Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
No decisions match these filters
Try fewer or different words, check the spelling, or clear the filters to browse everything.
U.S. Department of the Treasury, United States Mint and American Federation of Government Employees, Mint Council, Local 1023
United States Mint shift assignment (FLRA 0-AR-2210): Arbitration award upheld
A Mint coin press operator with greater seniority than several temporary employees was assigned to the second shift while they were placed on the first. She grieved the assignment under a contract provision that generally used seniority but allowed exceptions for training. An arbitrator found that…
National Association of Government Employees, SEIU, Local R1-34 and U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport, Rhode Island
Newport Naval Underwater Systems Center (FLRA 0-NG-1962): Full lodging allowance proposal rejected
The union proposed paying the full lodging portion of a temporary duty allowance to employees who chose other accommodations when government quarters were available, unless using those quarters was unequivocally necessary to the mission. The Navy said the proposal conflicted with Defense Department…
U. S. Steel Mining Company, Inc.
Weekly examination citation affirmed, one citation vacated
U. S. Steel Mining Company operated the Pinnacle Prep Plant and Gary No. 50 Mine. Judge Roy J. Maurer approved a settlement that affirmed Citation No. 3340442 for $112 and vacated Citation No. 3340443. He also affirmed Citation No. 3741045 under 30 C.F.R. § 75.512-2 because electrical equipment had…
Jeddo-Highland Coal Company
Proceeding dismissed after penalty paid
Jeddo-Highland Coal Company paid the proposed $1,100 penalty in full on January 20, 1992. The Secretary of Labor moved to dismiss the civil penalty proceeding after payment. Judge James A. Broderick granted the motion and dismissed the proceeding.
Zeigler Coal Company
Power-connection violation affirmed with $275 penalty
Zeigler Coal Company operated the Murdock Mine, an underground bituminous coal mine. MSHA cited the company after return air was coursed over nonpermissible power connection points outby the last open crosscut, in violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.507. Judge George A. Koutras found the violation…
Walker Coal Company
Settlement approved at $4,000
Walker Coal Company faced five alleged violations of 30 C.F.R. § 70.209(b) in two civil penalty proceedings. The parties disputed whether the violations resulted from a deliberate act and disagreed about the degree of negligence. Judge James A. Broderick approved their settlement, reducing the…
Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation
Temporary reinstatement ordered
Robert W. Buelke, an electrician at Santa Fe Pacific Gold's Rabbit Creek Mine, reported electrical safety concerns and was later discharged. The Secretary of Labor determined that his discrimination complaint was not frivolously brought and applied for temporary reinstatement while the…
Peters & Garman Construction
Default order vacated and case remanded
Peters & Garman Construction failed to answer the Secretary of Labor's civil penalty petition and an order to show cause, so the chief administrative law judge entered a default order and assessed the proposed $227 penalty. The parties later asked to rescind the default order and approve their…
Peters & Garman Construction
Default order vacated and case remanded
Peters & Garman Construction failed to answer the Secretary of Labor's civil penalty petition and the judge's order to show cause. Chief Administrative Law Judge Paul Merlin entered a default order and assessed the Secretary's proposed $40 penalty. The parties later asked to rescind the default…
Navasota Mining Company Incorporated
Citations vacated and penalty docket dismissed
At Navasota Mining Company's Gibbons Creek Mine, MSHA first cited a hazardous side-clearance condition on a haul road after a collision that resulted in fatal injuries to a coal truck operator. MSHA later terminated that citation after corrective action, then attempted to modify it more than 13…
Panama Canal Commission, Balboa, Republic of Panama and Maritime/Metal Trades Council
Panama Canal Commission (FLRA 6-CA-80337): Contractual adverse-action appeal right restored
The Panama Canal Commission ended a contract right allowing certain non-veteran excepted service employees to appeal adverse actions through its administrative appeals process. An administrative law judge recommended dismissing the unions' unfair labor practice complaint, but the Authority found…
Florida Air and Army National Guard, Association of Civilian Technicians chapters, and National Association of Government Employees locals
Florida National Guard representation petitions (FLRA 4-RO-10004 and 4-RO-10005): Timeliness ruling stands
Two Association of Civilian Technicians chapters petitioned to represent Florida Air and Army National Guard employees already represented by National Association of Government Employees locals. The existing agreement said it would last three years from agency head approval, but its papers showed…
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Allen Park, Michigan and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 933
Allen Park VA Medical Center (FLRA 0-AR-2225): Arbitration exceptions dismissed as late
AFGE Local 933 filed exceptions to an arbitrator's award in a dispute with the Allen Park VA Medical Center. The Authority calculated January 8, 1992, as the filing deadline based on the award's presumed mailing date. The union mailed its exceptions to the Chicago Regional Office on January 9; the…
Highlands County Board of Commissioners
Two citations affirmed with $35 total penalty
Highlands County Board of Commissioners operated the Charlotte County Shell Pit Mine, where MSHA cited an unguarded pump belt drive and a front-end loader parking brake that would not hold the machine on a grade. Judge George A. Koutras affirmed both citations, finding that the pump belt drive was…
Consolidation Coal Company
Discrimination complaint withdrawn and dismissed
Larry E. Swift asked to withdraw his discrimination complaint against Consolidation Coal Company. Judge Gary Melick granted permission to withdraw the complaint under 29 C.F.R. § 2700.11 and dismissed the case.
