Is a law firm's floor-by-floor office reconstruction (including asbestos removal and re-fireproofing) an exempt capital improvement or a taxable repair service?

Plain-English summary

A law firm leased several floors of an office building to consolidate its previously split headquarters staff into one location, and had two of those floors substantially rebuilt: gutted down to the studs, all fireproofing removed and replaced, new interior walls built, millwork and painting done, and new HVAC and plumbing installed. Shortly after moving in, the firm discovered the new fireproofing was contaminated, forcing it to gut the same floors a second time and redo the entire process, with a related "change order" reconfiguring another floor to temporarily house functions displaced during the redo. The firm's lease treats all of this as "Initial Tenant Improvements" that become the landlord's property and that the firm isn't permitted (or required) to remove when the lease ends. The firm asked whether the various contractors' charges for this work -- general construction, fireproofing removal/replacement, remediation engineering, and architectural services -- are taxable installation services or exempt capital improvements.

New York exempts services that install a genuine "capital improvement" -- work that substantially adds to the real property's value, becomes a permanent part of it (removal would damage the property or the item), and is intended to be permanent -- from the tax that otherwise applies to installation services. Here, because the lease makes these improvements permanent property of the landlord (with no option or obligation for the tenant to remove them at lease-end), the wall construction, millwork, painting, fireproofing removal/reinstallation, and HVAC/plumbing work all qualify as capital improvements, exempt from sales tax -- including a second, do-over round after the fireproofing failed, and even the labor to remove, clean, and reinstall salvaged doors and hardware. The remediation engineer's air-testing and air-quality work tied to the fireproofing removal is similarly exempt, since it's performed in connection with installing the capital improvement. Pure architectural and engineering fees aren't taxable at all, since they aren't an enumerated service -- but if the architect instead performs interior design work outside the Education Law's definition of architecture (like designing furniture, fixtures, or other furnishings that aren't permanently attached to the building), that specific work is taxable. The one exception to the capital-improvement treatment is the floor covering: New York only exempts floor covering installed as the initial finished floor in genuinely new construction, a building addition, or a total reconstruction -- and because this build-out was a renovation of existing space rather than new construction or total reconstruction, the floor covering installation stays taxable even though everything around it qualifies as an exempt capital improvement.

What this means for you

Businesses and law firms doing a substantial tenant build-out or office reconstruction

Whether your lease makes the improvements the landlord's permanent property (with no removal option or obligation at lease-end) is central to qualifying for the capital-improvement exemption -- get that lease language right, and most substantial construction work (walls, HVAC, plumbing, fireproofing) can be exempt, even if problems force a costly do-over.

Contractors and property owners installing floor covering during a renovation

Floor covering installation is taxable unless it's the initial floor covering in genuinely new construction, a new addition, or a total reconstruction of major structural elements -- an ordinary renovation of existing space, even a gut renovation, doesn't meet that bar, so the floor covering portion of an otherwise-exempt job stays taxed.

Architects, engineers, and their clients

Pure architectural/engineering fees aren't taxable services at all, but if the same professional performs interior design work (furniture, fixtures, furnishings not permanently attached to the building) that falls outside the Education Law's licensed-architecture/engineering definition, that specific work becomes taxable -- split the billing accordingly.

Accountants and tax professionals

This ruling is a rich, multi-issue application of the capital-improvement test (permanence, value-add, removal damage) alongside the floor-covering carve-out and the architect/engineer interior-design distinction -- a useful template for any complex tenant build-out involving remediation, redesign, and mixed service types.

Common questions

Q: Is redoing a failed construction job (like contaminated fireproofing) still treated as an exempt capital improvement?
A: Yes, in this ruling -- since the lease still made the redone improvements permanent property of the landlord, the do-over work qualified for the same capital-improvement exemption as the original work.

Q: Is floor covering installation ever exempt from sales tax?
A: Only if it's the initial finished floor covering installed in genuinely new construction, a new building addition, or a total reconstruction of major structural elements -- an ordinary renovation of existing space doesn't qualify, even a full gut renovation.

