Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Rawl Sales & Processing Company
Citation vacated after evenly divided review
Rawl operated an underground coal mine where a belt conveyor carried coal through an area with no miners present during the second shift. MSHA cited the company for not conducting an on-shift examination of the belt haulageway under 30 C.F.R. § 75.362(b). The judge vacated the citation, finding…
American Coal Company
Diesel engine citations affirmed
American Coal operated the Galatia Mine, an underground coal mine in Illinois, with diesel-powered personnel carriers. MSHA cited two engines because their approval markings were made by the mine rather than supplied by the engine manufacturer, as required by 30 C.F.R. § 7.90. The parties…
In re Fernando Alfonso TORRES-VARELA, Respondent
Repeated Arizona DUI convictions were not moral turpitude
The Board considered the Immigration and Naturalization Service's appeal from an Immigration Judge's decision involving the respondent's aggravated driving under the influence conviction under Arizona law. The respondent had prior DUI convictions and was convicted of aggravated DUI after two or…
In re Juana Claudia PATINO, Respondent
Appeal-waiver challenge remanded to the Immigration Judge
The Board considered a respondent's challenge to an appeal waiver after an Immigration Court clerk rejected her motion to reconsider a deportation proceeding. The Board held that a party may challenge the validity of an appeal waiver either by filing a motion to reconsider with the Immigration…
Peggy Ibos v. New Orleans Stevedores
Ibos v. New Orleans Stevedores (BRB 00-828): last asbestos exposure determines employer liability
Bertrand Ibos worked for several stevedoring employers and developed mesothelioma after occupational asbestos exposure. He stopped working in 1995 and died in 1996; his widow, Peggy Ibos, pursued his disability claim and survivor benefits. The Board affirmed that New Orleans Stevedores, his last…
Cody-Zeigler, Inc.
Consensual inspections and mixed citation rulings affirmed
Cody-Zeigler faced citations arising from five programmed inspections at construction projects in Ohio. Although company representatives consented when OSHA arrived, the contractor later argued that the frequency of inspections showed a lack of administrative probable cause. The Commission held…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 738 (Union) and United States Department of the Army, Combined Arms Center, and Fort Leavenworth, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (Agency)
Army Fort Leavenworth (FLRA 0-AR-3405): procedural arbitrability challenge rejected
AFGE Local 738 filed an exception to an arbitration award involving the Army’s Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth. The Authority found no established defect and denied the exception. The short decision cites precedent limiting direct challenges to an arbitrator’s determination of procedural…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R4-47 (Union) and U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, James River Reserve Fleet, Fort Eustis, Virginia (Agency)
James River Reserve Fleet (FLRA 0-AR-3397): union’s contract-interpretation exception denied
NAGE Local R4-47 challenged an arbitration award involving the Maritime Administration’s James River Reserve Fleet. The Authority concluded that the union had not established a defect in the award and denied its exception. The brief decision cites the standards for challenging an award’s…
Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Kansas City Service Center, Kansas City, Missouri (Respondent) and National Treasury Employees Union and National Treasury Employees Union, Chapter 66 (Charging Parties)
IRS Kansas City Service Center (FLRA DE-CA-90628, DE-CA-90850): shift changes required bargaining
The IRS service center changed night-shift schedules without bargaining with NTEU and dealt directly with employees about seating arrangements. The Authority upheld findings that both actions violated the duty to bargain. The agreement’s reassignment provisions did not cover these shift changes…
Sheppard Air Force Base, Wichita Falls, Texas (Activity/Petitioner) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 779 (Labor Organization) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1731 (Labor Organization)
Sheppard Air Force Base (FLRA DA-RP-80031): consolidation fails without an identified union representative
Sheppard Air Force Base sought to combine two bargaining units represented by different AFGE locals, over the locals’ objections. The Regional Director dismissed the petition, and the Authority denied review. The Authority found that no labor organization had been identified to represent the…
International Association of Firefighters, Local F-107 (Union) and United States Department of the Air Force, Warner Robins Air Logistics Center, Robins Air Force Base, Georgia (Agency)
Warner Robins Air Logistics Center (FLRA 0-AR-3400): firefighters’ arbitration exceptions denied
The International Association of Firefighters, Local F-107, challenged an arbitration award involving Warner Robins Air Logistics Center. The Authority found no defect on the grounds raised and denied the union’s exceptions. The brief decision cites standards for nonfact claims, unspecified legal…
Steel Dynamics, Inc.