Trinity Industries Inc.
Machine and electrical case settled for $800
OSHA inspected two Trinity Industries railcar fabrication plants in Dallas and cited numerous machine guarding, crane, electrical, tool, fire extinguisher, sling, and hazard communication conditions. An OSHRC judge affirmed several serious and other-than-serious items and vacated others. During…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1916 and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Research Center
Pittsburgh Bureau of Mines pay proposal (FLRA 0-NG-1973): Six percent raise found nonnegotiable
AFGE Local 1916 proposed a six percent raise across a five-step pay scale for employees at the Bureau of Mines' Pittsburgh Research Center. The parties had negotiated over pay before 1972, which allowed continued bargaining over pay and pay practices under a special rule, but proposals still had to…
National Treasury Employees Union and U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Washington, D.C.
Treasury union bargaining proposals (FLRA 0-NG-1820): Four negotiable, two dismissed
The National Treasury Employees Union asked the Authority to decide whether the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms had to bargain over six proposals for a new agreement. The Authority found negotiable proposals addressing notice of union representation during certain interviews, minimum office…
American Cyanamid Company
Label ruling narrowed but safety-data-sheet item affirmed
American Cyanamid manufactured resins and molding compounds for shipment to plastics-industry customers. OSHA alleged that several container labels lacked appropriate target-organ warnings and that material safety data sheets omitted short-term exposure limits. The Commission rejected OSHA's…
U.S. Department of the Air Force, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois and National Association of Government Employees, Local R7-23
Scott Air Force Base awards grievance (FLRA 0-AR-2150): Arbitrator must clarify funding rule
The National Association of Government Employees challenged how Scott Air Force Base distributed cash performance awards. An arbitrator denied the grievance after concluding that law prevented the agency from pooling awards budgets across organizational units, but he did not identify the law or…
Tire Reclamation Services, Inc.
Parties allowed to revisit settlement after fire
Tire Reclamation Services agreed to settle OSHA citations for a total penalty of $450. After an OSHRC judge approved the agreement, the company's vice president reported that a fire had closed the business and left it without funds to pay. The Commission held that this changed circumstance did not…
Department of the Army, Headquarters, XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg, North Carolina and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1770
Fort Bragg warehouse promotion (FLRA 4-CA-00688): Retroactive promotion ordered
A Fort Bragg warehouse employee applied for a higher graded position after filing grievances and engaging in union activity. His supervisor made statements linking the employee's union activity to whether he would get the job, then selected another applicant. An administrative law judge found an…
American Federation of Government Employees, National Council of HUD Locals and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
HUD employee assistance proposals (FLRA 0-NG-1872): Drug use rules limit bargaining
The union proposed four provisions for HUD's employee assistance program addressing treatment, discipline, relapse, and disability retirement. Each proposal would protect some employees from discipline or removal after illegal drug use based on entering treatment or having a relapse. The Authority…
U.S. Department of the Air Force, Air Force Logistics Command, Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 916
Tinker Air Force Base attendance grievance (FLRA O-AR-2005): Proof standard needs review
Tinker Air Force Base charged an employee with two hours of absence without leave and then suspended her for ten days after she reported late to work. An arbitrator denied her grievance, but said the agency had not proven its charges by a preponderance of the evidence. The Authority rejected…
U.S. Department of the Treasury, United States Customs Service, Southwest Region, Houston, Texas and National Treasury Employees Union
Houston Customs information request (FLRA 6-CA-01195): Timely response required
The National Treasury Employees Union requested information from the Customs Service's Southwest Region. An administrative law judge found two unfair labor practices: the agency refused to provide information the union was entitled to receive and failed to respond to the request on time. The…
Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. and Internal Revenue Service, Detroit District, Michigan and National Treasury Employees Union
IRS Detroit information request (FLRA 5-CA-10141): Refusal found unlawful