Q: Are an architect's fees always exempt from sales tax?
A: Pure architectural or engineering fees aren't taxable, but if the same architect performs interior design work outside the licensed definition of architecture (like designing movable furniture or fixtures), that specific work is taxable.

Q: Does this ruling apply to my company's office renovation or tenant build-out?
A: Not automatically. An Advisory Opinion binds the Department only for the taxpayer and facts it was issued to, and it can't be relied on by anyone else. Your own lease terms and construction scope would need their own analysis.

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_1997.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a97_67s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-97((67)S
Sales Tax

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO.S970811C

On August 11, 1997, the Department of Taxation and Finance received a
Petition for Advisory Opinion from Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, LLP,
1800 One M & T Plaza, Buffalo, NY 14203-2391.
Petitioner, Hodgson, Russ,
Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, LLP, provided additional information pertaining to the
Petition on September 11, 1997.
The issue raised by Petitioner is whether certain services purchased by
Petitioner in connection with the reconstruction of two floors of its
headquarters are for the installation of property which, when installed,
constitute capital improvements to real property, and therefore are exempt from
sales tax.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory
Opinion.
Petitioner acquired a leasehold interest in the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and
20th floors of an office building (the "Building") to be used as Petitioner's
headquarters. In the recent past, Petitioner occupied the 17th, 18th and 20th
floors.
Prior to its current lease including the 15th and 16th floors,
Petitioner's headquarters staff was split between two offices in different
buildings but in the same city.
As part of unifying Petitioner's headquarters staff in one building,
Petitioner found it necessary to substantially remodel the space it would occupy
in the Building, including the 15th and 16th floors it had recently acquired by
lease. The lease contemplated such tenant improvements, and pursuant to the
lease, the landlord consented that Petitioner as part of the approved project,
remove and replace all fireproofing on the 15th and 16th floors. The original
fireproofing contained asbestos, all of which was removed and disposed without
incident.
The 15th and 16th floors were the first floors to be remodeled. Those
floors were gutted, and all the fireproofing was removed. New fireproofing was
applied, and the contractors constructed new interior walls and built-out the
space in a fashion consistent with its intended use as a headquarters office.
Petitioner then moved the occupants of the 17th and 18th floors down to the 15th
and 16th floors in order to gut and rebuild the 17th and 18th floors in a manner
similar to the 15th and 16th floors. The lease provided that at the end of its
term, the improvements made on the 15th through 18th floors become the property
of the landlord and Petitioner will not be permitted or required to remove such
improvements.
Shortly after the 15th and 16th floors were occupied, it was discovered
that there were serious problems with the new fireproofing (i.e., the
fireproofing was found to be contaminated). The problem was sufficiently severe
that the only feasible and appropriate remedy was to completely gut again the
15th and 16th floors, remove the fireproofing, replace it with new fireproofing,

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and build out the space.
Petitioner and its landlord agree that the
reconstruction improvements on the 15th and 16th floors constitute "Initial
Tenant Improvements" as such term is defined in the lease and Petitioner will not
be permitted or compelled by the landlord to remove such improvements upon the
termination of the lease. In connection with this work, Petitioner has hired
(and will pay, with reimbursement from Petitioner's insurer) several contractors
to perform the work.
The build-out of the 15th and 16th floors includes
insulation of the walls (fireproofing), installation or replacement of walls,
installation of millwork, including baseboards, painting new walls, installation
of heat, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and plumbing, and floor
covering. A generic description of the major contractors and the work they will
perform is as follows.