In re Steel Dynamics, Inc. (EAB PSD Appeal No. 01-03): reconsideration and stay denied
Citizens Organized Watch asked the Environmental Appeals Board to reconsider its earlier order denying review of issues concerning Steel Dynamics, Inc.'s PSD permits. It also asked the Board to stay that earlier order and extend the time to seek reconsideration of two remanded issues. The Board…
Williams Brothers Construction, Inc.
Uncovered floor holes citation affirmed despite a multi-employer defense
Williams Brothers Construction was doing interior demolition at a university library in Charleston, Illinois, and also served as the project's coordinating contractor. OSHA cited it with an other-than-serious violation, no penalty proposed, for a cluster of uncovered floor holes on the second floor…
M & M Roofing, Inc.
A willful residential fall-protection citation cut to serious after a bench trial
M & M Roofing is a residential roofing contractor. OSHA inspected a Mason, Ohio jobsite in August 2000 and issued two citations: a serious citation for not having a program of frequent, regular jobsite inspections by a competent person, and a willful citation for not protecting workers from falls…
Valley Electric Company of Mount Vernon, and its successors
Electrical-panel guarding citation vacated
Valley Electric performed electrical remodeling work at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station in Washington. OSHA cited three energized distribution panels because cardboard flaps covered them instead of permanent metal covers. The judge found that screwed-in dead fronts prevented accidental contact…
C-Post
Willful lockout and guarding citations cut to serious after a small fence-post maker's amputation injury
C-Post is a small Montana company that makes wooden fence posts and furniture legs from logs, employing about 10 people. After a worker's left hand was severed in a doweler machine, OSHA inspected and issued a long list of serious, willful, repeat, and other-than-serious citations covering…
In re Francisco Javier MONREAL-Aguinaga, Respondent
Cancellation denied under the higher hardship standard
The Board reviewed a Mexican respondent's appeal from the denial of cancellation of removal. He had lived in the United States since entering at age 14, supported two United States citizen children, and had lawful permanent resident parents in the country. The Board held that cancellation requires…
In re Bing Chih KAO, Respondent; In re Mei Tsui LIN, Respondent
In re Bing Chih KAO and Mei Tsui LIN (BIA ID 3446): extreme hardship supported suspension of deportation
The Board reviewed a Taiwanese couple's appeal from the denial of suspension of deportation. They had five United States citizen children, ages 6 through 15, who had lived their entire lives in the United States and were not sufficiently fluent in Chinese for an adequate transition to Taiwan. The…
U.S. Department of Energy, Kaiser-Hill Company, L.L.C., and Rocky Flats Closure Site Services, L.L.C.
In re U.S. Department of Energy, Kaiser-Hill Company, L.L.C., and Rocky Flats Closure Site Services, L.L.C. (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 00-25): appeal dismissed after settlement
The United States Department of Energy, Kaiser-Hill Company, L.L.C., and Rocky Flats Closure Site Services, L.L.C. jointly asked the Environmental Appeals Board to dismiss their appeal of an NPDES permit. The parties reported that they had reached a settlement to modify the permit and that the…
Indian Health Service, Crow Hospital, Crow Agency, Montana (Respondent) and Marcella A. Knaub, Individual (Charging Party) and Millie F. Stewart, Individual (Charging Party)
Indian Health Service, Crow Hospital (FLRA DE-CA-90532, DE-CA-90639): forced resignations were unlawful union retaliation
Crow Hospital required two probationary nurses to resign or be terminated after they sought union help and pursued grievances. Management attributed its action to their sharing an unused medication dose, but the Authority found that explanation was a pretext for retaliation. Other medication errors…
National Railroad Passenger Corp. (AMTRAK) and Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA)
In re National Railroad Passenger Corp. (AMTRAK) and Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) (EAB CERCLA § 106 Petition No. 94-5): petition dismissed with prejudice
National Railroad Passenger Corp. (AMTRAK) and Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) sought reimbursement under CERCLA section 106(b) for costs incurred at the Paoli Railyard Superfund Site. On April 27, 2001, they gave the Environmental Appeals Board notice that they were…
United States Department of Army, United States Army Garrison, Fort Mcclellan, Alabama (Activity) and American Federation of Government Employees (Petitioner/Labor Organization)
Army Garrison, Fort McClellan (FLRA AT-RP-00067): later election objections arrived one day late
AFGE sought review of a Regional Director’s dismissal of objections to a representation election at Fort McClellan. The Authority explained that the Director had considered the union’s original objection and its supporting evidence on the merits. Three additional objections, however, arrived on…
GTI Capitol Holdings LLC dba Rockland Materials
Summary judgment motions denied
GTI Capitol Holdings, doing business as Rockland Materials, operated a sand and gravel quarry and concrete batch plant in Arizona. MSHA issued two citations and a withdrawal order after a fatal accident, and Rockland argued that MSHA lacked jurisdiction over stockpiles serving its concrete batch…
Heritage Environmental Services
In re Heritage Environmental Services (EAB RCRA Appeal No. 99-2): petition dismissed as moot
Heritage Environmental Services was involved in a challenge to an EPA permit for its facility. EPA Region IX later determined that the facility did not require a federal permit in addition to the permit issued by the authorized state and withdrew the federal permit. The withdrawal made the petition…
Ohio Valley Insulating Company, Inc.
