What must a New Hampshire lawyer do about checks drawn on an IOLTA or trust account that the payee never cashes?

Plain-English summary

The Committee addressed a lawyer who has several nominal checks drawn on an IOLTA account that the payees never cashed, the oldest about three years old. It frames two duties. First, under Supreme Court Rule 50 (incorporated into Rule 1.15(a)), the lawyer must keep current trust-account records and reconcile the accounts monthly, which is how uncashed checks are discovered. Second, under Rule 1.15(e) the lawyer must promptly notify the payee and promptly deliver funds the payee is entitled to receive, so the lawyer has an ethical duty to follow up on uncashed checks, at a minimum by contacting the payee and documenting the attempts.

The opinion then analyzes who owns the funds. It rejects the assumption that the payee loses the right when a check goes stale at six months or when a limitations period runs. Citing Glines v. Bruk, it explains that a statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that bars enforcement but does not extinguish the claim, so the Committee concludes the right remains with the payee unless and until the payee affirmatively relinquishes it. Because the payee will eventually be presumed to have abandoned the funds, the opinion points to the Unclaimed and Abandoned Property Act: the lawyer waits five years (RSA 471-C:2), makes a reasonable attempt to locate the payee (RSA 471-C:3), and files a report with the state (RSA 471-C:19), which is mandatory and carries interest and civil penalties for noncompliance (RSA 471-C:38).

The opinion flags banking and candor traps. A bank may in good faith pay a check presented more than six months after its date (RSA 382-A:4-404), and a stop-payment order lapses after six months unless renewed (RSA 382-A:4-403(b)), so the lawyer should assume a payee may still present the check and that the account could go out of balance. If a check represented a cost (such as a witness fee) that was recovered but not actually incurred, the lawyer's prior statement to the court may have become false, implicating Rule 3.3(a)(1), though the opinion notes nominal amounts may not be material. The opinion also reminds that SC Rule 50 forbids withdrawals payable to cash, so the lawyer cannot simply mail cash to the payee.

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the New Hampshire rules and statutes as they stood when it issued, a lawyer must monitor the IOLTA account through monthly reconciliation under SC Rule 50, promptly follow up on uncashed checks under Rule 1.15(e), and document reasonable attempts to locate payees. When those efforts fail, the abandoned-property process (RSA 471-C) provides the route and imposes a mandatory reporting duty. The opinion treats the payee as retaining the claim until affirmative relinquishment, applies Rule 1.15(f) when two or more persons claim the funds, and notes a possible Rule 3.3(a)(1) correction duty where a recovered-but-uncashed cost makes a prior representation to a court false.

Common questions

Q: How often must a New Hampshire lawyer reconcile a trust or IOLTA account?

A: Monthly. The opinion applies SC Rule 50, incorporated into Rule 1.15(a), to require current trust-account records and monthly reconciliations, which is how uncashed checks should surface.

Q: Do uncashed trust checks belong to the lawyer after the payee fails to cash them?

A: No. The opinion concludes the payee keeps the claim until it is affirmatively relinquished, reasoning from Glines v. Bruk that a limitations period is an affirmative defense and does not extinguish the underlying right.

Q: What does a lawyer do when the payee cannot be found?

A: The opinion directs the lawyer to the Unclaimed and Abandoned Property Act: wait five years (RSA 471-C:2), make a reasonable attempt to locate the payee (RSA 471-C:3), and file the mandatory report with the state (RSA 471-C:19).

Q: Can a lawyer just stop payment on the old checks and move the money?

A: The opinion cautions against relying on that. A stop-payment order lapses after six months unless renewed (RSA 382-A:4-403(b)), and a bank may in good faith pay a check presented more than six months after its date (RSA 382-A:4-404), so the lawyer should assume the check may still be presented.

Q: Can a lawyer mail cash to the payee to clear the account?

A: No. The opinion notes SC Rule 50 requires withdrawals to be made only by check payable to a named payee and not to cash.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets New Hampshire Rule 1.15 (safekeeping property), reading SC Rule 50's trust-account recordkeeping and monthly-reconciliation requirements into Rule 1.15(a) and applying Rule 1.15(e) (prompt notice and delivery) and Rule 1.15(f) (disputed property). It applies Rule 3.3(a)(1) (candor toward the tribunal) to a possible false statement about costs, and grounds the cleanup process in New Hampshire statutes: the Unclaimed and Abandoned Property Act (RSA 471-C) and UCC Article 4 provisions on stale checks and stop-payment orders (RSA 382-A:4-404, 382-A:4-403).

