Does an Alaska lawyer act unethically by recording a conversation without telling the other party or getting consent?

Plain-English summary

Prompted by ABA Formal Opinion 01-422 (2001), which withdrew ABA Formal Opinion 337 (1974), the Committee reevaluated whether a lawyer who records a conversation without disclosure acts unethically. The opinion concludes that electronic recording of a telephone conversation by a lawyer without the other participants' consent is not per se unprofessional conduct if the recording is not prohibited by law or regulation, and it withdraws Alaska Ethics Opinions 78-1, 91-4, and 92-2.

The opinion traces the older rule to two precepts behind ABA Opinion 337: the former Canon 9 duty to "avoid even the appearance of professional impropriety," which neither the ABA Model Rules nor the Alaska Rules adopted, and DR 1-102(A)(4)'s bar on "dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation," retained in Alaska Rule 8.4(c). The Committee reasons that the older view rested on an assumption that a person speaking with a lawyer would justifiably believe the conversation was not being recorded, so that silent recording amounted to an implied misrepresentation. Following Opinion 01-422, the Committee concludes that assumption is no longer valid given the prevalence of recording, so there is no implied representation that lawyers will not record, and therefore no basis to find dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation in a mere failure to disclose.

The opinion notes the act of recording, standing alone, does not harm a party who did not consent, but an undisclosed recording can be misused, for example by recording only portions to distort content, using a recording to embarrass someone, or improperly disclosing a client confidence. Such misuse can be addressed under the rules without reading them to impose a per se prohibition. The Committee concludes that while the better practice may be to disclose or obtain consent before recording, a lawyer does not act unethically by recording a conversation without disclosure, absent actual misrepresentation, deceit, or fraud, or circumstances where the recording violates existing law or a court-defined privacy right.

In practice

Under this opinion, as the Alaska rules stood at the time, undisclosed recording of a conversation by a lawyer is not per se unethical, and Ethics Opinions 78-1, 91-4, and 92-2 are withdrawn. The opinion holds the analysis turns on conduct and use: a recording made and used without misrepresentation, deceit, or fraud, and without violating existing law or a court-defined privacy right, does not breach Rule 8.4(c), while distorting, embarrassing, or confidence-revealing uses can be reached under the rules. The Committee observes that disclosing or obtaining consent may be the better practice, while declining to make it an ethical requirement.

Common questions

Q: Is it unethical for an Alaska lawyer to secretly record a phone call?

A: The opinion concludes it is not per se unethical to record without the other party's consent, provided the recording is not prohibited by law and is not made or used with deceit.

Q: Doesn't silent recording amount to deceit under Rule 8.4(c)?

A: The opinion reasons that, given how common recording has become, there is no longer a justified expectation that lawyers will not record, so silence is not an implied misrepresentation and there is no Rule 8.4(c) violation from nondisclosure alone.

Q: When would undisclosed recording still be unethical?

A: Per the opinion, when the recording involves actual misrepresentation, deceit, or fraud, distorts the conversation, is used to embarrass someone, improperly reveals a client confidence, or violates existing law or a court-defined privacy right.

Q: What prior Alaska opinions did this change?

A: The opinion withdraws Alaska Ethics Opinions 78-1, 91-4, and 92-2, which had followed the older view that undisclosed recording by lawyers was unethical.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Alaska Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4(c) (misconduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation; Model Rule 8.4), which retained the prohibition formerly in DR 1-102(A)(4). It follows ABA Formal Opinion 01-422 (2001), which withdrew ABA Formal Opinion 337 (1974), and notes the abandoned Canon 9 "appearance of impropriety" standard. The opinion limits itself to professional ethics and expressly leaves privacy-rights and other legal questions to the courts.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Alaska RPC 8.4(c) (dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation)

Other opinions cited:

• ABA Formal Opinion 01-422 (2001) (electronic recordings without all participants' knowledge)
• ABA Formal Opinion 337 (1974) (withdrawn by 01-422)
• Alaska Ethics Opinions 78-1, 91-4, 92-2 (withdrawn by this opinion)

See also

• ABA Formal Op. 01-422: Secretly Recording Conversations
• NYC Bar Ethics Op. 2003-02: Undisclosed Taping
• OSB Op. 2005-156: Recording Conversations in Oregon
• NY State Bar Op. 515: Advising on Secret Recording

Source

• Landing page: https://alaskabar.org/ethics-discipline/ethics-opinions/adopted-ethics-opinions-chronological/
• Original PDF: https://alaskabar.org/wp-content/uploads/2003-1.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

ALASKA BAR ASSOCIATION
ETHICS OPINION NO. 2003-1
Undisclosed Recording of Conversations by Lawyer

On June 24, 2001, the American Bar Association issued Formal Opinion 01422 relating to “Electronic Recordings by Lawyers Without the Knowledge of all
Participants.” That Opinion withdrew Formal Opinion 337 (1974) and determined
that a lawyer who electronically records a conversation without the knowledge of
the other party or parties does not necessarily violate the Model Rules. Because
this Committee previously accepted and relied on Opinion 337 we determined to
once again evaluate the ethical issues relating to undisclosed recording by
attorneys.
Like the American Bar Association, this Committee is now of the opinion
that electronic recording of a telephone conversation by a lawyer without the
consent of the other participant(s) to the conversation is not per se unprofessional
conduct if the recording is not prohibited by law or regulation. Undisclosed
recording may, however, be unethical if conducted under circumstances, or the
recording is used in a manner, that is otherwise prohibited by the Rules of
Professional Conduct. The Committee therefore withdraws Ethics Opinions 78-1,
91-4, and 92-2.
ABA Formal Opinion 337 was based on two ethical precepts. The first, set
forth in former Canon 9 of the Code of Professional Responsibility, required
lawyers to “Avoid Even the Appearance of Professional Impropriety.” That standard
was not adopted by the American Bar Association in the Model Rules of

