), which prohibits the false use of statements concerning
positions held by a judicial candidate, and by inference allows the truthful use of statements
concerning positions held.

Also pertinent is Canon 7(B)(2)(f) establishing that a judge or judicial candidate shall not,
“[k]nowingly misrepresent his or her identity, qualifications, present position, or other fact
or the identity, qualifications, present position, or other fact of an opponent.” Again by
inference, a judicial candidate is permitted to truthfully use the title of an office currently
held.

In the past, the Board considered a referee’s use of the title “referee” in a judicial
campaign. In Opinion 92-16, this Board advised that “[a] referee running for judicial office
may use the title “referee” or “senior referee” in a campaign advertisement for judicial
office.” The Board stated that “Canon 7C(1) by prohibiting the use of a title of an office
not currently held by a candidate, by inference permits the use of a title of an office
currently held.” Ohio SupCt, Bd Comm’rs Griev & Disc, Op. 92-16 (1992). Canon
7C(1), which Opinion 92-16 relies upon, became Canon 7(D)(1) (effective July 1, 1995)
and is essentially identical in its prohibition.

Similarly, the Board finds no impropriety in a magistrate’s truthful use of the title in judicial
campaigns. Thus, as to Question One, this Board advises that it is proper for a judicial
candidate who is a magistrate to use the title “magistrate” in campaign advertisements.

Question Two

    Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate of a division of a
    common pleas court to use the title “Magistrate of the Common Pleas
    Court” in campaign advertisements or should the candidate clearly
    identify the division of the court on which he or she serves, for example,
    “Magistrate of the Domestic Relations/Juvenile Division of the Court of
    Common Pleas”?

As in Question One, Canon 7(D)(1) and Canon 7(B)(2)(f) are pertinent. Canon 7(D)(1),
prohibits the use of a title of an office not currently held by a candidate, and by inference
allows a candidate to identify an office currently occupied. Canon 7(B)(2)(f), establishes
that a judicial candidate shall not, “[k]nowingly misrepresent his or her identity,
qualifications, present position, or other fact or the identity, qualifications, present position,
or other fact of an opponent.” By not identifying the division of the court on which he or
she serves, a misrepresentation is occurring. A magistrate, who is a judicial candidate for a
court of common pleas, should specify the division of the court he or she serves as a
magistrate.

In Opinion 89-15, this Board advised that a candidate for a judicial office, who is a judge in
another court, may not use the title “judge” without indicating that he or she is a judge in a
different court, as the title alone would be misleading. See Ohio SupCt, Bd Comm’rs
Griev & Disc, Op. 89-15 (1989). More recently in Opinion 92-16, this Board advised that
a referee running for a judicial office “should identify the court in which the referee serves
as well as identify the court in which he or she is seeking to serve as judge.” The Board
stated “[i]t would not be proper for a campaign advertisement to state ‘Elect Senior
Referee X to the Court of Common Pleas,’ but would be proper to state ‘Elect Senior
Referee X of the Municipal Court to Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.’” Ohio SupCt,
Bd Comm’rs Griev & Disc, Op. 92-16 (1992). Both opinions relied on Canon 7C(1),
which became Canon 7(D)(1) (effective July 1, 1995).

In a campaign grievance brought under Rule II, Section 5 of the Supreme Court Rules for
the Government of the Judiciary of Ohio, a commission of five judges determined that a
judicial candidate who was a county court judge running for probate court violated Canons
7(B)(2)(f), 7(D)(1) and 7(E)(1) of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct. The judicial
candidate approved a billboard and yard sign that did not specify that the candidate was a
judge of a county court, as opposed to the probate court for which he was seeking election.
See In re Judicial Campaign Complaint Against Martin W. Emrich, 78 Ohio Misc. 2d
Ohio Comm. of Judges 32 (1996).

A magistrate seeking election to a judicial seat is bound by the same standards applied to a
lower court judge running for a higher bench. In conclusion, as to Question Two, this
Board advises that a judicial candidate who is a magistrate of a division of a common pleas
court must clearly identify in campaign advertisements the division of the court on which he
or she serves. For example, a magistrate of a domestic relations/juvenile division of a
common pleas court should use in campaign advertisements “Magistrate of the Domestic
Relations/Juvenile Division of the Court of Common Pleas” rather than “Magistrate of the
Court of Common Pleas.”

Question Three

    Is it proper for a judicial candidate who is a magistrate to wear judicial
    robes in a judicial campaign advertisement?

As stated previously, Canon 7(B)(2)(f) of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct establishes
that a judicial candidate may not “[k]nowingly misrepresent his or her identity,
qualifications, present position, or other fact or the identity, qualifications, present position,
or other fact of an opponent.” Is the wearing of a robe by a magistrate in a judicial
campaign a misrepresentation under Canon 7(B)(2)(f)?

The Board did not find any advisory opinions advising upon a magistrate wearing a robe in
a judicial campaign. However, several states have advised on the wearing of a robe by a
judge and a private attorney in judicial campaigns. A New York ethics committee advised
that an incumbent judge may be shown wearing his judicial robes in campaign material
regardless of whether the judge normally wears the robe because it depicts the fact that he
is a judge and is entitled to wear a robe. See New York State Bar Ass’n, Op. 581 (1987).
That opinion modified two earlier opinions: Opinion 289 that prohibited a judge from
wearing a robe in a judicial campaign; and Opinion 558 that permitted a judge to wear the
robe if the judge normally wore the robe in the course of judicial duties. See New York
State Bar Ass’n, Ops. 581 (1987), 558 (1984), 289 (1973). A Michigan committee
advised that a lawyer in private practice running for a judicial office may not use a picture
of himself in a judicial robe for campaign advertising purposes even though he once served
as a temporary magistrate. The picture misrepresents the lawyer’s identity and
qualifications as being an incumbent judge. See State Bar of Michigan, Op. CI-1007
(1984).

Canon 7(B)(2)(f) of the Ohio Code of Judicial Conduct explicitly establishes that a judicial
candidate should not “[k]nowingly misrepresent his or her identity, qualifications, present
position, or other fact.” By allowing a magistrate, who is a judicial candidate, to wear a
judicial robe in campaign advertisements a viewer may be led to a false impression that the
candidate is an experienced incumbent judge. Such a campaign advertisement in which a
magistrate appears in a judicial robe misrepresents not only the present position of the
magistrate, but also the qualifications of the candidate for the office of judge.

In conclusion, as to Question Three, this Board advises that it is not proper for a judicial
candidate who is a magistrate to wear a judicial robe in a campaign advertisement. Since
the practice of wearing judicial robes by magistrates who are campaigning for a higher
judicial office may have been occurring in some areas of Ohio for some time, the Board
offers this guidance as clarification for future judicial campaigns.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and Discipline are
informal, non-binding opinions in response to prospective or hypothetical questions
regarding the application of the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the
Bar of Ohio, the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary, the
Code of Professional Responsibility, the Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney’s Oath of Office.