What trust-account books and records did a Minnesota lawyer have to keep?

Plain-English summary

The opinion set out the books and records every attorney in the private practice of law had to maintain to comply with the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct provisions on funds and property received and disbursed for clients or otherwise held in a fiduciary capacity. It allowed equivalent records that showed the same information in an easily accessible manner and in substantially the same detail, prepared either manually or by computer.

For trust accounts, the opinion required, among other things: identification of all trust accounts (depository, account number, name, date opened, the bank agreement, and the account type, including IOLTA status under Rule 1.15(e), (f)(1), and (f)(2)); a chronological check register; subsidiary ledgers for each client matter, with a rule that no client matter balance could go negative; a separate ledger for the lawyer's nominal funds held under Rule 1.15(a)(1) to cover bank charges; a monthly trial balance of the subsidiary ledgers; a monthly reconciliation of the checkbook balance, the subsidiary-ledger trial balance, and the adjusted bank statement balance; retained bank statements, canceled checks, and deposit slips; and, for computerized records, monthly printing of the check register, trial balance, and reconciliation. Disbursements had to be by check except where a check would be economically imprudent or exigent circumstances required a wire transfer with written authorization.

For business accounts, the opinion required the lawyer or firm to maintain at least one non-trust account, with a fees record or billing invoices, countersigned receipts for cash fee payments, check registers, bank statements, canceled checks, deposit slips, and a periodic reconciliation.

Currency note

The Board flagged this opinion as Repealed effective January 26, 2006, when its requirements were incorporated as Appendix 1 to the 2005 Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct; it is retained here for historical research only.

This opinion was originally adopted in 1976 and last amended in 2005. Subsequent rule amendments or later versions of the trust-account recordkeeping requirements may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct, including the current Appendix, before relying on any specific requirement mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: What trust-account records did the opinion require?

A: Among other things, identification of every trust account, a chronological check register, per-client subsidiary ledgers, a monthly trial balance, and a monthly reconciliation, all tied to Rule 1.15.

Q: Could a lawyer keep these records on a computer?

A: Yes. The opinion allowed manual or computer records, but a lawyer using a computer had to print and retain, monthly, the check register, the subsidiary-ledger trial balance, and the reconciliation report.

Q: Could a client matter's trust balance go negative?

A: No. The opinion stated that no balance for a client matter could be negative at any time, and that a lawyer could not disburse funds that would create a negative balance for an individual client matter.

Q: Is this opinion still in force?

A: No. It was repealed in 2006, and its requirements were incorporated as Appendix 1 to the 2005 Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct.

Background and rules framework

The opinion implemented Rule 1.15 of the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct (the analog of Model Rule 1.15 on safekeeping property), spelling out the specific trust-account and business-account records needed to demonstrate compliance. It was adopted in 1976, amended repeatedly through 2005, and repealed in 2006 when its content moved into the rules as Appendix 1.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 1.15 (safekeeping property)
• Minnesota RPC 1.15, including 1.15(a)(1), 1.15(e), and 1.15(f) (trust accounts, IOLTA, and non-IOLTA interest-bearing accounts)

See also

• Alaska Ethics Op. 2025-2: Safeguarding Trust Funds from Fraud
• ABA Ethics Op. 475: Safeguarding Fees Subject to Division

Source

• Landing page: https://lprb.mncourts.gov/lawyers-professional-responsibility-board-opinions/
• Original PDF: https://lprb.mncourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Opinion-9_compressed.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

LAWYERS PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY BOARD
Repealed: January 26, 2006
[now Appendix 1 to 2005 MRPC]

OPINION NO. 9
MAINTENANCE OF BOOKS AND RECORDS
Every attorney engaged in the private practice of law must maintain the books and records
described in this Opinion to comply with the applicable provisions of the Minnesota Rules of
Professional Conduct (MRPC) relating to funds and property received and disbursed on behalf of
clients or otherwise held in a fiduciary capacity. Equivalent books and records demonstrating
the same information in an easily accessible manner and in substantially the same detail are
acceptable. Books and records may be prepared manually or by computer.
I.

Trust Account Records. The following books and records must be maintained for funds
and property received and disbursed in a fiduciary capacity, whether for clients or for
others:
1.

An identification of all trust accounts maintained, including the name of the bank
or other depository, account number, account name, date account opened, and an
agreement with bank establishing each account and its interest bearing nature. A
record should also be maintained showing clearly the type of each such account
whether pooled, with net interest paid to the Lawyers Trust Account Board
(IOLTA account), pooled with allocation of interest, or individual, including the
client name. See Rules 1.15(e), (f)(1), and (f)(2), MRPC.

2.

A check register for each trust account that chronologically shows all deposits and
checks.

3.

a.

Each deposit entry must include the date of the deposit, the amount, the
identity of the client(s) for whom the funds were deposited, and the
purpose of the deposit.

b.

Each check entry must include the date the check was issued, the payee,
the amount, the identity of the client for whom the check was issued (if
not the payee), and the purpose of the check.

Subsidiary ledgers for each client matter for whom the attorney receives trust
funds.
a.

