If a California school board member resigns mid-term after the district moved to by-trustee area elections, who fills the seat under which boundaries?

Question

(1) Where a school district changes from at-large elections of board trustees to by-trustee area elections, and a vacancy arises in a seat held by a member who was elected at-large, do the new by-trustee areas apply in filling the vacancy?

(2) Where a school district has revised the boundaries of its trustee areas following the decennial census, do the revised boundaries apply if a vacancy occurs during the term of a governing board member elected prior to revision of the boundaries?

Conclusion

(1) No. The boundaries in effect at the time the member was elected apply for filling the vacancy.

(2) No. The trustee area boundaries in effect at the time the member was elected apply for filling the vacancy.

Official Citation: 105 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 182

Plain-English summary

California school districts can choose among three election methods (Ed. Code § 5030):
- "At-large": every trustee elected by voters of the entire district.
- "By-trustee area": each trustee resides in a specific trustee area and is elected only by voters of that area.
- "From-trustee area": each trustee resides in a specific area but is elected by voters of the entire district.

Two trends collided to produce this opinion. First, since 2020 California has seen a marked uptick in mid-term school board resignations. Second, many districts have changed election methods or redrawn trustee areas, some after the 2020 census, some to comply with the California Voting Rights Act. The Education Code's general vacancy-filling procedure does not specifically resolve what happens when the seat was filled under one districting system and the new districting system is in place when the vacancy arises.

Assemblymember Berman asked the AG. The AG answered: in both scenarios, the OLD boundaries that applied when the trustee was elected govern the vacancy filling. The new boundaries first apply at the next regular election for that seat.

The doctrinal anchor is electoral continuity: a vacancy is filled to complete the term that the original election began. That election was held under the old boundaries (or the old at-large method). The vacancy is therefore properly filled within those same parameters. To do otherwise would mean the seat shifted to a different constituency mid-term, breaking the electoral mandate.

This parallels the AG's analysis in Op. 22-501 (issued July 20, 2022, three months before this opinion) on county supervisors after redistricting. In that opinion, the AG had concluded that for election purposes a county's supervisorial district boundaries do not change after redistricting until the next regularly scheduled supervisorial election for that district. Both opinions rest on the principle from Sloan v. Donoghue (1942) and Legislature v. Reinecke (1973): representation tracks the boundaries that elected the official.

Practical workings:
- For a member who was elected at-large but the district has moved to by-trustee area elections, the vacancy is filled by appointment or special election open to candidates from anywhere in the district (the at-large rule).
- For a member elected from a now-redrawn trustee area, the vacancy is filled by appointment or special election restricted to the OLD trustee area boundaries (the area that originally elected the member).

The opinion does not address the specific procedure to fill the vacancy (provisional appointment by the board vs. special election), only the boundaries question.

What this means for you

School boards facing a mid-term vacancy after a districting change

Identify when the departing trustee was elected and under which districting system. That set of boundaries (or the at-large system) governs vacancy filling. If the trustee was elected at-large in 2020 and the district has since moved to by-trustee area elections, the vacancy is filled at-large. If the trustee was elected from old-District-3 and District 3 has been redrawn, the vacancy fills from the OLD District 3 boundaries.

Document the boundaries applicable to the vacancy clearly in board records and in any notice or call for applications/special election. Practical issues include eligibility (residency under which boundary set), notice publication area, and (for special elections) the precincts that vote.

School district legal counsel

This opinion is direct AG-level authority for the proposition that vacancy filling tracks the election that gave rise to the term. Combined with Op. 22-501 (county supervisors) and Op. 14-1102 / 97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12 (city council parallels), the doctrine is consistent across local governing bodies. The Education Code's general vacancy-filling procedure does not address the boundary question; the AG opinion fills the gap.

County Committees on School District Organization (CCSDOs) and County Offices of Education

When you advise on a school district's transition from at-large to by-trustee area elections, build in transitional language addressing how mid-term vacancies in seats elected under the old system are filled. The AG's rule applies by default, but explicit language reduces ambiguity at vacancy events.

Voting rights compliance counsel

Districts moving to by-trustee area elections under California Voting Rights Act pressure should be aware that current trustees retain their at-large mandates until their seats come up for regular election. Vacancies in those seats fill at-large under the AG's interpretation.

Candidates for school board considering a special election

If a vacancy arises in a seat elected at-large, you can run regardless of where in the district you live. If a vacancy arises in a seat elected from old-District-3, you must qualify under the OLD District 3 residency rules.

Common questions

My school board member resigned. Which boundaries apply to filling the vacancy?
The boundaries (or election method) in effect when the member was originally elected. Not the boundaries in effect at the time of the vacancy.

