In Kentucky, may a lawyer pay a non-expert (occurrence) witness for time spent attending a deposition, trial, or preparation meeting?

Plain-English summary

The Committee addressed whether a lawyer may compensate a non-expert witness for time spent attending a deposition or trial, or meeting with the lawyer in preparation to testify, where the payment is not conditioned on the content of the testimony and does not violate the law. The Committee answered with a qualified yes. It traced the traditional and modern ethics view (Warvelle's 1902 essays, Wolfram's Modern Legal Ethics) that a lawyer may not pay for testimony but may reimburse reasonable lost wages, travel, and customary witness fees, and it adopted the analysis of ABA Formal Op. 96-402, which approved compensating a non-expert witness for time actually spent attending a deposition or trial, in pretrial interviews, and in reviewing records germane to the testimony, provided the payment is not for the substance or efficacy of the testimony and is not barred by local law.

Because the rules sometimes require consulting the law, the Committee examined the relevant statutes. It noted the federal bribery statute (18 U.S.C. 201) permits payment for the reasonable value of a witness's lost time, and that KRS 524.010 to .030 make it a felony to confer a pecuniary benefit on a witness to influence testimony, with the caution that any payment exceeding the witness's actual expenses may raise an inference that the witness is being paid for testimony.

Taking a guarded approach, the Committee concluded that KRPC 3.4(b) allows, but does not compel, a lawyer to compensate a witness for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses and reasonable lost income actually incurred while testifying or in necessary preparation; additional payments are imprudent and may be questioned as unethical or illegal. No payment may be made for the substance or efficacy of the testimony, and witnesses must still respond to process.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1997 and predates the Kentucky Supreme Court's substantial 2009 revisions to the Rules of Professional Conduct (SCR 3.130). The Kentucky Bar Association notes that the rules are amended periodically and that lawyers should consult the current version before relying on this opinion. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current rules, and against the current criminal statutes on witness payments, before relying on any specific rule mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Could a Kentucky lawyer pay an ordinary witness for lost time?

A: Per the opinion, yes within limits. The Committee concluded KRPC 3.4(b) allows reasonable compensation for the witness's lost income and expenses actually incurred in attending or preparing to testify.

Q: Could the lawyer pay for the witness's preparation time?

A: The opinion concluded yes, for time actually spent in pretrial interviews and reviewing records germane to the testimony, again so long as it was not payment for the content of the testimony.

Q: What could the lawyer never pay for?

A: Per the opinion, the substance or efficacy of the testimony. The Committee warned that payments beyond actual expenses and reasonable lost time could be questioned as unethical or illegal.

Q: How is reasonable compensation set for a retired or unemployed witness?

A: The opinion (following ABA Formal Op. 96-402) concluded the lawyer must determine the reasonable value of the witness's time based on all the relevant circumstances.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets KRPC 3.4(b) (a lawyer may not offer an inducement to a witness prohibited by law; the Model Rule 3.4 counterpart, with Comment 3 permitting payment of a witness's expenses on terms permitted by law), read together with the governing law on witness payments (18 U.S.C. 201; KRS 524.010 to .030).

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 3.4 / KRPC 3.4(b) (inducements to witnesses; payment of witness expenses)

Statutes:

• 18 U.S.C. 201 (federal bribery statute; reasonable value of lost time)
• KRS 524.010 to .030 (bribing or intimidating a witness)

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Formal Op. 96-402 (1996): propriety of payments to occurrence witnesses

See also

• KBA Ethics Op. E-394: Contingent Fees for Expert Witnesses and Litigation Support
• KBA Ethics Op. E-422: Misusing a Subpoena Duces Tecum to Obtain Non-Party Documents Without Notice

Source

• Landing page: https://kybar.org/For-Members/Rules-Ethics-Information/Ethics-Opinions
• Original PDF: https://kybar.org/Portals/0/Admin/Ethics%20Opinions/KBA_E-400.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
Ethics Opinion KBA E-400
Issued: June 1997

The Rules of Professional Conduct are amended periodically. Lawyers should consult
the current version of the rules and comments, SCR 3.130 (available at
http://www.kybar.org), before relying on this opinion.

Question:

Is it ethical for [a] lawyer, acting on her client’s behalf, to compensate a nonexpert witness for time spent in attending a deposition or trial or in a meeting with
the lawyer preparatory to such testimony, provided that the payment is not
conditioned on the content of the testimony and provided further that the payment
does not violate the law of the jurisdiction.

Answer:

Qualified yes.

References:

KRPC 3.4(b); CPR DR 7-109(C)(1) & (2); ABA Formal Op. 96-402 (1996)
(Propriety of payments to occurrence witnesses); Charles Wolfram, Modern Legal
Ethics 651 (1986); George Warvelle, Essays In Legal Ethics (1902).
OPINION

