What are a lawyer's ethical duties to clients when leaving one firm for another?

Plain-English summary

The Committee was asked about the ethical obligations of a lawyer leaving one firm for another, and whether Alaska would adopt ABA Formal Opinion 99-414. The Committee elected to adopt the ABA opinion in truncated form. The governing premise is that the client's interests must be protected and that each client has the right to choose the departing lawyer, the firm, or other counsel.

The opinion lists the shared obligations of the departing lawyer and the former firm: timely disclosure of the departure to clients on whose active matters the lawyer is responsible or plays a principal role; assuring transferred matters do not create conflicts at the new firm and can be competently handled there; protecting client files and property so no matter is adversely affected; avoiding dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation about the withdrawal; and the departing lawyer maintaining confidentiality and avoiding conflicts as to the former firm's matters. On notice, because the departure may affect the client's matter, the lawyer and firm (ideally jointly) must inform affected clients, since the client ultimately chooses counsel; a departing lawyer does not violate Rule 7.3(a) by notifying current clients, but may not make in-person or live-telephone contact with firm clients with whom the lawyer has no prior professional or family relationship.

The opinion sets standards for the notice itself: limited to clients whose active matters the lawyer handles or for whom the lawyer performed significant services; not urging the client to leave the firm, though the lawyer may state a willingness to continue the matters; making clear the client decides who continues; and avoiding misrepresentation about the former firm. The lawyer may provide information reasonably necessary for the client to decide (such as the new firm's billing rates and resources). On termination under Rule 1.16(d), the former firm must surrender papers and property and refund unearned fees for clients who transfer. On files and documents, the departing lawyer may take copies of documents the lawyer prepared or that are in the public domain, but otherwise may need the firm's consent; client files and property follow the client's direction; and the lawyer may keep copies of former-client documents if confidentiality is protected under Rules 1.6 and 1.9. The opinion notes that property, fiduciary, and unfair-competition law beyond the ethics rules also applies.

In practice

Under this opinion, as the Alaska rules stood at the time, a lawyer leaving a firm and the former firm share duties to protect affected clients: give timely (ideally joint) notice to clients on the lawyer's active matters, safeguard files and property, and let each client choose who continues the representation. The opinion treats notice to current clients as not violating Rule 7.3(a) but bars in-person or live-telephone solicitation of firm clients with whom the lawyer has no prior professional or family relationship, requires the notice to fairly describe the client's options without disparaging the firm, and applies Rule 1.16(d) (surrender papers, refund unearned fees) for transferring clients. It also flags that property, fiduciary, and unfair-competition law apply alongside the ethics rules.

Common questions

Q: Who has to tell clients the lawyer is leaving?

A: Both. The opinion says the departing lawyer and the former firm have an obligation to assure clients on the lawyer's active matters are informed, ideally by joint notice.

Q: Can the departing lawyer solicit the firm's clients?

A: Within limits. The opinion says notifying current clients does not violate Rule 7.3(a), but the lawyer may not make in-person or live-telephone contact with firm clients with whom the lawyer has no prior professional or family relationship, and must not urge clients to leave the firm.

Q: What must the notice to clients say?

A: Per the opinion, it should be limited to the lawyer's active or significant clients, make clear the client decides who continues the matter, state the lawyer's willingness to continue without disparaging the firm, and avoid misrepresentation.

Q: Can the departing lawyer take files?

A: Client files follow the client's direction. The opinion says the lawyer may take copies of documents the lawyer prepared or that are in the public domain, but may need the firm's consent for other materials, and may keep former-client copies if confidentiality is protected under Rules 1.6 and 1.9.