1. "General Contractor" is the general contractor/construction manager on
   this project.
   General Contractor's work and billings on the project are in
   certain discrete areas generally described as follows: (a) an approximately $1.2
   million "build-out" phase of the project which is a not-to-exceed price, for
   contract work that will be performed on the 15th and 16th floors after the
   fireproofing is removed and new fireproofing is installed; (b) "change order"
   work in connection with the redesign and build-out of portions of the 17th floor
   as a result of Petitioner's need to reconfigure the 17th floor to approximate the
   15th floor (e.g. library, administrative and computer services) to enable
   Petitioner to operate while work is being done on the 15th and 16th floors.
   Costs for the change order work include costs for additional architectural and
   engineering work in connection with redesigning the 17th floor to approximate the
   15th floor, and a major amount of additional HVAC and electrical service to
   accommodate a change in the floor's use from office space to administrative and
   computer functions. These latter functions require a great deal more involved
   HVAC and electrical systems than the originally intended use of the 17th floor
   required (i.e. office space).
   The library, administrative and computer
   functions will remain on the 17th floor after all work has been completed.
   Petitioner and its landlord agree that the reconstruction improvements on the
   17th floor constitute "Initial Tenant Improvements" as such term is defined in
   the lease and Petitioner will not be permitted or compelled by the landlord to
   remove such improvements upon the termination of the lease. Thus, the change
   order work is intended to be permanent; and (c) fireproofing removal and
   refireproofing, including project oversight, supervision, etc., related to the
   cost plus fee portion of the contract (performed primarily by General
   Contractor's subcontractor "Fireproofing Contractor").
   In connection with
   General Contractor's work, it will salvage a small portion of the improvements
   on the 15th and 16th floors from the prior build-out, and to the extent possible
   reincorporate the salvaged parts (mostly doors and other hard-surface salvageable
   materials) in the current build-out. General Contractor's bill for this labor
   will include removal, cleaning and reinstallation of the salvaged materials and
   is likely to be roughly $20,000.

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2. "Fireproofing Contractor" is a subcontractor to General Contractor and
   is removing the existing fireproofing and installing the new fireproofing on a
   cost plus fee basis. Fireproofing Contractor's bills are passed through General
   Contractor to Petitioner (and on to Petitioner's insurer). As a component of
   General Contractor's contract for Fireproofing Contractor's work, General
   Contractor receives a 9% fee for its services, including responsibility for
   overall project supervision.
3. "Remediation Engineer" is the project engineer for the portion of the
   remedial work involving removing the existing fireproofing and installing the new
   fireproofing. In connection with this work Remediation Engineer performs air
   sampling and air quality assurance. Remediation Engineer is billing on an hourly
   basis and is passing through the cost of its consultants (air quality experts,
   microbiologists, laboratory testing and other disbursement expenses) on its
   monthly bill, along with a fixed percentage mark-up. A majority of Remediation
   Engineer's costs relate to hours spent on supervising the removal of the
   contaminated fireproofing and installation of the replacement fireproofing on the
   15th and 16th floors.
4. "Architect" is the architect responsible for issuing architectural
   drawings, approving payments and inspecting the construction work after it is
   ultimately completed. Architect's fees will be calculated on an hourly basis,
   and are expected to be less than $50,000.
   Article 14 of Petitioner's lease provides, in part:
   Subject to Tenant's rights in Article 16.00 [relating to tangible
   personalty and trade fixtures], all alterations, additions,
   fixtures, and improvements whether temporary or permanent in
   character, made in or upon the Premises either by Tenant or
   Landlord, will immediately become Landlord's property and at the end
   of the Term will remain on the Premises without compensation to
   Tenant. By notice given to Tenant no less than thirty (30) days
   prior to the expiration of this Lease, Landlord may require that
   Tenant remove any or all alterations, additions, fixtures and
   improvements which are made in or upon the premises subsequent to
   the ACM Removal and refireproofing and the installation and
   construction of the HVAC Improvements and the Initial Tenant
   Improvements to the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Floors of the
   Building... .
   Applicable Laws and Regulations
   Section 1101(b)(9) of the Tax Law provides, in part:

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Capital improvement.
property which:

(i) An addition or alteration to real

(A) Substantially adds to the value of the real property, or
appreciably prolongs the useful life of the real property; and
(B) Becomes part of the real property or is permanently
affixed to the real property so that removal would cause material
damage to the property or article itself; and
(C) Is intended to become a permanent installation.
*