In re Ohio Valley Insulating Company, Inc. (EAB CAA Appeal No. 01-01): presiding officer's initial decision vacated
Ohio Valley Insulating Company was assessed a $20,000 penalty in an Initial Decision for failing to keep regulated asbestos-containing material adequately wet until collection for disposal. The Board had elected to review the Initial Decision on its own initiative because it questioned the penalty…
Terry E. Sheerer v. Bath Iron Works Corporation
Sheerer v. Bath Iron Works (BRB 00-0778): approved break activity falls within employment
Terry Sheerer was a painter at Bath Iron Works when he fell during a ping-pong game on a scheduled overnight lunch break and ruptured a tendon in his left knee. The employer disputed his claim, arguing that voluntary recreation did not arise in the course of work. The Board found that employees…
Fiore Construction Co., Inc.
Willful trench violation affirmed with reduced penalty
Fiore Construction had two employees working in an eight-foot-deep utility trench without a trench box, shoring, or adequate sloping. The foreman had extensive excavation experience, had completed OSHA excavation training, and admitted knowing that cave-in protection was required under the…
Consolidation Coal Company
Dust citation dismissal affirmed
MSHA cited Consolidation Coal after an inspector observed visible dust generated during roof bolting at the Blacksville No. 2 underground coal mine. The Secretary argued that the dust-control ventilation system did not adequately disperse dust away from miners, while the company disputed the…
Cashiola Construction
Late notice of contest dismissed
Cashiola Construction received an OSHA citation and proposed penalty on November 9, 2000, making December 1 the deadline to contest. OSHA did not receive the company's contest until January 22, 2001, when the company asserted that it was not the proper party. The company did not respond to the…
Airloc, Inc.
A window maker's late contest of failure-to-abate penalties was dismissed
Airloc, Inc. is a small aluminum window, door, and awning maker in Youngstown, Ohio. In June 2000 it received a notification that it had failed to abate two power-press hazards, one for unguarded foot pedals and one for missing periodic inspections, with $3,000 in additional penalties proposed. The…
Stolle Products A Division of American Trim
Settlement approved after an acid-tank burn injury, $9,200 penalty
Stolle Products, a division of American Trim, runs a metal finishing plant in Sidney, Ohio. After an employee burned his legs in an acid tank in April 2000, OSHA inspected the anodizing department and issued serious and other-than-serious citations. Stolle contested them, and a hearing was held…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 4044, Council of Prisons Local 33 (Union) and U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Institution, Three Rivers, Texas (Agency)
Federal Correctional Institution, Three Rivers (FLRA 0-AR-3314): dress-shirt grievance denial upheld
A drug treatment specialist at a federal prison challenged a request to wear a dress shirt after he began wearing loose polo shirts because of a skin irritation. The arbitrator found that professional dress was the existing practice and that management had not introduced a new dress code requiring…
United States Department of the Army, United States Army Reserve Command, Fort McPherson, Georgia and United States Department of the Army, First U.S. Army, Fort Gillem, Georgia (Activities) and American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 1759 (Petitioner)
First U.S. Army (FLRA AT-RP-00030): adding employees to a unit requires fuller findings
AFGE Local 1759 sought to add First Army employees at Fort Gillem to its existing bargaining unit without an election. The Regional Director approved that addition, relying largely on shared personnel services and avoiding fragmentation. The Authority granted the agency’s application for review and…
ABF Freight System, Inc.