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 1.15 / NH Rule 1.15 (safekeeping property; trust accounts)
• MR 3.3 / NH Rule 3.3(a)(1) (candor toward the tribunal)
• NH Supreme Court Rule 50 (IOLTA and trust-account recordkeeping)

Statutes:

• RSA 471-C (Unclaimed and Abandoned Property Act): 471-C:2, 471-C:3, 471-C:19, 471-C:34, 471-C:38
• RSA 382-A:4-404 (bank's payment of a check older than six months)
• RSA 382-A:4-403(b) (duration and renewal of stop-payment orders)
• RSA 508:4; RSA 382-A:4-111 (limitations periods)

Cases:

• Glines v. Bruk, 140 N.H. 180 (1995), statute of limitations as a waivable affirmative defense

Other opinions cited:

• NH Ethics Corner, "What to Do With Unclaimed Client Funds" (Dec. 13, 2013)

See also

• Alabama Bar Op. 1990-08: Unclaimed Client Trust Funds
• Alabama Bar Op. 1988-92: Unclaimed Trust Funds Escheat to State
• DC Bar Op. 359: Disposition of Missing Client's Trust Account Monies

Source

• Landing page: https://www.nhbar.org/2020-21-01-uncashed-trust-account-checks/
• Original PDF: https://nhba.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/23153949/EO-2020-21-01-Uncashed-Trust-Account-Checks.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

NEW HAMPSHIRE BAR ASSOCIATION
Uncashed Trust Account Checks
Ethics Committee Opinion #2020-21/01

ABSTRACT:
New Hampshire attorneys are obligated under the Supreme Court Rules and the Rules of
Professional Conduct to regularly reconcile their trust accounts. Attorneys must promptly follow
up on all uncashed checks in their trust accounts. If an attorney is unable to resolve the issue with
the payee, then the attorney should carefully review and utilize the provisions of the unclaimed
and abandoned property act, RSA Chapter 471-C.

ANNOTATIONS:
New Hampshire attorneys are obligated under the Supreme Court Rules and the Rules of
Professional Conduct to reconcile their IOLTA and other trust accounts monthly.
Attorneys who discover uncashed checks in their trust accounts should promptly notify the payee
and endeavor to promptly deliver the funds.
If, after reasonable efforts, attorneys are unable to resolve the check issue with the payee, then
the attorneys must follow the Unclaimed and Abandoned Property Act, RSA Chapter 471-C.
The Act process requires waiting for five years (NH RSA 471-C:2), making a reasonable attempt
to locate the payee (NH RSA 471-C:3), and filing a report with the state (NH RSA 471-C:19).
Failure to timely file the report exposes attorneys to the assessment of interest and civil penalties
under RSA 471-C:38.
Attorneys should not assume that an uncashed check becomes stale after some period of time, as
the UCC allows banks in good faith to charge their customer’s account at any time. RSA 382-
A:4-404.
Attorneys should not assume that a stop payment order will indefinitely protect against late
cashing, as such stop payment orders expire after six months and must be renewed. RSA 382-
A:4-403(b).

BACKGROUND:
An attorney has a handful of checks drawn on an IOLTA account that have not cleared. The
checks are all nominal in amount. The checks were all written over a year earlier, with the oldest
being about three years old.
ISSUES PRESENTED:
What are an attorney’s obligations with respect to uncashed checks in an attorney’s trust
account?
DISCUSSION:
The New Hampshire Supreme Court has established an "Interest on Lawyers Trust Accounts”
(IOLTA) program. New Hampshire Supreme Court (SC) Rule 50. An attorney must deposit
clients' funds which are nominal in amount or to be held for a short period of time in an IOLTA
account. The IOLTA account must bear interest, and the interest must be paid to the New
Hampshire Bar Foundation, rather than to the client. SC Rule 50(1)(C).
Attorneys may write checks on the IOLTA account, in accordance with the direction of the
client. Typically, the checks will be in the nature of accounts payable. They may be filing fees,
witness fees, the attorney’s fees, and other expenses of one sort or another. Sometimes, however,
the checks are not cashed.
Duty of regular reconciliation.
In New Hampshire, an IOLTA account is an “account for clients' funds which are nominal in
amount or to be held for a short period of time,” which must comply with the provisions of SC
Rule 50. SC Rule 50(1)(A). This Ethics Corner does not deal with the issue of what it means to
be “nominal in amount” or “held for a short period of time.” We assume, for the purpose of this
Corner, that these uncashed checks represent nominal amounts.
There are numerous and stringent accounting provisions in SC Rule 50, which apply to all trust
accounts, including IOLTA accounts. Lawyers must maintain the trust account records even after
the dissolution of a firm or the sale of a law practice. See SC Rules 50(2)(E) and 50(2)(F).
The Supreme Court Rules concerning trust account records are incorporated into Rule 1.15(a) of
the New Hampshire Rules of Professional Responsibility (RPC).
The lawyer shall maintain the minimum financial records with respect to the client and
third party funds as may be required by the New Hampshire Supreme Court Rules and
shall comply with every other aspect of those Rules.
RPC Rule 1.15(a).
Under SC Rule 50, lawyers are required to keep the records of all trust accounts, including their
IOLTA account, current and in good order.