Background and rules framework

The opinion adopts (in truncated form) ABA Formal Opinion 99-414 and interprets Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct 7.3(a) (solicitation, analog of Model Rule 7.3), 7.1 (communications), 1.16(d) (duties on termination), and 1.6 and 1.9 (confidentiality and former-client duties). It notes that non-ethics law (property, fiduciary, unfair competition) also governs.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Alaska RPC 7.3(a) (solicitation), 7.1 (communications)
• Alaska RPC 1.16(d) (duties on termination)
• Alaska RPC 1.6, 1.9 (confidentiality; former-client duties)

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Formal Opinion 99-414 (adopted in truncated form)

See also

• ABA Formal Op. 99-414: Ethical Obligations When a Lawyer Changes Firms
• ABA Formal Op. 489: Notice When Lawyers Change Firms
• AL Bar Op. 1993-03: Lawyer Changing Firms

Source

• Landing page: https://alaskabar.org/ethics-discipline/ethics-opinions/adopted-ethics-opinions-chronological/
• Original PDF: https://alaskabar.org/wp-content/uploads/2005-2.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

ALASKA BAR ASSOCIATION
ETHICS OPINION 2005-2
Ethical Obligations When a Lawyer Changes Firms
Question Presented
The Committee has been asked to address the ethical considerations
which govern the responsibilities of a lawyer departing a firm to work for
another firm and whether Alaska would adopt Formal Opinion 99-414 of the
American Bar Association, dated September 8, 1999, which addresses this
same issue.
The Committee has elected to adopt the ABA opinion, albeit in truncated
form, as set forth below.
Conclusion
A lawyer's ethical obligations upon departure from one firm to join
another rest on the premise that the client's interests must be protected and
that each client has the right to choose the departing lawyer or the firm, or
another lawyer to represent them. The departing lawyer and the former firm
must take reasonable measures to assure that the departure is accomplished
without material adverse effect on the interests of clients and the matters upon
which the lawyer currently is working.
The departing lawyer and the former firm have ethical obligations to
assure that prompt notice is given to clients on whose active matters the
departing attorney is working and to protect client information, files, and other
client property.
Finally, the departing lawyer is prohibited by ethical rules from making
in-person or live telephone contact prior to their departure with clients with
whom they have no family or client-lawyer relationship.
Discussion
When a lawyer ceases to practice at a law firm, both the departing lawyer
and the responsible members of the firm who remain ("former firm" or "former
law firm") have ethical responsibilities to clients on whose active matters the
lawyer is currently working to assure that the representation is not adversely
affected by the lawyer's departure. These obligations include:
(1)

Disclosing the pending departure in a timely fashion to clients for
whose active matters the departing lawyer is responsible or plays a
principal role in representing the client;

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(2)

The departing lawyer must assure that client matters to be
transferred with the lawyer to the new law firm do not create
conflicts of interest in the new firm and can be competently
managed there;

(3)

Both parties have a duty to protect client files and property and
assure that, to the extent reasonably practicable, no client matters
are adversely affected as a result of the withdrawal;

(4)

Both parties must avoid conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,
deceit, or misrepresentation in connection with the planned
withdrawal; and

(5)

The departing lawyer must maintain confidentiality and avoid
conflicts in their new affiliation respecting client matters in the
lawyer's former firm.
Notification to Current Clients

The impending departure of the lawyer who is responsible for the client's
representation, or who plays a principal role in representing the client, is
information that may affect the status of the client's matter. Accordingly, a
lawyer who is departing one law firm for another has an ethical obligation,
along with the former law firm, to assure that those clients are informed the
lawyer is leaving the firm. This can be accomplished by the departing lawyer,
the former law firm, or the lawyer and the firm jointly. Because clients have
the ultimate right to select counsel of their choice, information that the lawyer
is leaving and where they will be practicing will assist the client in determining
whether the legal work should remain with the law firm, be transferred to the
new firm, or be transferred elsewhere. Accordingly, informing the client of the
lawyer's departure in a timely manner is critical to allowing the client to make
informed choices as to who will represent them.
Because lawyers have a present professional relationship with their
current clients, a departing lawyer does not violate Rule 7.3(a) by notifying
those clients that they are leaving for a new affiliation.1 However, a departing
lawyer is prohibited from making in-person or live telephone contact with firm
clients with whom the lawyer does not have a prior professional or family
relationship. A lawyer does not have a prior professional relationship with a
client merely by having worked on a matter for a client along with other lawyers
in a way that afforded little or no direct contact with the client.
1

