How long should a Louisiana lawyer retain closed client files?

Plain-English summary

The opinion states that Louisiana then had no rule requiring indefinite retention of all closed client files. Rule 1.15(a) and Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XIX did require records of client funds and other property to be preserved for five years after the representation or final disposition. The Committee linked those property records to a five-year minimum reference point for files generally, while declining to set one disposal date for every matter.

Retention depends on the practice and file. The opinion identifies matters involving original client property, unexpired limitations periods, possible malpractice claims, criminal sentences, trusts and guardianships, real estate, taxes, family law, and minors as examples requiring different treatment. It also identifies the then-current ten-year disciplinary-prescription period for negligence as relevant to preserving records needed to respond to a complaint.

The policy includes client notice about eventual destruction, an opportunity to take the file, screening before destruction, protection of confidential contents during disposal, preservation of items belonging to the client, and an index of destroyed files. Electronic scanning or microfilming is identified as a means of preserving information while reducing physical storage.

In practice

Under this 2006 opinion, file retention is a reasoned policy decision rather than a single universal deadline. The policy accounts for legal and disciplinary time periods, client ownership, future usefulness, confidentiality, the matter type, and records that the rules require to be preserved.

Common questions

Q: Does Louisiana require every closed file to be kept forever?

A: No. The opinion identifies no general duty to preserve every file indefinitely and instead calls for a policy tailored to the practice and file contents.

Q: What minimum period did the opinion identify?

A: It linked the then-current five-year Rule 1.15 and Rule XIX recordkeeping duties to a minimum retention reference point, while explaining that many files require longer preservation.

Q: Should clients be told before files are destroyed?

A: Yes. The opinion identifies notice in the engagement agreement and a reasonable opportunity for the client to take the file before destruction.

Q: Can a firm destroy original documents that belong to the client?

A: The opinion states that items clearly or probably belonging to the client, especially originals, are not destroyed without the client's consent.

Q: What confidentiality duty applies during disposal?

A: The opinion requires protection of the file's confidential contents when records are destroyed or otherwise disposed of.

Background and rules framework

The opinion applies Louisiana Rule 1.15(a), Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XIX, Section 28(A), and Louisiana Civil Code article 3496. It also adopts considerations from ABA Informal Opinion 1384 and file-disposition guidance cited in the source.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Louisiana Rule 1.15(a)

Statutes:

• Louisiana Civil Code art. 3496, action for return of papers delivered to an attorney
• Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XIX, Sections 28(A) and 31

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Informal Opinion 1384

See also

• California Ethics Op. 2001-157: Retention and Destruction of Former-Client Files
• Arizona Ethics Op. EO-19-0009: Client File Retention Duties
• Rhode Island Ethics Op. 94-09: How Long to Keep Closed Files

Source

• Landing page: LSBA Ethics Advisory Service and Opinions
• Original PDF: Public Opinion 06-RPCC-008

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

Louisiana State Bar Association
Rules of Professional Conduct Committee

PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-0081
January 4, 2006

Client File Retention

There is no comprehensive rule on retaining closed client files. The rule relating to safekeeping of clients’ funds should be consulted and a file retention policy based on good judgment should be developed by every law firm and solo practitioner for the disposal of closed client files.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules regulating a lawyer’s obligation to retain and store client files in which the work has been concluded and the file closed. The volume of paperwork in client files has multiplied exponentially in the past years; and lawyers and law firms have been overwhelmed with the volume of closed files being stored and the expense of storage. Until digital storage is permitted wide-scale by the rules and becomes a generally accepted mode of storage for most, if not all documents, this problem will continue to create a burden on lawyers.

While there is no apparent general duty of a lawyer or a law firm to preserve a client’s file indefinitely, Rule 1.15(a) of the Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct (2004) (the “LRPC”), as well as Section 28(A) of Rule XIX of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, provide

1
The comments and opinions of the Committee—public or private—are not binding on any person or tribunal, including—but not limited to—the Office of Disciplinary Counsel and the Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board. Public opinions are those which the Committee has published—specifically designated thereon as “PUBLIC”—and may be cited. Private opinions are those that have not been published by the Committee— specifically designated thereon as “NOT FOR PUBLICATION”—and are intended to be advice for the originally- inquiring lawyer only and are not intended to be made available for public use or for citation. Neither the LSBA, the members of the Committee or its Ethics Counsel assume any legal liability or responsibility for the advice and opinions expressed in this process.

