How long must a New Hampshire lawyer keep a client's file, and what must a retiring lawyer do with client files?

Plain-English summary

Answering two of the questions most frequently put to the Committee, the opinion addresses how long a lawyer must keep client files and what a retiring lawyer must do with them. With the exception of financial records, no New Hampshire rule sets a fixed retention period; the analysis turns on the lawyer's continuing duties to avoid prejudice to the client under Rule 1.16(d) and to maintain confidentiality under Rule 1.6(a). The opinion recommends addressing file contents, retention, and disposal in the engagement letter, including email, texts, and voice messages.

On what the file is and who owns it, the opinion relies on Averill v. Cox, holding that the client file is the "entire file" the lawyer maintains for the client, including electronic materials, and that it belongs to the client and must be provided on request. It notes that some jurisdictions recognize narrow exceptions allowing a lawyer to withhold certain materials (work product, or items whose release would endanger others), but advises that withholding is a fact-specific judgment and that it may be prudent to err on the side of production.

On how long to keep files, the opinion explains that New Hampshire Supreme Court Rule 50(2)(B) requires trust-account financial records to be kept six years, but no rule fixes a period for other files. The consensus is that files need not be kept indefinitely; drawing on ABA Op. 1384, the opinion describes guidelines for not destroying items belonging to the client, original documents, or information still needed while a limitation period runs. Finally, it states that a retiring attorney remains responsible for client files and must provide for their retention or disposal, by returning them, obtaining client permission for successor counsel to hold them, or keeping them accessible.

In practice

The opinion concludes that, under the New Hampshire Rules as they stood when it issued, the client owns the file and must receive it on request, and that retention length is driven by the duty to avoid prejudice (Rule 1.16(d)) and to protect confidentiality (Rule 1.6(a)) rather than a fixed term, except that trust-account financial records must be kept six years under Supreme Court Rule 50. It permits electronic retention, recommends documenting file issues in the engagement letter, and directs a retiring lawyer to return files, secure client consent for successor custody, or keep them accessible.

Common questions

Q: Does a client own their file, and can they demand it back?

A: Yes. The opinion relies on Averill v. Cox to conclude the client file belongs to the client and, on request, the lawyer must provide the entire file, including electronic materials.

Q: How long must a New Hampshire lawyer keep client files?

A: Long enough to avoid prejudice, not forever. The opinion explains no rule sets a general retention period; files need not be kept indefinitely, but trust-account financial records must be kept six years under Supreme Court Rule 50(2)(B).

Q: Can files be kept electronically?

A: Yes. The opinion states client files may be retained in electronic format.

Q: What must a retiring lawyer do with client files?

A: The opinion says a retiring attorney must take reasonable steps to ensure files are retained, by returning them to clients, obtaining client permission for successor counsel to keep them, or maintaining them in an accessible location.

Q: Can a lawyer withhold part of the file?

A: Possibly, but cautiously. The opinion notes Averill suggested some materials (such as work product) might be withheld, but treats this as fact-specific and suggests it may be prudent to err on the side of production.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets New Hampshire Rule 1.16(d) (surrendering papers and property on termination), Rule 1.6(a) (confidentiality), and Rule 1.15 with Supreme Court Rule 50(2)(B) (safekeeping property and the six-year retention of trust-account financial records). It relies on Averill v. Cox for the definition and ownership of the client file and draws on ABA Formal Op. 471 and ABA Op. 1384 for retention guidelines.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 1.16 / NH Rule 1.16(d) (surrender of papers and property)
• MR 1.6 / NH Rule 1.6(a) (confidentiality of information)
• MR 1.15 / NH Rule 1.15, 1.15(a)(1)-(2) (safekeeping property); N.H. Supreme Court Rule 50, 50(2)(B)

Cases:

• Averill v. Cox, 145 N.H. 328 (2000), the client file is the entire file and belongs to the client
• Sage Realty Corp. v. Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn, 91 N.Y.2d 30 (1997), scope of the file a client may obtain