Why old boundaries instead of new ones?
The vacancy filling completes the term established by the original election. The original election was conducted under the old rules, so the term is "tied" to those rules. New boundaries first apply at the next regular election for the seat. This parallels Sloan v. Donoghue (Cal. Supreme Court, 1942) and Legislature v. Reinecke (Cal. Supreme Court, 1973), and the AG's Op. 22-501 on county supervisors.

Does this rule apply if the district moved from at-large to by-trustee area elections?
Yes. The seat held by an at-large-elected trustee remains an at-large seat for vacancy purposes. Eligibility and the voting electorate are district-wide.

Does this apply only to school boards?
The doctrine is general. Op. 22-501 reaches county supervisors. Earlier AG opinions (97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12, 2014) reach city councils. The vacancy-tracks-election principle has broad application.

Are there exceptions if the old boundaries no longer make sense (e.g., the area is split between two new areas)?
The AG opinion does not carve out an exception for unusual cases. The old boundaries control. If a vacancy-fill from the old boundaries produces a result that conflicts sharply with current districting intent, the legislative fix is the path forward, not boundary substitution.

What about decennial-census-driven boundary changes specifically?
Same answer. The decennial-census-driven boundary changes apply to elections held after the change. Vacancies filling terms that pre-date the change use the old boundaries.

What about California Voting Rights Act-driven changes?
Same answer. The fact that the new boundaries were adopted to comply with the CVRA does not change the rule. The new boundaries take effect at the next regular election for each seat.

Background and statutory framework

School board election methods:
- Cal. Ed. Code § 5030 (three methods: at-large, by-trustee area, from-trustee area).
- Cal. Ed. Code § 14026 (definitions).
- Cal. Ed. Code §§ 5000-5030 (general election framework).

Vacancy filling:
- The Education Code provides general procedure but no specific rule for the boundary question. The AG opinion fills that gap.

Parallel boundary-after-election doctrine:
- AG Op. 22-501 (county supervisors).
- AG Op. 97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12 (2014) (city council parallel).
- Sloan v. Donoghue (1942) 20 Cal.2d 607.
- Legislature v. Reinecke (1973) 10 Cal.3d 396.

CVRA compliance and recent districting changes:
- Many California school districts revised trustee area boundaries in 2021-2022 to comply with the California Voting Rights Act and the 2020 census. This opinion responds to the wave of resulting vacancy-filling questions.

Citations

• Cal. Ed. Code §§ 5000, 5030, 14026
• Cal. Elec. Code §§ 21506, 21606(b)
• Sloan v. Donoghue (1942) 20 Cal.2d 607
• Legislature v. Reinecke (1973) 10 Cal.3d 396
• AG Op. 22-501 (companion)
• 97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12 (2014)

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.ca.gov/opinions/yearly-index
• Original PDF: https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/opinions/pdfs/22-502.pdf

Original opinion text

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
ROB BONTA
Attorney General

:
OPINION
:
:
of
:
:
ROB BONTA
:
Attorney General
:
:
SUSAN DUNCAN LEE
:
Deputy Attorney General
:

No. 22-502
October 27, 2022

The HONORABLE MARC BERMAN, ASSEMBLYMEMBER, has requested an
opinion on questions relating to filling vacancies on school boards.
QUESTIONS PRESENTED AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Where a school district changes from at-large elections of board trustees to bytrustee area elections (in which the district is divided into trustee areas, and trustees must
live within specific trustee areas), and a vacancy arises in a seat held by a member who
was elected at-large, do the new by-trustee areas apply in filling the vacancy?
No. In this circumstance, the boundaries in effect at the time the member was
elected apply for the purpose of filling the vacancy.
2. Where a school district has revised the boundaries of its trustee areas following
the decennial census, do the revised boundaries apply if a vacancy occurs during the term
of a governing board member elected prior to revision of the boundaries?
No. In this circumstance, the trustee area boundaries in effect at the time the
member was elected apply for the purpose of filling the vacancy.

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BACKGROUND
California’s schools are organized into districts, and each district is governed by a
school board. 1 The members of a school board—known as trustees—are elected to fouryear terms, which are staggered such that roughly half the members are elected every two
years.
The Education Code establishes a system governing elections of trustees to school
boards. 2 The system permits school districts to choose among three methods of election:
at-large elections, “by-trustee area” elections, and “from-trustee area” elections. 3 In an
at-large system, each member of the board is elected by the voters of the entire district. 4
In a by-trustee area election, the member residing in each trustee area is elected by the
voters of that trustee area. 5 In a from-trustee area election, the member is elected by the
voters of the entire district, but the member must reside in their specific trustee area. 6
This request seeks to clarify the law on filling vacant positions on school district
governing boards. The questions posed have become pressing in recent years, due to two
unrelated factors occurring simultaneously. First, beginning in 2020, California has
experienced a marked increase in resignations from school boards before the end of the
board member’s term. 7 Second, many school districts have recently revised the
boundaries of their trustee areas, some as a result of the decennial census and some to
conform to the California Voting Rights Act. These two trends are requiring school
districts to determine how to fill a vacancy when the incumbent was elected under an old
districting system, but a new districting system will apply to that seat at the next regular
election.
Although the Education Code provides a general process for filling vacancies on
school boards, it does not provide a specific procedure for filling vacancies that occur
after a new districting system has been adopted, but before the end of a term that was
governed by the old system.
1

See Ed. Code, § 5000.