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PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
© 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved. for safekeeping of clients’ funds and other property—and records thereof—for a period of five (5) years after termination of the representation.2

Although the LRPC and Rule XIX do not contain any specific provisions dealing with the retention of client files, the close connection between records of client property, trust accounts,

2
See Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct (2004), Rule 1.15(a),

“...Other property shall be identified as such and appropriately safeguarded. Complete records of such account funds and other property shall be kept by the lawyer and shall be preserved for a period of five years after termination of the representation....;”

and

Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, Rule XIX, Section 28(A),

“...Every lawyer engaged in the practice of law in Louisiana shall maintain and preserve for a period of at least five years, after final disposition of the underlying matter, the records, check stubs, vouchers, ledgers, journals, closing statements, accounts or other statements of disbursements rendered to clients or other parties with regard to trust funds or similar equivalent records clearly and expressly reflecting the date, amount, source, and explanation for all receipts, withdrawals, deliveries and disbursements of the funds or other property of a client....”

See also, Informal Opinion 1384, of the ABA Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, March 14, 1977.

Note also that Louisiana Civil Code Article 3496 provides that “An action by a client against an attorney for the return of papers delivered to him for purposes of a law suit is subject to a liberative prescription of three years. This prescription commences to run from the rendition of a final judgment in the law suit or the termination of the attorney-client relationship.”

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PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
© 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved. funds, etc., and client files suggests that it is inadvisable for lawyers not to retain and keep safe client files (or copies of same, in the event that the original file has been otherwise relinquished to the client) for a minimum of five (5) years following the termination of the representation.3

Additionally, as there is still effectively no prescriptive period for attorney disciplinary complaints, except a recently adopted ten (10) year liberative prescriptive period on matters of attorney professional misconduct where the mental element is merely negligence,4 we cannot begin to suggest that disposal of client files, even after the expiration of the minimum five (5) year period for safekeeping clients’ property, might be advisable.

Practices of different lawyers and law firms are so varied and complex that disposal of certain files or types of files generated in one type of practice, such as criminal or insurance defense, might not be appropriate for another type practice, such as a transactional or estate planning/probate practice. Therefore, it is our opinion that every lawyer and/or law firm should develop a policy for the orderly and prudent disposition of closed client files.5
In the development of such a policy, a number of considerations should be made, most of which are based on common sense.6 Careful consideration should be given to particular types of files and sometimes a subjective approach must be used by the particular lawyer who worked on the file,

3
At the conclusion of the case, the lawyer may return the client’s file to the client at the client’s request

retaining only the financial records mandated by the Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct and the

Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, quoted supra.
4
Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, Rule XIX, Section 31, amendment effective May 30, 2003.

5
A good document retention policy would include advising clients in the lawyer’s initial engagement letter or representation agreement when the client’s records might later be destroyed (e.g., after five years following termination of the representation).

6
Louisiana Bar Journal, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 470-472.

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PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
© 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved. if she is available.

An article entitled, “Spring Cleaning: A Dozen Pointers for Purging Files,” published in the ABA’s magazine, The Young Lawyer, and reprinted in the Journal of the Kansas Bar Association, May, 1997, suggests twelve guidelines for disposing of closed files.7

7
See “Spring Cleaning: A Dozen Pointers for Purging Files,” ABA Publication, April 1997, The Young Lawyer, reprinted in Journal of the Kansas Bar Association, May 1997, 66-MAY J. Kan. B.A. 18.

1. Before destroying any file, the lawyer or law firm should have it microfilmed or microfiched, (or
   electronically scanned) after tossing out irrelevant and obviously discardable materials. The cost of doing
   this is relatively nominal, and it reduces storage costs to almost nothing. (Italicized portion ours)

2. With continuing clients, make arrangements for returning files to the client or a time schedule for
   destruction. For single-matter clients, make suitable arrangements before the entire matter concludes.