Trailer wheel-blocking citation withdrawn
OSHA cited ABF Freight for loading and unloading uncoupled trailers without wheel blocks at its Houston terminal. The administrative law judge rejected the company's argument that modern spring-powered parking brakes made wheel chocks unnecessary and affirmed the serious item with a $3,150 penalty…
Aggrecon Concrete, Inc., and its successors
Late contest dismissed after the owner signed for the citation but never opened it
Aggrecon Concrete installed sewer and water lines at a project in Donna, Texas. OSHA inspected the site and mailed citations by certified mail, which the company president signed for on May 19, 2000. The company did not file its contest until August 24, 2000, well past the 15-day deadline, so the…
Three Mountain Power, LLC
In re Three Mountain Power, LLC (EAB PSD Appeal No. 01-05): procedural challenge dismissed
Burney Resources Group petitioned for review of a PSD permit issued to Three Mountain Power, LLC by the Shasta County Department of Resource Management Air Quality Management District under an EPA delegation agreement. The petitioner challenged the public-comment process and the permit's Best…
Precision Concrete Construction
Concrete-bucket citation vacated for lack of employer knowledge
A Precision Concrete employee was killed when a 347-pound concrete bucket fell approximately 30 feet during a parking-deck pour. The Commission held that the standard barring employees from working under buckets while they are elevated or lowered applied even though the bucket was moving both…
Shamrock Enterprises
Settlement approved, penalty reduced to $11,117
Shamrock operated a sand and gravel facility in Minnesota where the Secretary alleged violations involving two orders and seven citations. The parties negotiated a settlement that reduced the proposed civil penalty from $24,326 to $11,117. Shamrock also agreed to conduct an eight-hour safety…
Steel Dynamics, Inc.
In re Steel Dynamics, Inc. (EAB PSD Appeal No. 01-03): permit review denied
Steel Dynamics, Inc. planned to build a new steel beam mill in Whitley County, Indiana, using electric arc furnaces and related equipment. Citizens Organized Watch challenged the modified PSD permit's lead-emissions analysis, the cost-effectiveness analysis for selective catalytic reduction of…
BR & D Enterprises, Inc.
Temporary-reinstatement motion dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
Dewayne York was temporarily reinstated after filing a discrimination complaint with MSHA, and the parties later agreed to economic reinstatement. The Secretary asked the Commission to reopen the proceeding and modify the temporary-reinstatement order to reflect that agreement. The Commission held…
Wake Stone Corporation
Guarding citations affirmed with penalties reduced
Wake Stone operated sand and gravel quarries in North Carolina with large haul trucks. MSHA cited two trucks because accessible alternator pulleys and v-belts were not guarded. Judge Michael E. Zielinski affirmed both citations but reduced the proposed penalties after finding lower negligence and…
Quality Builders, Inc.
Late notice of contest dismissed, citations become final
OSHA inspected a Quality Builders work site and issued two citations with penalties, which the company received by certified mail on September 12, 2000. Under the OSH Act an employer has 15 working days to file a written notice of contest, and here that deadline passed on October 3, 2000 with…
Bredshall Plastering, Inc.
Unguarded table saw and missing scaffold guardrail affirmed, infeasibility and greater-hazard defenses rejected
Bredshall Plastering is a small Ohio contractor doing exterior insulation and stucco work. During work on a historical society office addition in Wilmington, an OSHA officer driving by saw a foreman on scaffolding without fall protection and stopped to inspect. OSHA issued a serious citation for an…
Cooper/T. Smith Stevedoring Company, Inc.
Forklift attachment items vacated and settled items affirmed
Cooper/T. Smith operated forklifts with paper-roll and bale-clamp attachments at a Memphis marine terminal. OSHA alleged that the company needed prior manufacturer approval and revised forklift data plates for those attachments. The judge found that proper front-end attachments within the…
Town of Hudson, Massachusetts
In re Town of Hudson, Massachusetts (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 01-03): copper-effluent-limit challenge denied
The Town of Hudson operates a wastewater treatment facility that treats domestic and industrial wastewater and septage before discharging to the Assabet River. Hudson challenged copper effluent limits in its NPDES permit, arguing that it could not meet them consistently without expensive process…
City of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, and Fitchburg Wastewater Treatment Facilities Commission
In re City of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, and Fitchburg Wastewater Treatment Facilities Commission (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 00-33): petition dismissed after settlement
The City of Fitchburg and the Fitchburg Wastewater Treatment Facilities Commission appealed an NPDES permit. They later notified the Board that they had settled the underlying action and withdrew the petition for review. The Board dismissed the petition with prejudice.
H & D Coal Company, Inc.