*

*

(iii) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (i) of this
paragraph: (A) Floor covering, such as carpet, carpet padding,
linoleum and vinyl roll flooring, carpet tile, linoleum tile and
vinyl tile, installed as the initial finished floor covering in new
construction or a new addition to or total reconstruction of
existing construction shall constitute an addition or capital
improvement to real property, property or land; and
(B) Floor covering, such as carpet, carpet padding, linoleum and
vinyl roll flooring, carpet tile, linoleum tile and vinyl tile,
installed other than as described in clause (A) of this subparagraph
shall not constitute an addition or capital improvement to real
property, property or land.
Section 1105 of the Tax Law provides, in part:
Sec. 1105. Imposition of sales tax.--... there is hereby
imposed and there shall be paid a tax ... upon:
*

*

*

(c) The receipts from every sale, except for resale, of the
following services:
*

*

*

(3) Installing tangible personal property . . .or maintaining,
servicing or repairing tangible personal property, . . . except:
*

*

*

(iii) for installing property which, when installed, will
constitute an addition or capital improvement to real property,
property or land, as the terms real property, property or lands are
defined in the real property tax law as such term capital
improvement is defined in paragraph nine of subdivision (b) of
section eleven hundred one of this chapter. . .

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*

*

*

(5) Maintaining, servicing or repairing real property,
property or land, as such terms are defined in the real property tax
law, whether the services are performed in or outside of a building,
as distinguished from adding to or improving such real property,
property or land, by a capital improvement as such term capital
improvement is defined in paragraph nine of subdivision (b) of
section eleven hundred one of this chapter . . . .
Section 527.7(b)(4) of the Sales and Use Tax Regulations provides, in part:
The imposition of tax on services performed on real property
depends on the end result of such service. If the end result of the
services is the repair or maintenance of real property, such
services are taxable. If the end result of the same service is a
capital improvement to the real property, such services are not
taxable.
Section 541.14 of the Sales and Use Tax Regulations provides, in part:
(a)(l) The installation of floor covering is subject to sales tax,
regardless of the method of installation or the surface over which
the floor covering is installed, unless the installation qualifies
for exemption under subdivision (b) of this section.
*

*

*

(ii) The term floor covering does not include flooring such as wood
flooring, ceramic tile, terrazzo, marble, concrete or other similar
flooring.
Accordingly, the provisions of this section do not apply
to the installation of flooring. See section 527.7 of this Title for
the rules to determine whether such flooring qualifies as a capital
improvement.
(b)(1) The installation of floor covering is exempt from sales
tax only if the following criteria are met:
(i) the installation must be of the initial finished floor
covering; and
(ii) the installation must be made in:
(a) the new construction of a building or structure; or
(b) the new construction
building or structure; or

of

an

addition

to

an

existing

(c) the total reconstruction of an existing building or
structure.

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(2) For purposes of this Subchapter:
(i) "New construction of a building or structure" means the
original construction of a building or structure that did not exist
before such construction.
(ii) "New construction of an addition to an existing building
or structure" means the original construction of a new room, wing or
other discrete, substantial unit of a building or structure which
enlarges the exterior of the existing building or structure.
(iii) "Total reconstruction of an existing building or structure"
means the complete rehabilitation or replacement of most of the
major structural elements of an existing building or structure, such
as the roof, ceiling trusses, floor joists, walls, support columns,
support beams, girders and the foundation.
*

*

*

Example 6: A tenant enters into a bare-wall lease to rent the
entire third floor of a new office building. The tenant has the
right to finish the third floor of the building to suit its
needs. When the lease terminates, all improvements made by the
tenant will become the property of the owner of the building.
As
part of finishing the premises, the tenant arranges with a
building contractor for the installation of a suspended ceiling,
construction of offices, paneling the walls, installation of
complete electrical, plumbing, heating and
air-conditioning
systems and for the installation of wall-to-wall carpet. The new
ceiling, offices, paneling and electrical, plumbing, heating and
air-conditioning systems qualify as capital improvements in
accordance with section 527.7 of this Title. The new wall-to-wall
carpet qualifies as a capital
improvement
in
accordance with
subdivision (b) of this section because it is the installation of
the initial finished floor covering in new construction.
Example 7: Assume that the tenant in Example 6, in the tenth
year of the lease, hires a contractor to renovate the premises. The
existing ceiling, overhead lighting, wall paneling and carpet are to
be replaced. The new ceiling, lighting and paneling qualify as
capital improvements in accordance with section 527.7 of this Title.
However, the charge by the contractor for the new carpet and its
installation is subject to sales tax because the renovation is not
new construction, an addition or a total reconstruction.