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Formal Op. 471 (2015); ABA Op. 1384 (1977); D.C. Bar Op. 206 (1989); Colorado Ethics Op. 104 (1999); Tenn. Formal Op. 2015-F-160
• NHBA Ethics Op. 2005-06/3 (electronic materials as part of the file)

See also

• ABA Formal Op. 471: Surrender of Papers and Property to a Former Client
• ABA Formal Op. 92-369: Disposition of a Deceased Sole Practitioner's Client Files
• Maine Bar Op. 201: Client File Retention When an Associate Leaves a Firm

Source

• Landing page: https://www.nhbar.org/ethics/opinion-2015-16-05

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.
Ethics Committee Advisory Opinion #2015-16/05

By the NHBA Ethics Committee

This opinion was submitted for publication to the NHBA Board of Governors at its June 16, 2016 meeting.

RULE REFERENCES:

NHRPC 1.6(a)

NHRPC 1.15

NHRPC 1.15(a)(1)

NHRPC 1.15(a)(2)

NHRPC 1.16(d)

N.H. Supreme Court Rule 50

N.H. Supreme Court Rule 50(2)(B)

SUBJECTS:

Confidentiality

Safeguarding Client Property

Materials Comprising Client File

Ownership of Client File

Disposal of Client File

ANNOTATIONS:

The client file is the client’s property, and must be returned to the client upon request.

The lawyer and client may reach an agreement as to retention and disposal of the file.

Client files must be retained for a period sufficient to avoid prejudice to the client’s interests, but need not be retained forever. Client files may be retained in electronic format.

A retiring attorney must take reasonable steps to ensure client files are retained, either by returning the file to the client, obtaining client permission for the files to be retained by successor counsel, or maintaining the file in an accessible location.

QUESTIONS:

How long must a lawyer maintain a client’s file?

What are the obligations of a retiring attorney with respect to a client’s file?

BACKGROUND:

The Committee has been asked to provide guidance as to the retention of client files and as to the obligations of retiring attorneys regarding client files. These are among the questions most frequently asked of the Committee; review of the applicable principles seems timely and likely to benefit the bar.

ANALYSIS

With the exception of financial records, there is no specific New Hampshire Rule of Professional Conduct or New Hampshire Supreme Court Rule dictating the retention period of specific types of files. As in most other areas of practice, the period for client file retention depends on the specific circumstances. Retiring attorneys remain responsible for client files, and must provide for the retention or disposal of client files.

The touchstones for analysis of this issue are the attorney’s continuing obligations to avoid prejudice to the client’s interests under Professional Conduct Rule 1.16(d) and to maintain the confidentiality of client information under Professional Conduct Rule 1.6(a). See Ethical Considerations and the Retention of Client Files, (NHBA Ethics Committee, March 18, 1999).

As with other details of the attorney-client relationship, it is prudent for attorneys to discuss with their clients — and to document in an engagement letter — all of the issues surrounding the client’s file. This includes what the client file will contain (be sure to address email, text messages, and even voice messages), how long the attorney will retain the file, and what will ultimately happen to the file.

What is the “Client File” and Who Owns It?

The New Hampshire Rules of Professional Conduct offer no definition of the “client file” or “papers and property to which the client is entitled” as those terms are used in Rule 1.16(d). The New Hampshire Supreme Court has determined that the “client file” comprises the “entire file” maintained by the attorney on the client’s behalf. Averill v. Cox, 145 N.H. 328, 339 (2000). The “entire file” includes all materials, including e-mails and materials maintained in electronic format, relating to the representation of the client. See, e.g., ABA Formal Op. 471 (2015). With communication by text message between client and attorney becoming more common, a lawyer would be wise to consider this material to be part of the client file as well. See Obligation to Provide Electronic Materials, 2005-06/3 (NHBA Ethics Comm., January 2006).

The New Hampshire Supreme Court held in Averill that the client’s file belongs to the client and, upon request, an attorney must provide the client with the entire file. It is sound risk management for the attorney to retain a copy of the file.