3. If no arrangements have previously been made and the client is unavailable, hold any files that are likely to
   be important for a minimum of five years.

4. All trust account records, receipts and disbursements should be permanently maintained; or, at least,
   microfilmed prior to destruction of paper records.

5. On any matter where there might be a claim of malpractice, maintain the file for six years (we suggest 10
   years in Louisiana, in view of Section 31, Rule XIX, discussed supra) and then microfilm before destroying
   it. (Italicized portion ours)

6. On matters involving contracts, notes, or any other matter with long statutes of limitation, retain the files
   for up to 15 years, or until the client’s consent is obtained for destruction.

7. On criminal matters, in general, maintain the files for at least six years after the end of the sentence or
   termination of the case. There are certainly exceptions to this rule, for example, in some cases involving

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                                    PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
                    © 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved.
   

   And the ABA Informal Opinion 1384, March 14, 1977, suggests the following considerations:

   1. Unless the client consents, a lawyer should not destroy or discard items that
      clearly or probably belong to the client. Such items include those furnished to the
      lawyer by or in (sic) behalf of the client, the return of which could reasonably be
      expected by the client, and original documents (especially when not filed or
      recorded in the public records).

   2. A lawyer should use care not to destroy or discard information that the lawyer
      knows or should know may still be necessary or useful in the assertion or defense

   repeat offenders.

8. On matters of guardianship or trust, keep the file at least six years after the termination of the guardianship
   or trust and coming of age or restoration to competency, except financial records, which should be
   maintained indefinitely.

9. On real estate matters, keep files at least six years and then microfilm prior to destruction; send all
   important papers to the client.

10. On tax matters, maintain files a bare minimum of five years; it is suggested to hold tax files for six years on
    normal matters and, if there is any hint of possible fraud, maintain the files indefinitely.

11. Family law, custody problems, and related files must be maintained as long as possible problems exist and
    then for at least six additional years. It is strongly recommended that these be microfilmed before
    destruction.

12. Tort matters involving adults could probably be safely destroyed after six years with prior notice to the
    client. These files should be microfilmed in case there is another injury claim. In tort actions involving
    minors, hold the files until at least two years after coming of age, or six years, whichever is longer.”
    (Emphasis and comments ours)

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                   © 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved.
    

    of the client’s position in a matter for which the applicable statutory limitations period has not expired.

13. A lawyer should use care not to destroy or discard information that the client
    may need, has not previously been given to the client, and is not otherwise readily available to the client, and which the client may reasonably expect will be preserved by the lawyer.

14. In determining the length of time for retention or disposition of a file, a lawyer
    should exercise discretion. The nature and contents of some files may indicate a need for longer retention than do the nature and contents of other files, based upon their obvious relevance and materiality to matters that can be expected to arise.

15. A lawyer should take special care to preserve indefinitely, accurate and
    complete records of the lawyer’s receipt and disbursement of trust funds.

16. In disposing of a file, a lawyer should protect the confidentiality of the
    contents.

17. A lawyer should not destroy or dispose of a file without screening it in order to
    determine that consideration has been given to the matters discussed above.

18. A lawyer should preserve, perhaps for an extended time, an index or
    identification of the files that the lawyer has destroyed or disposed of.”8

8
Supra, footnote 2, Informal Opinion 1384.

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PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
© 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved.
Because there are no specific rules regulating a lawyer’s or law firm’s retention of client files other than the rules governing safekeeping of client property, it is the Committee’s opinion that each lawyer and/or law firm should promulgate a file retention policy tailored to the character of their respective clients and areas of practice. It would appear that the best practice would be to retain all closed client files for a minimum of five (5) years, to notify the client, if he is available, prior to destruction of the file to provide him a reasonable opportunity to take the file, and to develop a policy for disposal or retention of client files after that time.

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PUBLIC Opinion 06-RPCC-008
© 2006 by the Louisiana State Bar Association. All rights reserved.