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Opinion
In the instant case, Petitioner had the 15th and 16th floors of the space
it leased for offices remodeled.
Those floors were gutted, and all the
fireproofing was removed. New fireproofing was applied, and the contractors
constructed new interior walls and built-out the space in a fashion consistent
with its intended use as a headquarters office. After the 15th and 16th floors
were occupied, it was discovered the new fireproofing was contaminated. The
problem was sufficiently severe that the only feasible and appropriate remedy was
to completely gut again the 15th and 16th floors, remove the fireproofing,
replace it with new fireproofing, and build out the space. Petitioner and its
landlord agree that the reconstruction improvements on the 15th, 16th and 17th
floors constitute "Initial Tenant Improvements" as such term is defined in the
lease and Petitioner will not be permitted or compelled by the landlord to remove
such improvements upon the termination of the lease. In connection with this
work, Petitioner has hired (and will pay, with reimbursement from Petitioner's
insurer) several contractors to perform the work. The build-out of the 15th and
16th floors includes insulation of the walls (fireproofing), installation or
replacement of walls, installation of millwork, including baseboards, painting
new walls, installation of HVAC and plumbing, and floor covering. The 17th floor
will be reconfigured to look like the 15th floor (e.g. library, administrative
and computer services) to enable Petitioner to operate while work is being done
on the 15th and 16th floors. This work includes redesign of the 17th floor to
resemble the original 15th floor design, and a redesign of the HVAC and
electrical service to the 17th floor to accommodate its new use.
The build-out of the 15th and 16th floors and the change order work on the
17th floor, except the installation of floor coverings, will constitute the
installation of a capital improvement. These improvements substantially add to
the value of the real property and their removal would cause damage to both the
real property and to the items themselves. Assuming that these improvements are
"Initial Tenant Improvements" for purposes of Petitioner's lease, they are
intended to be permanent since the lease provides that all of these improvements
become the property of the landlord upon termination of the lease and Petitioner
does not have the option (nor is required) to remove the improvements upon
termination of the lease. See Empire Vision Center, Dec Tx App Trib, November
7, 1991, TSB-D-91(87)S.
This would include the charges associated with the
removal, cleaning and reinstallation of the doors and other hard-surface
salvageable materials. However, the floor covering does not meet the criteria
set forth in Section 1101(b)(9)(iii) of the Tax Law and Section 541.14(b) of the
Sales and Use Tax Regulations for exemption from tax since the floor covering is
not part of a new construction of a building or structure, an addition to an
existing building or structure or a total reconstruction of an existing building
or structure. Therefore, charges to Petitioner for the installation of floor
covering are subject to sales tax.

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In addition, pursuant to Section 527.7(b)(4) of the Sales and Use Tax
Regulations, Matter of Building Contractors Association v. Tully, 87 AD2d 909 and
KPMG Peat Marwick, LLP, Adv Op Comm T & F, September 12, 1996, TSB-A-96-(54)S,
the charges for removing the fireproofing and other debris from the 15th and 16th
floors, and charges for air testing and related services to be performed by the
Remediation Engineer in connection with the removal of the fireproofing, will not
be subject to sales tax since such services are being performed in connection
with the installation of capital improvements.
The charges for engineering and architectural services are not enumerated
services subject to sales tax under section 1105 of the Tax Law.
Section
1105(c)(7) of the Tax Law provides, however, that when an architect or engineer
performs an interior design service that does not come within the Education Law's
definition of architecture or engineering, sales tax must be collected on such
services.
In the present case, if the Architect performs interior design
services, such as the design and planning of furniture, fixtures and other
furnishings which are not permanently attached to the Building, such services
would be subject to tax.

DATED: November 4, 1997

NOTE:

/s/
John W. Bartlett
Deputy Director
Technical Services Bureau

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions
are limited to the facts set forth therein.