RPC 7.3(a) prohibits a lawyer from soliciting "professional employment from a prospective
client with whom the lawyer has no family or prior professional relationship when a significant
motive for the lawyer's doing so is the lawyer's pecuniary gain."
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The Committee is also of the opinion, for those clients who elect to
transfer their existing matters to the departed lawyer and the new firm, the
former firm must take steps pursuant to Rule 1.16(d) to protect the departing
client's interest in terms of surrendering papers and properties to which the
client is entitled and refunding any advance payment of fees that has not been
earned.
Notice to the Clients Must Fairly Describe the Client's Alternatives
Any initial in-person or written notice informing clients of the departing
lawyer's new affiliation that is sent before the lawyer resigns from the firm
generally should conform to the following:
(1)

The notice should be limited to clients whose active matters the
lawyer has direct professional responsibility for at the time of the
notice, or whom the departing lawyer has performed significant
professional services while at the firm;

(2)

The departing lawyer should not urge the client to sever its
relationship with the firm, but may indicate the lawyer's
willingness and ability to continue responsibility for the matters
upon which they are currently working;

(3)

The departing lawyer must make clear that the client has the
ultimate right to decide who will complete or continue the matters;
and

(4)

The departing lawyer must avoid statements involving dishonesty,
fraud, deceit or misrepresentation in describing or characterizing
the former firm.

In order that the client may make an informed decision, the departing
lawyer may also inform the client whether the representation can be continued
at the new law firm. If the client requests further information about the
departing lawyer's new firm, the lawyer should provide whatever information is
reasonably necessary to assist the client in making an informed decision about
future representation including, for example, billing rates and a description of
the resources available at the new firm to handle the client's matter. The
departing lawyer nevertheless must continue to make clear in these
discussions that the client has the right to choose whether the former firm, the
departing lawyer and the new firm, or some other lawyer will continue the
representation.
The best approach to protect the client's interest is for the departing
lawyer and the former law firm to give joint notice of the lawyer's impending
departure to all clients for whom the lawyer has performed significant

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professional services while at the firm, or at least notice to the current clients.
Unfortunately, this is not always feasible when the departure is not amicable.
In some instances, the lawyer's mere notice to the firm might prompt
immediate termination. When the departing lawyer reasonably anticipates that
the firm will not cooperate in providing such a joint notice, the lawyer must
provide notice to those clients for whose active matters they are currently
responsible, or play a principal role in the representation, according to the
manner described above, and preferably any in-person conversations should be
confirmed in writing so as to memorialize the details of the communication and
compliance with Rules 7.3 and 7.1.2
Entitlement to Files, Documents and Other Property
A departing lawyer also may wish to take files and other documents such
as research memoranda, sample pleadings and forms when they leave. To the
extent that these documents were prepared by the departing lawyer and are
considered the lawyer's property or are in the public domain, they may take
copies with them. Otherwise, the lawyer may have to obtain the former firm's
consent to do so.
The Committee is of the opinion that, absent special circumstances, the
departing lawyer does not violate any ethical rules by taking copies of
documents prepared or created for general use in their practice. However, the
question of whether a departing lawyer may take continuing legal education
materials, practice forms, or computer files generated during their practice
turns on principles of property law and trade secret law. For example, the
outcome might depend on who prepared the material and the measures
employed by the law firm to retain title or otherwise to protect it from external
use or from taking by departing lawyers.
Client files and client property must be retained or transferred in
accordance with the client's direction.
A departing lawyer who is not
continuing the representation may, nevertheless, retain copies of client
documents relating to the representation of former clients provided, however,
there are assurances that confidential client information is protected in
accordance with Rules 1.6 and 1.9.
Conclusion
Lawyers who are terminating their association with the law firm to join
another and the responsible members of the firm who remain have ethical
obligations to clients for whom the departing lawyer is providing legal services.
2

RPC 7.1 states: "A lawyer shall not make a false or misleading communication about the lawyer
or the lawyer's services" which is defined as, among other things, "compar[ing] the lawyer's
services with other lawyer's services, unless the comparison can be factually substantiated."
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Before preparing to leave one law firm for another, the departing lawyer
should take steps to be informed of applicable law other than the Alaska Rules
of Professional Conduct, including the law of fiduciaries, property and unfair
competition. They should also take care to act lawfully in taking and utilizing
the former firm's information or property, intellectual or otherwise.
Approved by the Alaska Bar Association Ethics Committee on September 1,
2005.
Adopted by the Board of Governors on September 8, 2005.

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