The National Treasury Employees Union requested information it needed to prepare a grievance for arbitration. An administrative law judge found that the IRS violated the labor statute by refusing to provide the information. The IRS argued on review that the complaint should have been dismissed as…
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service and Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Safety and Health and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3430
NIOSH smoking areas (FLRA 3-CA-00190): Further reconsideration denied
The Authority had found that the Public Health Service violated the labor statute by disapproving a negotiated provision on designated smoking areas and directing that those areas close at a NIOSH facility. After one reconsideration request had been denied, the agencies sought reconsideration…
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1858
Redstone Arsenal arbitration exceptions (FLRA 0-AR-2205): Late filing stands
A grievant sought reconsideration after the Authority dismissed exceptions to an arbitration award as late. The exceptions were sent by Federal Express and received on December 9, 1991, five days after the filing deadline. The Authority held that the date received controlled because the package had…
U.S. Department of the Treasury, United States Customs Service, Savannah, Georgia and National Treasury Employees Union
Savannah Customs promotion rating (FLRA 0-AR-2171): Priority consideration upheld
A Customs Service inspector challenged how an evaluation board scored his application for a senior inspector promotion. An arbitrator found that the board had applied one factor in the parties' crediting plan incorrectly, raising the employee's score and moving him into a tie above his former…
Consolidation Coal Company
Settlement approved and contest dismissed
Consolidation Coal Company agreed to pay the proposed $379 penalty for an alleged violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.400 at the Robinson Run No. 95 Mine. Judge George A. Koutras approved the settlement after noting that the condition was rapidly abated and that the violation involved moderate negligence…
Consolidation Coal Company
Settlement approved and related contests dismissed
Consolidation Coal Company faced five alleged violations at the Robinson Run No. 95 Mine. Judge George A. Koutras approved settlements for two citations, reducing the proposed penalty from $310 each to $186 each after the citations were modified from significant and substantial to non-significant…
Matter of Bart
Georgia bad-check conviction involved moral turpitude
The Board reviewed the Service's appeal from an immigration judge's decision finding that a Ghanaian respondent was not deportable based on two crimes involving moral turpitude. The respondent had convictions for issuing a bad check under Georgia law and for federal mail fraud. The Board held that…
Essroc Corporation
Premature review petition dismissed without prejudice
Essroc Corporation sought Commission review of an ALJ decision involving Clifford Meek's Mine Act discrimination claim. The ALJ had found a violation of section 105(c) but had not set specific monetary relief and had ordered the parties to confer about damages. Because the December 24, 1991…
Essroc Corporation
Discrimination proceeding kept open for monetary relief
Clifford Meek brought a Mine Act discrimination proceeding against Essroc Corporation. An earlier decision found that Essroc discriminated against him by refusing to employ him because of his protected activities, but left monetary relief for a later decision. Judge William Fauver formally denied…
Thomas Cates, Employed by Green River Coal Company, Incorporated
Consolidated penalty cases dismissed
The Secretary of Labor brought civil penalty proceedings against Thomas Cates and Stephen Whitledge, agents of Green River Coal Company, under section 110(c) of the Mine Act. The cases alleged that they knowingly authorized, ordered, or carried out a mine operator's electrical-safety violation…
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Region II, New York and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1760
SSA New York bargaining petition (FLRA 0-NG-2007): Filing was one day late
The Social Security Administration disapproved a provision in a memorandum of understanding and mailed its disapproval to the union on November 25, 1991. The union's negotiability petition was due by December 16, but it was postmarked December 17. The union pointed to when it received the…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R14-89 and U.S. Department of the Army, Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss
Fort Bliss negotiability petition (FLRA 0-NG-1936): Reconsideration denied after filing deficiency
The National Association of Government Employees sought review of a negotiability dispute with the Army's Fort Bliss installation. The Authority dismissed the union's petition after it failed to correct a filing deficiency, then the union asked for reconsideration, saying it had not received either…