2

Ed. Code, §§ 5000-5030.

3

Ed. Code, § 5030; see also Ed. Code, § 14026.

4

Ed. Code, § 5030, subd. (a); see also Ed. Code, § 14026 (“at-large” definition).

5

Ed. Code, § 5030, subd. (b); see also Ed. Code, § 14026 (“by district” definition).

6

Ed. Code, § 5030, subd. (c).

California School Boards Association, letter to Governor Gavin Newsom, Sept. 29,
2021.

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ANALYSIS
1. Where a district has recently adopted by-trustee area elections, a vacancy should
be filled according to the old boundaries until the next regular election for that
term.
A transition from at-large to by-trustee area elections may be initiated by the
school board, by community members, or by the County Committee on School District
Organization. 8 When a change in election method occurs, Education Code section 5021
provides for the orderly transition from one method to another.
Subdivision (a) of section 5021 states that, after the election method changes, “any
affected incumbent board member shall serve out the board member’s term of office and
succeeding board members shall be nominated and elected in accordance with [the new
method].” That provision leaves open the question of what should happen if a vacancy
occurs before the term of office ends.
Education Code section 5091 provides generally for the filling of vacancies on
school boards. Subdivision (a) of section 5091 provides that when a vacancy occurs, the
school board must either order an election or make a provisional appointment to fill the
vacancy within 60 days. 9 The provision does not say whether old boundaries or new
boundaries should apply to filling the vacant term.
Subdivision (e) of section 5091 provides that when a vacancy is filled by
appointment, the appointee shall hold office only until the next regular election, at which
time an election will be held to fill the vacancy for the remainder of the term. Again, the
provision does not say whether old boundaries or new boundaries should apply.
In the absence of clear guidance in the text of the statutes, our task here is to
ascertain the Legislature’s intent by examining the overall language, structure, and
context of the statutory scheme. 10 We also have the benefit of our own prior opinions on
similar questions. In 2014, we considered whether a person appointed to the unexpired
term of a resigned city councilmember must satisfy the same residency requirements as
8

Ed. Code, § 5019.

Ed. Code, § 5091, subd. (a)(1). A change from one system of voting to another is
generally subject to voter approval. (Ed. Code, § 5020, subd. (a)(1).) An exception to
the voter-approval requirement arises if the County Committee finds that changing to bytrustee area elections will further the purposes of the California Voting Rights Act; in that
case, the resolution takes effect at the next election. (Ed. Code, § 5020, subd. (a)(2).)

9

Smith v. LoanMe, Inc. (2021) 11 Cal.5th 183, 190 (internal quotation marks
omitted).

14

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the resigned member did. 11 In 2021, we considered whether a person appointed to the
unexpired term of a deceased county supervisor must satisfy the same residency
requirements as the deceased member did. 12 In both opinions, we concluded that the old
boundaries applied for the duration of the unexpired term, and that the new boundaries
would take effect upon the next regular election for that office. 13
While those opinions both involved election statutes not relevant here, our
conclusions in both opinions were supported by an observation that the relevant statutes
focus on the term of office, rather than on the individual holding the office or on the
effective date of the boundary change. 14 We reasoned that if an appointed member holds
office “for the unexpired term of the former incumbent,” then it makes sense to use the
former boundaries for the same unexpired term. 15 We elaborated that “it would be
inharmonious if the boundaries that the appointed member represented were to change
during the elective term of office, based on the fortuity that the elected incumbent
happened to resign or was otherwise unable to serve out his or her full term.” 16
Examining the relevant Education Code provisions in light of these authorities, we
conclude that the term of office is a key operative factor in the Education Code
provisions, akin to the Elections Code and Government Code provisions analyzed in our
earlier opinions. Specifically, Education Code section 5021(a) provides that, after a
boundary change takes effect, an incumbent board member “shall serve out the board
member’s term of office,” after which succeeding members will be elected under the new
boundary rules. 17 The statute establishes a sequence of events in which the transition
from one boundary system to another is keyed to the end of one fixed term of office and
the beginning of the next. 18 Further, section 5091(e) states that a person appointed to fill
11

97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12 (2014).

12

104 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 80 (2021).

See generally City of Woodlake v. Tulare County Grand Jury (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th
1293, 1302, fn. 4 (Legislature is presumed to be aware of Attorney General opinions, and
if opinions had misconstrued legislative intent, “some corrective measure would have
been adopted”).
13

14

See 104 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 84; 97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at pp. 16-17.