For every trust account transaction, attorneys must record on the
appropriate client subsidiary ledger the date of receipt or disbursement, the
amount, the payee and check number (for disbursements), the purpose of
the transaction, and the balance of funds remaining in the account on
behalf of that client matter. An attorney shall not disburse funds from the
trust account that would create a negative balance on behalf of an
individual client matter.

Opinion No. 9
Page 2

b.

A separate subsidiary ledger for nominal funds of the attorney held in the
trust account pursuant to Rule 1.15(a)(1), MRPC, to accommodate
reasonably expected bank fees and charges. This ledger should also
record any monthly service charges not offset or waived by the bank in the
same month. A separate ledger should be maintained to record interest
accrued but not transferred by the bank to the Lawyers Trust Account
Board in the same month it is credited.

c.

An attorney maintaining non-IOLTA accounts pursuant to Rule 1.15(f),
MRPC, shall record on each client subsidiary ledger the monthly accrual
of interest, and the date and amount of each interest disbursement,
including disbursements from accrued interest for costs of establishing and
administering the account.

4.

A monthly trial balance of the subsidiary ledgers identifying each client matter,
the balance of funds held on behalf of the client matter at the end of each month,
and the total of all the client balances. No balance for a client matter may be
negative at any time.

5.

A monthly reconciliation of the checkbook balance, the subsidiary ledger trial
balance total, and the adjusted bank statement balance. The adjusted bank
statement balance is determined from the month-end bank statement balance by
adding outstanding deposits and subtracting outstanding checks.
Sample trial balances and reconciliations are available from the Office of Lawyers
Professional Responsibility.

6.

Bank statements, canceled checks or copies of canceled checks if they are
provided with the bank statements, and duplicate deposit slips. Cash fee
payments must be documented by copies of receipts countersigned by the payor.
All disbursements must be by check, except when payment by check would be
economically imprudent or when exigent circumstances require a transaction by
wire transfer. For withdrawal by wire transfer, an attorney or law firm must
create a written memorandum authorizing the transaction, signed by the attorney
responsible for the transaction. The wire transfer must be entered in the check
register and include all the identifying information listed in paragraphs I(2)(b) and
I(3)(a) of this Opinion.

7.

Electronic Record Retention. An attorney who maintains trust account records
by computer must print and retain, on a monthly basis, the checkbook register, the
trial balance of the subsidiary ledgers, and the reconciliation report. The
checkbook register must contain all of the information identified in paragraph 2.
Electronic records should be regularly backed up by an appropriate storage

Opinion No. 9
Page 3

device. The frequency of the back up procedure should be directly related to the
volume of activity in the trust account.
8.

II.

A record showing all property, specifically identified, other than cash, held in
trust from time to time for clients or others, provided that routine files, documents
and items such as real estate abstracts which are not expected to be held
indefinitely need not be so recorded but should be documented in the files of the
lawyer as to receipt and delivery.

Business Account Records. An attorney or law firm must maintain at least one bank
account, other than the trust account, for funds and property received and disbursed
outside the attorney’s fiduciary capacity. The following books and records should be
maintained for such accounts:
1.

A record in the form of a fees book or file of copies of billing invoices reflecting
all fees charged and other billing to clients.

2.

Copies of receipts, countersigned by the payor, for all cash fee payments.

3.

Check registers, bank statements, canceled checks, and duplicate deposit slips
sufficient to establish the receipt of earned fee payments from clients, costs
advanced on behalf of clients, and similar receipts and disbursements.

4.

A periodic reconciliation of the checkbook balance and the bank statement
balance.

Adopted:
Amended:

September 10, 1976.
June 22, 1977, June 23, 1983, December 4, 1987, September 15, 1989,
September 18, 1998, August 1, 1999, January 27, 2005.
Repealed: January 26, 2006.
1998 Committee Comments
In the 9 years since the Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board last revised this Opinion,
there have been significant changes in the ways attorneys may maintain their trust account books
and records, most notably the rise of the personal computer and bookkeeping software as
essential office equipment. Moreover, the Director’s Office has reviewed hundreds of lawyers’
trust accounts since 1990 through the administration of the overdraft notification program. This
experience has given the Director insight into the most common record-keeping pitfalls and
confirmed the types of records that lawyers must maintain to satisfy their ethical obligations to
protect client funds.
The revised Opinion eliminates the requirement of separate cash receipts and disbursements
journals, in favor of a more detailed chronological check register that records all trust account

Opinion No. 9
Page 4

transactions, including the identity of the client and the purpose of the transaction. This
simplifies manual record-keeping and comports with most software packages that allow input of
all relevant information into one computer screen.
Routine monthly printing of hard copies of electronic records is required to allow reconstruction
of trust account records in the event of a hardware failure. Attorneys should implement
electronic backup procedures depending on the volume of activity in the trust account. For
moderate to high volume trust accounts, weekly or even daily backups to floppy disks or
mirrored network servers may be appropriate.
Wire transfers may be used for large denomination transactions provided that the lawyer or law
firm creates the proper written authorization. The Board does not recommend that attorneys use
wire transfers for transactions under $10,000; checks signed by an attorney remain the primary
means of properly disbursing funds from a trust account.