National Treasury Employees Union and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission bargaining proposals (FLRA 0-NG-1862): Four proposals negotiable
The National Treasury Employees Union sought bargaining over four Nuclear Regulatory Commission proposals involving hiring procedures and the agency's drug testing program. The Authority found negotiable a requirement to consider agency employees first for unit vacancies and a procedure for…
National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 1655 and U.S. Department of Defense, Illinois National Guard
Illinois National Guard civilian technicians (FLRA 0-NG-1795): Uniform allowance proposal negotiable
The National Federation of Federal Employees proposed that Illinois National Guard civilian technicians required to wear uniforms receive the prescribed uniform or a $400 annual allowance. The Guard argued that military uniforms were outside civilian employment bargaining and that some officers…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R1-144 and U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport, Rhode Island
Newport Navy cafeteria proposals (FLRA 0-NG-1731): Most topics negotiable
The Navy and a union disputed whether the agency had to bargain over 17 proposals for a new cafeteria at the Naval Underwater Systems Center. The Authority found 12 negotiable, including proposals on seating, hours, food service, equipment, and location, because they concerned employee working…
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration and National Air Traffic Controllers Association
FAA air traffic controller grievance (FLRA 0-AR-2153): Award exceptions dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
An FAA air traffic controller accepted a lower grade after the agency told him he would be removed under a mandatory separation law. The union grieved the change, and an arbitrator first ordered reinstatement with backpay, then vacated that award and dismissed the grievance in a supplemental award…
U.S. Department of the Air Force, Carswell Air Force Base and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1364
Carswell Air Force Base performance awards (FLRA 0-AR-2143): EEO grievance remains outside arbitration
Three Carswell Air Force Base employees alleged that race discrimination affected their performance awards. Their union filed a grievance, but an arbitrator found that the parties' agreement excluded EEO complaints from its grievance and arbitration procedure. The union challenged that ruling…
Shamrock Coal Company
Discrimination proceeding settled and dismissed
Elmer Richard Couch brought a Mine Act discrimination proceeding against Shamrock Coal Company. The parties filed a joint motion asking the judge to approve their settlement and dismiss the action with prejudice. Judge Roy J. Maurer approved the settlement, allowed Couch to withdraw his complaint…
Department of Health and Human Services regional offices and Social Security Administration, with NTEU and AFGE
HHS regional office unit clarification (FLRA 32-CU-00005): Transferred SSA staff join NTEU unit
After an HHS reorganization, about 328 Social Security Administration administrative and support employees moved organizationally from program service centers to regional offices. NTEU sought to add them to its regional office unit; AFGE sought to keep them in its program service center unit. A…
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2369
SSA claims representative performance rating (FLRA 0-AR-2149): Higher ratings upheld for two tasks
A Social Security Administration claims representative challenged Level 4 ratings on three performance tasks. An arbitrator found that the agency had rated two tasks arbitrarily and ordered Level 5 ratings for those tasks, while leaving the third unchanged. The agency argued that the arbitrator had…
Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation Standards National Field Office and National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 2097
FAA technical evaluation team names (FLRA 76-CA-90223): Information withholding violated labor law
The FAA refused to give NFFE Local 2097 the names of employees on a technical evaluation team for a contracting study. The union sought the names to investigate possible effects on employee workloads and appraisals and to decide whether to bargain or file grievances or labor charges. The Authority…
Bureau of Engraving and Printing and its steel and die craft unions
Bureau of Engraving and Printing craft wages (FLRA 0-NG-1927): Four pay process proposals negotiable
Four unions representing steel and die craft workers at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing proposed ways to set wage rates, including comparisons with private printing work, joint fact finding, wage surveys, and bargaining over the pay process. The Bureau argued that federal law already governed…
Gray Stone Mining, Inc.