Professional Conduct, nor by the Alaska Supreme Court in the Alaska Rules of
Professional Conduct, and has little current application.
The second standard used to support the conclusion of Opinion 337 was
from DR 1-102(A)(4) of the Code of Professional Responsibility which provided that
“A lawyer shall not engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
misrepresentation.” That prohibition was retained in Rule 8.4(c) of the Alaska
Rules of Professional Conduct which became effective in July of 1993.
Neither ABA Formal Opinion 337, nor Alaska Ethics Opinion 78-1, which
adopted that opinion, explains how the unconsented to recording of a
conversation by an attorney constitutes “dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
misrepresentation” in every circumstance other than specific situations in the
criminal prosecution context. It appears, however, that conclusion is based on an
assumption that anyone speaking with an attorney would justifiably believe the
conversation was not being recorded. With that assumption in place, the rationale
seems to be that an attorney’s failure to advise that a conversation is being
recorded is the equivalent of a representation by the lawyer that the conversation
is not being recorded. It would then logically follow from the initial assumption
used in Opinion 337 that an attorney who records a conversation without giving
notice or obtaining consent has engaged in misrepresentation or deceit, because
the attorney has recorded a conversation after impliedly representing that the
conversation was not being recorded.
In the same manner that the ABA Committee writing Opinion 337 assumed
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the existence of a reasonable expectation that attorneys would never record
telephone conversations without consent, Opinion 01-422 concludes that
assumption is no longer valid because of the prevalence of the use of telephone
recording devices. With regard to such expectations that Opinion states:
[E]ven though recording of a conversation without disclosure may to
many people ‘offend a sense of honor and fair play,’ it is questionable
whether anyone today justifiably relies on an expectation that a
conversation is not being recorded by the other party, . . . .
In the absence of an assumption that there is a reasonable and generally
held expectation that attorneys will not record conversations, there is no basis for
finding an implied representation that conversations with attorneys will not be
recorded. If there is no implied representation that attorneys will not record
conversations, there is no basis for a finding of dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
misrepresentation from a failure by an attorney to disclose that the conversation
is being recorded.
As reflected in the discussion in Opinion 01-422, the conclusion that
undisclosed recording by attorneys was unethical, which appeared to have general
acceptance in 1974, has been the subject of a great deal of disagreement by
courts, ethics committees and commentators over the intervening years. The
controversy has produced many exceptions in various jurisdictions for such
activities as documenting criminal utterances, documenting conversations with
potential witnesses to protect against later perjury, documenting conversations for
self-protection of the lawyer, gathering evidence by “testers” in housing

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discrimination and trademark infringement cases, and recording when otherwise
specifically authorized by statute, court rule or court order.

All of these

exceptions recognize the value of a recorded statement when the content of a
conversation is disputed.1

1Decisions creating these exceptions are cited on page 4 of ABA Formal

Opinion 01-422. At first blush one can easily ask the legitimate question, “Why
would any attorney want to record a conversation without disclosing that the
conversation is being recorded?” But the numerous exceptions reflect that in
some circumstances there may be legitimate reasons for undisclosed recording by
or at the direction of an attorney.

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In the absence any rule or statute specifically prohibiting attorneys from
recording conversations without notice, we are confronted with the issue of
whether an attorney violates any Rule of Professional Conduct by reliably
preserving information through recording, without notice to other parties to the
conversation. The act of recording a conversation, standing alone, is not harmful
to a party who has not been advised of or consented to the recording.2 An
undisclosed recording might, however, be used in a manner that would be
harmful to an individual. Examples include recording or preserving only portions
of the conversation to distort its content, using a recording to embarrass the other
party to the conversation or a third party, or improper disclosure of a client
confidence contained in a recording.

But any such misuse of a recorded

statement can be addressed by application of the Rules without straining to
interpret the Rules as creating a per se prohibition against undisclosed recording.
In summary, the Committee is of the opinion that, while the better practice
may be for attorneys to disclose or obtain consent prior to recording a
conversation, attorneys are not per se prohibited from ever recording

2Because the simple act of recording does not, in and of itself, cause direct

harm to anyone, there is a natural temptation to address the ethical acceptability
of such recording by analyzing the potential adverse effect of widespread attorney
recording on candor and free discussion. But we are only evaluating professional
ethics, not privacy rights or other related issues. If a court determines that an
attorney’s undisclosed recording violates the Alaska constitutional right of privacy
or some other law, then such undisclosed recording would also be unprofessional.
We need not, therefore, address that issue.

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conversations without the express permission of all other parties to the
conversation. Absent conduct reflecting actual misrepresentation, deceit or fraud
when taping the conversation, or circumstances in which the taping violated
existing law or infringed on a specific court-defined privacy right, an attorney does
not act unethically by recording a conversation with a third party without
disclosure of such recording.

Approved by the Alaska Bar Association Ethics Committee on
December 6, 2002.
Adopted by the Board of Governors on January 24, 2003.

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