Reopening request remanded for review
H & D Coal asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final after the company did not timely contest it. The company said it had mailed a protest, but MSHA had no record of receiving it, and the Secretary did not oppose relief. The Commission could not decide the merits…
Department of the Air Force, 315TH Airlift Wing, Charleston Air Force Base, Charleston, South Carolina (Respondent) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1869 (Charging Party/Union)
315th Airlift Wing (FLRA AT-CA-90324): union officer’s suspension must be rescinded
The Air Force suspended union president Richard Egal for three days after a brief confrontation over representation at a performance-feedback meeting. The Authority upheld the judge’s finding that his angry gestures and marginal physical contact remained protected union activity under the…
Kaiser Cement Corporation
Penalty assessments reopened and remanded
Kaiser Cement asked the Commission to reopen two penalty assessments that had become final after the company mistakenly paid assessments tied to citations it had already contested. The mistake occurred during a transition in the company's safety department, when a new director did not know that the…
Missoula County Road Department
Penalty reopening request remanded
Missoula County received a proposed penalty assessment and said it mailed a contest letter, but MSHA later reported that the letter had not been received and rejected a resubmitted contest as late. The Secretary did not oppose the county's request to reopen the final penalty order. The Commission…
Close Construction Company, Inc.
Penalty assessment reopening request remanded
Close Construction asked the Commission to reopen a proposed penalty assessment that had become final after the company said it had mistakenly identified the assessment control number in an earlier contest letter. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The Commission explained that it can reopen…
Field & Associates, Inc.
Commission affirms the fall-protection citation but throws out the material-storage citation for lack of exposure
Field & Associates is a roofing contractor. In August 1997, two of its employees were distributing bundles of shingles along the peak of a new church roof in Tipp City, Ohio, with no fall protection when two OSHA compliance officers passing by stopped to inspect. OSHA issued five serious citation…
Arch of West Virginia
Two fuel-truck citations vacated; separate settlement approved
MSHA cited Arch of West Virginia after the company limited the top speed of two fuel trucks by disabling their high-range gears. The judge considered whether slower travel on surface mine roads created unsafe passing, grade, or braking conditions. He found that the Secretary had not proved the…
Richard E. Seiffert Resources
Quarry citations affirmed
Richard E. Seiffert Resources operated the Bailey Quarry in Oregon, where MSHA issued citations after determining that the quarry was subject to the Mine Act. The Judge rejected the operator's jurisdictional arguments, held that stone, rock, gravel, and sand are minerals under the Act, and…
In re Alejandro HERRERA, Respondent
Deportation stayed pending reconsideration of a DWI ruling
The Board considered a respondent's emergency request to stay deportation while it reviewed a motion to reopen and reconsider. The Board had previously held that his Texas conviction for driving while intoxicated was a crime of violence and ordered him removed. After the Fifth Circuit held that the…
Four Corners Power Plant
In re Four Corners Power Plant (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 01-06): withdrawal granted after permit modification
Arizona Public Service Company challenged an NPDES permit for the Four Corners Power Plant. The Navajo Nation intervened, and the Board extended the briefing schedule while the parties considered resolution. EPA Region IX later issued a modified permit and fact sheet that the company said…
RAG Shoshone Coal Corp.
Dust-sampling citations partly modified
RAG Shoshone Coal operated the Shoshone No. 1 underground mine and contested two citations involving respirable-dust sampling and its ventilation plan. The Judge found that the operator failed to submit valid samples for the designated longwall occupation, affirmed the related citation, and…
Town of Ashland Wastewater Treatment Facility
In re Town of Ashland Wastewater Treatment Facility (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 00-15): reconsideration denied
The Town of Ashland asked the Environmental Appeals Board to reconsider its order denying review of the Town's NPDES permit challenge. The Town argued that it had been unable to respond fully to EPA Region I's response to comments and that the Board had mischaracterized its arguments about low-flow…
Esther Jones v. Aluminum Company of America
Jones v. Aluminum Company of America (BRB 00-696): asbestos causation established, worksite exposure unresolved
Charlie Jones worked at an aluminum plant where he maintained equipment, including conveyors used to unload bauxite from vessels. After he died of lung cancer, his widow Esther sought survivor benefits, arguing that work-related asbestos exposure contributed to his death. The Board held that the…
Performance Site Management
Cave-in citation affirmed after a fatal trench accident, safety-program and training items vacated
Performance Site Management is a site-development contractor that was installing sewer lines for a housing project in Cleves, Ohio. A trackhoe bucket, attached with a quick-coupler hitch, came loose and fell into an excavation, fatally injuring a worker who was inside. After a fatality…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.