Contest dismissed after penalty payment
Gray Stone Mining contested a citation issued at the Pokey No. 1 Mine. The Secretary moved to dismiss after the company voluntarily paid the proposed penalty instead of contesting it. Judge James A. Broderick granted the motion and dismissed the contest. The citation and penalty became a final…
Anderson Equipment Company
Training citation affirmed without S&S finding
Anderson Equipment Company was cited after employee Timothy Drake worked at a mine site without comprehensive training under an MSHA-approved plan. Judge Roy J. Maurer found that Drake was a maintenance worker who worked frequently and for extended periods around mine hazards, so 30 C.F.R. §…
Blue Diamond Coal Company
Settlement approved and contests dismissed
Blue Diamond Coal Company contested eight citations at the Middle Taggart and Scotia Mines. The Secretary and the operator agreed to reduce the total proposed penalties from $10,800 to $8,740, and the operator agreed to withdraw its contests. The operator was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy, so the…
Shamrock Coal Company, Inc.
Discrimination relief ordered
Shamrock Coal was previously found to have discharged Lonnie Ross and Charles Gilbert because they made safety complaints. Judge William Fauver set the monetary relief for both miners, including back pay, interest, medical costs, retirement-account tax penalties, tax withholdings, litigation costs…
814th Combat Support Group, Beale Air Force Base and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2025
Beale Air Force Base smoking areas (FLRA 9-CA-00114, 9-CA-00213): Union bargaining rights upheld
Beale Air Force Base closed an established indoor smoking room and designated outdoor smoking areas without first bargaining with AFGE Local 2025. An administrative law judge found bargaining violations but concluded that the union had waived bargaining over the decision to close the indoor room…
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1245 and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Regional Office
Bureau of Reclamation work assignments and pay (FLRA 0-NG-1901): One proposal negotiable, one rejected
IBEW Local 1245 proposed a half-hour limit on related work outside an employee's classification and a 7.75 percent pay increase to address a claimed total compensation gap. The Authority found the work assignment proposal negotiable because these prevailing rate employees had bargained over limits…
National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 15 and U.S. Department of the Army, Rock Island Arsenal
Rock Island Arsenal intern program (FLRA 0-NG-1877): Unit status proposals nonnegotiable
The Army Materiel Command changed an intern program in a way that removed 14 third-year interns from NFFE Local 15's Rock Island Arsenal bargaining unit. The union proposed exempting existing interns, canceling their new mobility agreements, and returning former unit members retroactively to the…
American Federation of Government Employees, National Border Patrol Council and U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service
Border Patrol body armor proposal (FLRA 0-NG-1603): Negotiability appeal dismissed as moot
The National Border Patrol Council appealed the negotiability of proposals concerning Border Patrol agents, including a proposal to leave body armor use to each agent's discretion. The union had elected to pursue the same issues in an unfair labor practice case, and the Authority had already ruled…
United Rock Products Corp.
Default order vacated and remanded
United Rock Products failed to answer a civil penalty petition and a judge's show-cause order, so the judge entered a default order assessing the proposed $3,670 penalty. The company's safety director sent its answer to the wrong office before the default order, then asked that the default be…
Turner v. New World Mining, Inc.
Late review request allowed to proceed
Wayne Turner challenged an administrative law judge's decision that New World Mining had not discriminated against him under the Mine Act. His lawyer's filing arrived after the 30-day deadline and was treated as a brief instead of a petition for discretionary review. The Commission found that…
Smith v. Kem Coal Company
Discrimination decision vacated and remanded
Charles Smith said Kem Coal discharged him after he complained about coal falling onto his bulldozer and threatened to report safety concerns to MSHA. The administrative law judge found discrimination and awarded back pay, damages, and attorney fees. The Commission found unresolved conflicts in the…
Zeigler Coal Company
One citation settled and one affirmed
Zeigler Coal Company faced two ventilation-related citations at its No. 11 Mine. The company agreed to pay the full $20 penalty for a battery-charging-station citation under 30 C.F.R. § 75.1105, and that settlement was approved. Judge George A. Koutras found that the company also violated 30 C.F.R…
U.S. Air Force, Loring Air Force Base and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2943
Loring Air Force Base asbestos pay settlement (FLRA 1-CA-90364, 1-CO-90030): Entire distribution must be recalculated
Loring Air Force Base and AFGE Local 2943 settled a grievance over environmental differential pay for employees exposed to asbestos. They agreed on $125,000 and let the union decide each claimant's share. The Authority upheld findings that the union favored its officers and that the base violated…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.