                                           -2-
   A lawyer who practices in this jurisdiction shall maintain current financial records …,
   and shall retain the following records for a period of six years from the time of final
   distribution:
           (vii) copies of monthly reconciliations of the client trust accounts maintained by
           the lawyer.

SC Rule 50(2)(B) (emphasis added). The lawyer’s monthly reconciliation should reveal any
uncashed checks.
Duty to regularly follow up on uncashed checks.
In addition to the duties imposed by SC Rule 50, New Hampshire lawyers have an ethical duty to
resolve any trust fund issues expeditiously.
Upon receiving funds or other property in which a client or third person has an interest, a
lawyer shall promptly notify the client or third person. Except as stated in this rule or
otherwise permitted by law or by agreement with the client, a lawyer shall promptly
deliver to the client or third person any funds or other property that the client or
third person is entitled to receive and upon request by the client or third person, shall
promptly render a full accounting regarding such property.
NH RPC Rule 1.15(e) (emphasis added).
SC Rule 50 and RPC Rule 1.15 require the lawyer to follow up with uncashed checks, regardless
of whether they are “nominal in amount”. The monthly reconciliation requirement (SC Rule 50)
impose a duty to promptly identify all uncashed checks, and the notification and delivery
requirements (RPC Rule 1.15) impose a duty to follow up on those checks. This duty would
seem to encompass, at a minimum, contacting the payee. The careful lawyer will keep detailed
records of all attempts to contact the payee, in case issues arise later.
Suppose the diligent lawyer has made every reasonable attempt to contact the payees and resolve
the uncashed checks. Nevertheless, funds from some of the uncashed checks remain in the
IOLTA or interest-bearing account for years. The lawyer will eventually need to clean up the
accounts.
Ownership interest.
One might suppose that the payee on a check loses the right to the funds by failing to cash the
check, perhaps when the check goes stale after six months or so. See NH RSA 382-A:4-404. If
that were not the cutoff point, one might suppose that the right to the funds would expire with the
statute of limitations. See NH RSA 508:4 (personal actions); NH RSA 382-A:4-111 (actions
under UCC Article 4).
A statute of limitations, however, is an affirmative defense that a defendant must raise in a timely
manner. Glines v. Bruk, 140 N.H. 180, 664 A.2d 79 (1995). Failure to plead the statute of

                                           -3-

limitations, within the time allowed, constitutes waiver of such defense. NH Super. Ct. Rule 9(d).
Accordingly, the statute of limitations does not technically extinguish the claim, but rather
provides a defense against enforcement.
While this may seem like an overly technical distinction, it is important to properly answer the
question of who “has an interest” and who “is entitled to receive” the funds represented by the
uncashed checks. NH RPC Rule 1.15(e). The Committee concludes that unless and until the
payee affirmatively relinquishes the claim, the right remains with the payee.
Statutory obligation with respect to abandoned property.
While the payee may not have relinquished the claim, at some point the payee will be presumed
to have abandoned the funds. The Committee has faced a somewhat similar question for clients
who cannot be located, and whose funds remain in the lawyer’s possession. See “What to Do
With Unclaimed Client Funds” (December 13, 2013). That article essentially suggested that the
lawyer could use the process established by the Abandoned Property Division of the New
Hampshire State Treasury. Briefly, that process requires waiting for five years (NH RSA 471-
C:2), making a reasonable attempt to locate the client (NH RSA 471-C:3), and filing a report
with the state (NH RSA 471-C:19).
It is important to remember that these reports are not optional.