15

97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 16.

16

Id., at pp. 16-17.

17

See also Ed. Code, § 5021, subds. (b), (c).

“It should be pointed out that the phrase ‘term of office’ relates to the office itself and
not to the incumbent. The term always remains the same.” Holbrook v. Board of
Directors, etc. (1937) 8 Cal.2d 158, 161.
18

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a vacancy holds office only until the next regularly scheduled election, which “shall be
held to fill the vacancy for the remainder of the unexpired term.” This statute ensures
that seats will continue to be filled in a predictable, patterned way, and that casual
vacancies will not disrupt the pattern.
In order to effectuate the purposeful pattern established by these statutes, we
conclude that the boundary rules that applied at the inception of a term are meant to
continue for the duration of that term, even if the tenure of the term is interrupted by
vacancy and a new incumbent.
This conclusion accords with longstanding judicial precedent. In Sloan v.
Donoghue, the Court of Appeal held that when the Legislature changed the boundaries of
a congressional district, and then the incumbent died, the special election to fill the
remainder of the term should be held in the district as constituted at the time of the
original election. 19 Legislature v. Reinecke resolved a similar issue in the context of
California’s staggered election system for state senators after decennial reapportionment.
Applying Sloan, the Court of Appeal decided that the senators who were elected before
the boundaries changed were entitled to serve out their four-year terms, and that if
vacancies occurred in those districts before the next regular election, they would be filled
using the old boundaries. 20
In order to continue the pattern established by the statutory scheme, we conclude
that the boundary rules which applied at the beginning of a term continue to apply to that
term until the end of the term.
2. Where a district has revised the boundaries of its trustee areas following the
decennial census, and a vacancy occurs before the next regular election for that
seat, the boundaries in effect at the time of the previous election are used to
determine eligibility to fill a vacancy for that seat.
The second question is much like the first, except that it refers to boundary
changes brought about by the decennial census, rather than by a local decision to change
from one election method to another.
When a school district uses by-trustee area voting, Education Code section 5019.5
provides that the trustee areas must be reconsidered and adjusted after each decennial
census to ensure that “one or both of the following conditions is satisfied:”
(1) The population of each area is, as nearly as may be, the same proportion
of the total population of the district as the ratio that the number of
19

Sloan v. Donoghue (1942) 20 Cal.2d 607, 609.

20

Legislature v. Reinecke (1973) 10 Cal.3d 396, 404-406.
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governing board members elected from the area bears to the total number of
members of the governing board.
(2) The population of each area is, as nearly as may be, the same proportion
of the total population of the district as each of the other areas. 21
The Education Code does not contain a specific rule for filling vacancies created
before decennial redistricting has taken full effect. As above, our task is to examine the
structure of the statutory scheme as a whole, in order to ascertain what the Legislature
intended for this situation, which falls between the express provisions of the rules. 22
As noted above, Education Code section 5091 governs the filling of vacancies on
school boards. Section 5091, subdivision (e) states that a person appointed to fill a
vacancy “shall hold office only until the next regularly scheduled election.” Furthermore,
the person elected to fill the vacancy “shall hold office for the remainder of the term in
which the vacancy occurs.” These provisions demonstrate that the regular pattern of
four-year terms is not to be disrupted by the occurrence of the vacancy.
We find further evidence of an intentional four-year pattern in Education Code
sections 5030 and 5021. Section 5030 is the statute that provides for three different
methods of district elections. It provides that any recommendation to change from one
method to another must “provide that any affected incumbent member shall serve out his
or her term of office and that succeeding board members shall be nominated and elected
in accordance with the method recommended by the county committee.” 23 After a
change has been enacted, section 5021 governs; it provides that incumbents affected by a
change are to serve out their terms of office, and the changed rules apply to succeeding
officers. 24
While none of these statutes addresses the exact situation posed to us, we believe
that “the only practical and sound solution” 25 is to interpret the statutes so as to maintain
the established pattern, by which changes in boundary systems are implemented
synchronously with the end and beginning of fixed terms of office.
We therefore conclude that, where a school district governing board has revised
the boundaries of its trustee areas following the decennial census, the boundaries in effect
21

Ed. Code, § 5019.5, subd. (a).

22

See Smith v. LoanMe, Inc., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 190.

23

Ed. Code, § 5030.

24

Ed. Code, § 5021, subds. (b), (c).

25

Sloan v. Donoghue, supra, 20 Cal.2d at p. 612.
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at the time of the previous election should be used to determine eligibility to fill a
vacancy occurring before the next regular election for that office. 26

Nothing in this Opinion is intended to suggest that a court would lack power to order
otherwise to remedy a violation of the law.
26

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