May the Attorney Withhold any Part of the Client File?

The Supreme Court in Averill v. Cox suggested that an attorney may withhold portions of the client file but did not determine which specific portions, if any, could be withheld. The Court did note, though, that in some jurisdictions “work product” may be withheld, and file contents may be withheld in some circumstances when disclosure would violate an obligation to a third party. Averill v. Cox, 145 N.H. at 339 (citing Sage Realty v. Proskauer Rose Goetz, 91 N.Y.2d 30, 666 N.Y.S.2d 985 (1997)); see Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers § 46(2) and (3)(2000). ABA Op. 471 (2015) noted other “commonly recognized exceptions” to the “entire file” requirement including materials relating to the attorney’s assessment of the client and materials containing information which, if released, could endanger the health, safety or welfare of others.

While some jurisdictions have carved out some exceptions to the “entire file” requirement, a lawyer must consider how withholding portions of the file might damage the client’s interests going forward. This is a fact-specific analysis, and it may be prudent to err on the side of production. See Colorado Ethics Handbook Op. 104 (1999).

How Long Must the Client File be Retained?

New Hampshire Supreme Court Rule 50(2)(B) requires financial records of client funds to be retained for six (6) years from the date of final distribution. See New Hampshire Professional Conduct Rule 1.15(a) (“the lawyer shall maintain the minimum financial records with respect to the client and third party funds as may be required by the New Hampshire Supreme Court Rules”). This includes receipt and disbursement journals or comparable records containing a record of deposits into and disbursements from each client trust account, ledgers showing the source of all funds deposited into each client trust account, copies of accountings to clients and third persons, disbursement records, copies of monthly reconciliations, and other documents. Id. Supreme Court Rule 50 should be carefully reviewed for a complete list of the financial records that must be retained.

Neither the Supreme Court Rules nor the Rules of Professional Conduct specify the retention period for other types of client files and documents. The consensus of ethics opinions is that client files need not be retained indefinitely. See, e.g., Tenn. Formal Op. 2015-F-160 (2015); ABA Op. 1384 (1977); D.C. Bar Op. 206 (1989); 58 Ala. Lawyer 368 (Nov. 1997).

The New Hampshire Bar Association Ethics Committee addressed this issue in a Practical Ethics article dated March 4, 1987. The Committee cited ABA Op. 1384, which established guidelines for client file retention as follows:

• Unless the client consents, a lawyer should not destroy or discard items that clearly or probably belong to the client. Such items include those furnished to the lawyer by or in behalf of the client, the return of which could reasonably be expected by the client, and original documents such as wills and deeds (especially when not filed or recorded in the public records). [See Rule 1.15(a)(1) of the N.H. Professional Conduct Rules.]

• A lawyer should use care not to destroy or discard information that the lawyer knows or should know may still be necessary or useful in the assertion or defense of the client’s position in a matter for which the applicable statutory limitations period has not expired. [Special consideration should be given to files involving minors or other situations where the statutes of limitations may be tolled.]

• A lawyer should use care not to destroy or discard information that the client may need, has not previously been given to the client and is not otherwise readily available to the client, and which the client may reasonably expect will be preserved by the lawyer.

• In determining the length of time for retention or disposition of a file, a lawyer should exercise discretion. The nature and contents of some files may indicate a need for longer retention than do the nature and contents of other files, based upon their obvious relevance and materiality to matters that can be expected to arise.

• A lawyer should take special care to preserve accurate and complete records of the lawyer’s receipt and disbursement of trust funds for six years after final distribution of funds. See N. H. Professional Conduct Rule 1.15(a)(2). [See also N.H. Supreme Court Rule 50.]

• In disposing of a file, a lawyer should protect the confidentiality of the contents. [See N.H. Professional Conduct Rule 1.6(a).]

• A lawyer should not destroy or dispose of a file without screening it in order to determine that consideration has been given to the matters discussed above.

• A lawyer should preserve, perhaps for an extended time, an index or identification of the files that the lawyer has destroyed or disposed of.