• A person holding property, tangible or intangible, presumed abandoned and subject to
custody as unclaimed property under this chapter shall report to the administrator
concerning the property as provided in this section. NH RSA 471-C:19,I (emphasis
added.)
• The report shall be filed before November 1 of each year for property presumed to be
abandoned as of June 30 of that year. NH RSA 471-C:19, IV (emphasis added.)
• A person who fails to pay or deliver property within the time prescribed by this chapter
may be assessed interest by the administrator at the annual rate of 18 percent on the
property or value thereof from the date the property should have been paid or delivered,
or $25, whichever is greater. NH RSA 471-C:38,I (emphasis added.)
• A person who willfully fails to render any report or perform other duties required under
this chapter may be assessed a civil penalty of $100 for each day the report is withheld
or the duty is not performed, but not more than $5,000. NH RSA 471-C:38,II (emphasis
added.)
If that were not enough to make a lawyer uncomfortable, the State has a right to “require any
person who has not filed a report to file a verified report stating whether or not the person is
holding any unclaimed property.” RSA 471-C:34,I. The State also has the right to examine
records to determine compliance. RSA 471-C:34,II,III.
Additional issues.

                                           -4-
           1. Relinquishment of claim.

If the payee has relinquished her claim on the money, it should probably revert to the person or
entity that provided the funds, in many cases the client.
Some of the uncashed checks may have represented expenses, such as witness fees, that may
have been recovered as costs. See NH Super. Ct. Rule 45(b) (civil actions). If so, one might then
argue that, when the witness no longer has a claim, the money belongs to the other side, as those
costs were not actually incurred. Then, under NH RPC Rule 1.15(e), the lawyer would have a
duty to “promptly notify” the person having an interest in those funds.
In addition, since the costs were not actually incurred, the lawyer’s statement to the court
becomes false. If that statement of fact is deemed material, the lawyer may have a duty to correct
it. NH RPC 3.3(a)(1). Checks of nominal amount, such as for witness fees, might not be
considered material.
Finally, if you cannot determine who has the right to the fees, you should be mindful of NH RPC
Rule 1.15(f):
When in the course of representation, a lawyer is in possession of property in which two
or more persons (one of whom may be the lawyer) claim interests, the property shall be
kept separate by the lawyer until the dispute is resolved. The lawyer shall promptly
distribute all portions of the property as to which the interests are not in dispute.
2. Additional banking considerations.
While the checks may appear to be stale, one cannot rely solely on the six-month limit on
cashing checks.
A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a checking account to pay a check,
other than a certified check, which is presented more than 6 months after its date, but it
may charge its customer's account for a payment made thereafter in good faith.
NH RSA 382-A:4-404 (emphasis added). Therefore, you should probably proceed under the
assumption that the payee may at some point present the check.
If the check is cashed, the lawyer’s trust account would become out of balance, creating a
significant problem under the SC Rules. One might try to prevent that problem by issuing a stop-
payment order. Unfortunately, that may not permanently solve the problem.
A stop-payment order is effective for six months … . A stop-payment order may be
renewed for additional six-month periods by a record given to the bank within a period
during which the stop-payment order is effective.

                                           -5-

NH RSA 382-A:4-403(b) (emphasis added). Therefore, to be safe, you may have to keep
renewing the stop-payment order, since a bank could in good faith make payment on the check at
any time as suggested above.
3. Take only proper steps.
One may be tempted to clean up the account by simply withdrawing cash in the amount of the
check and placing that cash in an envelope addressed to the payee. If the mail is not returned, one
might assume it was received. Unfortunately, “withdrawals shall be made only by check payable
to a named payee and not to cash.” SC Rule 50(2)C(v).

CONCLUSION:
New Hampshire lawyers have an obligation under SC Rule 50 to regularly and frequently
monitor their IOLTA account. As a result, any uncashed checks should be discovered within a
few months.
New Hampshire lawyers have an obligation under RPC Rule 1.15 to promptly follow up on
uncashed checks with the people to whom those checks have been written. Reasonable attempts
must be made, and should be documented, to locate the payees and ascertain if and when they
intend to cash the checks.
If all efforts to put the funds in the proper hands fail, remember that the provisions of the
abandoned property statute provide an opportunity, and impose a duty on the lawyer, to resolve
the situation.
Uncashed checks present many pitfalls for the New Hampshire lawyer. The safest and most
practical advice seems to be to locate the payees and see if they will cash the checks.

NH RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT:
Rule 1.15
Rule 1.15(a)
Rule 1.15(e)
Rule 1.15(f)
Rule 3.3(a)(1)

NH ETHICS COMMITTEE OPINIONS AND ARTICLES:

                                           -6-

Ethics Corner, “What to Do With Unclaimed Client Funds” (December 13, 2013).

SUBJECTS:
Abandoned Property
Candor to the Tribunal
Fairness to Opposing Parties, Counsel, and Third Parties
IOLTA
Nominal in Amount
Safeguarding Client Property
Statute of Limitations
Trust Account
UCC

• By the NHBA Ethics Committee
This opinion was submitted for publication to the NHBA Board of Governors at its
October 15, 2020.

                                         -7-