Ethics Standards
The traditional view, expressed prior to the adoption of the 1969 Code or the 1990 Rules,
was that expressed in George Warvelle’s Essays In Legal Ethics (1902), para. 190:
The statutory witness fee is very small. Attendance in court not
infrequently entails pecuniary hardship on the person testifying.
The exigencies of his business or the circumstances that surround
him may be such that to spend a day or several days in court will
seriously embarrass him because of these things it has become
common to pay or to promise to witnesses the actual value of their
time consumed in the trial, and it does not seem that such practice
is repugnant to any rule or law or precept or morals.
Charles Wolfram’s Modern Legal Ethics takes essentially the same position:
Payments to Nonexpert Witnesses - Lawyers are generally
prohibited from paying or offering to pay money or other rewards
to witnesses in return for their testimony. It is permissible,
however, to pay reasonable amounts to witnesses to compensate
for lost wages incurred in testifying, and for travel and similar

expenses, and to pay a customary witness fee. [Citing DR 7109(C)(1) and Model Rule 3.4, Comment 3].
KRPC 3.4(b) states that a lawyer shall not “offer an inducement to a witness that is
prohibited by law.” Comment [3] to KRPC 3.4 states that “it is not improper to pay a witness’s
expenses ... on terms permitted by law.” The Comment [which is a clone of the ABA Comment
to ABA Model Rule 3.4] goes on to state that “[t]he common law rule in most jurisdictions is
that it is improper to pay an occurrence witness any fee for testifying.”
Prior to the adoption of KRPC 3.4(b), DR 7-109(C)(1) & (2) of the Kentucky CPR stated
that a lawyer “may advance, guarantee, or acquiesce in the payment of ... (1) (e)xpenses
reasonably incurred by a witness in attending or testifying ... [and] ... (2) [r]easonable
compensation to a witness for his loss of time in attending and testifying.”
This question was thoroughly considered by the ABA Standing Committee on
Professional Responsibility in ABA Formal Opinion 96-402 (1996). The question posed was
whether “[a] lawyer, acting on her client’s behalf, may compensate a non-expert witness for time
spent in attending a deposition or trial or in a meeting with the lawyer preparatory to such
testimony, provided that the payment is not conditioned on the content of the testimony and
provided further that the payment does not violate the law of the jurisdiction.” The Committee
answered the question in the affirmative, nothing that there was nothing to indicate that the
drafters of the Model Rules intended to be more restrictive than the drafters of the Code. The
Committee also alluded to ABA Prosecution Standard 3-3.2, which states that “it is not improper
to reimburse an ordinary witness for the reasonable expenses of attendance upon court,
attendance for depositions pursuant to statute or court rule, or attendance for pretrial interview.
Payments to a witness may be for transportation and loss of income provided there is no attempt
to conceal the fact of reimbursement.” To summarize, ABA Formal Opinion 94-402 (1996)
specifically approved of compensating a non-expert witness for time spent in actually attending a
deposition or a trial, and for time spent in pretrial interviews in preparation for trial, and for time
spent in reviewing and researching records that are germane to his or her testimony, so long as
the payment is not being made for the substance or the efficacy of the witness’s testimony, and
provided that such compensation is not barred by local law.
The ABA Opinion also alludes to the question of what is or is not “reasonable
compensation” where the witness is retired or unemployed. The advice offered by the
Committee is that the lawyer must determine the reasonable value of the witness’s time based on
all relevant circumstances.
From the forgoing it can be seen that there is and has been some, indeed considerable1
agreement among the sources in so far as ethical standards are concerned. But the law must also
be consulted.

1 The ABA Committee cited Pennsylvania Op. 95-126 (1995), which differs from the ABA Opinion to the

extent that the Pennsylvania Committee reads the [identical] Pennsylvania Rule 3.4(b) “to disfavor
compensation for time invested in preparing for testimony.” The ABA Annotated Model Rules of
Professional Conduct (3d ed. 1996) p. 329, cites the Pennsylvania opinion, and in addition cites Alabama

Op. 93-2 (1993)(lawyer may reimburse witness for expenses and lost time; however caution must be
exercised to ensure compensation reasonable relative to witness’s occupation and normal wages).

Law
While the Committees does not convene to answer questions of law [KBA E-297 (1984)]
the KRPC sometimes require that Committee to consult the law in order to answer the questions
of ethics. This is such an occasion.
The federal bribery statute, 18 USC sec. 201(j) provides that payments to a lay witness
for “the reasonable value of time lost in attendance of any such trial, hearing or proceeding do
not violate the federal bribery statutes.” Based on this language, the ABA Committee concluded
that payment for the witness’s loss of time is not prohibited by Model Rule 3.4(b).
KRS 524.010 - .030 et seq. provides that it is a Class D felony to offer, confer, or agree to
confer any “pecuniary benefit” on a witness or potential witness with intent to influence that
person’s testimony or to induce the person to avoid legal process or not appear pursuant to
process.” It is also a Class D felony for a witness or a potential witness to solicit, accept, or
agree to accept a bribe. It is suggested that “[A]ny payment to a lay witness in excess of the
witness’s actual expenses raises the inference [may allow an inference?] that the witness is being
paid for his testimony.” See Robert Lawson & William Fortune, Kentucky Criminal Law,
Chapter 14 (To be published September 1997).
It is not the Committee’s role to provide the bar with definitive interpretations of the law.
To the extent that we must inform ourselves of the law in reaching an interpretation of the ethics
rules, we perhaps take a guarded or cautious approach. In the opinion of the Committee, KRPC
3.4(b) allows the lawyer, but does not compel the lawyer, to compensate a witness for reasonable
out of pocket expenses and reasonable lost income that will actually be incurred by the witness
while testifying at a trial, hearing, or deposition, or while engaging in necessary preparation with
the attorney. The Committee is of opinion that additional payments are imprudent, and may be
questioned as being unethical or even illegal. Obviously, no payment may be made for the
substance or efficacy of the witness’s testimony. We further emphasize that witnesses must
respond to process, and no lawyer is required to make payments that are not expressly provided
for in the governing statutes and court rules.

Note to Reader
This ethics opinion has been formally adopted by the Board of Governors of the Kentucky
Bar Association under the provisions of Kentucky Supreme Court Rule 3.530 (or its predecessor
rule). The Rule provides that formal opinions are advisory only.