See Ethical Consideration and the Retention of Client Files (NHBA Ethics Comm., March 18, 1999); N.H. Professional Conduct Rule 1.15 (Ethics Committee Comments). These principles remain viable and should aid attorneys in analyzing the issue of client file retention generally.

Criminal defense files are subject to the same considerations of prejudice to the client’s interest and confidentiality as outlined in this article. By way of example, the New Hampshire Public Defender’s Office typically retains misdemeanor files for 2 years from the end of the representation or completion of the client’s sentence, and felony files for 5 years from the end of the representation or completion of the client’s sentence, whichever is longer.

What are the Lawyer’s Responsibilities for Client Files when the Attorney Retires?

Dissolution or retirement from practice does not relieve a lawyer of the professional obligation to maintain closed files. See, e.g., N.Y. State Bar Op. 460 (1977). If the lawyer is part of a law firm, the firm is responsible for maintaining the client files. See, e.g., N.Y. State Bar Op. 623 (1991).

A retiring lawyer is not required to notify former clients of her or his retirement, provided the lawyer has made arrangements for the safekeeping of files for an appropriate period of time. Assuming a retiring lawyer has not changed his or her residence and can reasonably be contacted by former clients, the lawyer may satisfy the safekeeping requirement by keeping the files in a location readily accessible to the retiring lawyer, while maintaining the confidentiality of the files. The retiring lawyer may choose to notify the clients, and, if an agreement has not already been reached with regard to the client files, the lawyer may propose placing the files with a named attorney who will assist the retiring lawyer in closing out his or her law practice, or assisting the client to transfer the files to an attorney chosen by the client; or returning the files to the client. See Fla. Bar Op. 77-1 1977 (Revised 1992). Similarly, the Ohio Bar Association advises consumers that “[l]lawyers who are retiring, or who can anticipate suspension of their right to practice, will generally have time to notify clients and return files and property or obtain permission to provide them to a lawyer approved by the client.” What Happens When a Lawyer’s Practice Closes? Ohio State Bar Ass’n (Dec. 3, 2015).

What Should I do about all these Old Files?

• Return client file to the client

There is no ethical prohibition against an agreement between an attorney and client regarding the retention of client files (other than the financial records described in Supreme Court Rule 50). The attorney and client may agree, for example, that the client’s file will be returned to the client when the representation is complete. (As noted above, though, it is prudent risk management for the attorney to keep a copy of the file.)

The attorney may address the future disposition of the client’s file in the initial engagement agreement, or after the representation has been concluded. However, the attorney should be wary of boilerplate policies concerning file destruction, as each file requires an individual assessment under the guidelines listed above. If the attorney intends to destroy the file, the client should be notified and afforded an opportunity to retrieve it if the client wishes to do so. See Anne E. Trevethick and Peter G. Beeson, New Hampshire’s Guidance on Client Records Retention, N.H. Bar News (March 19, 2010).

• Retain file in electronic format

No rule requires that the client file must be retained in hard copy. Scanning and electronic storage has become increasingly common and is ethically permissible provided reasonable provisions are made to preserve client confidences as required in Rule 1.6, and to comply with other applicable law such as HIPAA. See Constance L. Vecchione, Talking Trash Recycled (Again) (Mass. BBO) (March 2014).

• What about original documents?

Several other jurisdictions have determined that original documents such as wills, trusts, or settlement agreements may have intrinsic value and comprise client property within the scope of Professional Conduct Rule 1.15(a), thus making them subject to the rules relating to the safekeeping of client property. See Wis. Ethics Op. E-98-1 (1998); 58 Ala. Lawyer 368 (November 1997); Mich. Ethics Op. R-12 (1991). Otherwise there is no ethics rule requiring that attorneys maintain original documents, but, as a practical matter, attorneys may retain these documents at the request of their clients. Before any files are destroyed, they should be carefully reviewed to ensure original documents are removed. The attorney may wish to then analyze the circumstances of the representation and the terms of the engagement letter to determine whether these original documents may be destroyed.