New York Advisory Opinion TSB-A-83 (2)I: Do payments from IBM's Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan qualify for New York's age-59½ pension/annuity exclusion under section 612(c)(3-a)?

Plain-English summary

IBM asked the Department whether payments made to employees under its Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan - established in 1947 and funded through a trust exempt under Internal Revenue Code § 501(c)(9) - qualify as "pensions and annuities" for New York's section 612(c)(3-a) age-59½ exclusion. The plan pays a totally and permanently disabled employee (with at least five years of service) 75% of regular compensation for the first 18 months, then the greater of 40% of prior monthly compensation or the employee's accrued IBM Retirement Plan benefit, continuing until age 65 or recovery - at which point a still-disabled employee becomes eligible to retire and draw a lifetime IBM Retirement Plan income instead.

The Department first found the payments don't qualify as a "pension." Following the federal definition incorporated via Tax Law § 607, a qualified pension plan under IRC § 401 systematically pays definitely determinable retirement benefits and specifically excludes disability, sickness, and similar benefits unless they independently satisfy the qualified-plan tests - which IBM's Disability Plan didn't.

The Department then analyzed whether the payments qualify as an "annuity" instead. Before a March 16, 1983 amendment, 20 NYCRR § 131.4(d)(2)(iii) required an annuity to be paid at a uniform rate with only limited exceptions - a poor fit for a benefit that steps down from 75% to 40% of compensation. But the amendment, applied retroactively to taxable years ending on or after December 16, 1982, broadened the definition to also cover payments whose total amount is determinable at the "annuity starting date" using mortality tables or actuarial calculations. Under that standard, the Department found IBM's Disability Plan payments qualified: the disability-then-retirement structure forms one cohesive retirement benefit scheme, paid in money at regular monthly intervals, with amounts objectively determinable from service, compensation, and Social Security/Workers' Compensation offsets, under a definite written program (the "About Your Company" booklet) distributed to all regular employees.

Accordingly, disability payments made under the plan for periods ending on or after December 16, 1982 qualify as an "annuity" eligible for the section 612(c)(3-a) exclusion (for recipients who are 59½ or older).

What this means for you

IBM employees (and employees at other companies with similarly structured disability plans) receiving long-term disability payments at 59½ or older

Your disability payments likely don't qualify as a "pension" outright, but they can still qualify as an "annuity" - and thus for the section 612(c)(3-a) exclusion - if your disability plan is structured as part of a cohesive retirement scheme (feeding into a regular retirement plan) rather than standing alone as pure sickness or accident coverage.

Employers designing or amending long-term disability plans that transition into retirement benefits

Tying disability payments into your regular retirement plan (rather than treating them as a wholly separate sickness/accident benefit) supports "annuity" treatment for the post-1982 exclusion, which can matter to disabled employees over 59½ evaluating their New York tax exposure.

Accountants preparing returns for employees on employer disability plans similar to IBM's

Verify the specific plan's structure against the 20 NYCRR § 131.4(d)(2) factors (money-only payments, regular intervals, determinable total amount, written program) and confirm the December 16, 1982 effective date cutoff before claiming the exclusion on disability income.

Common questions

Q: I'm receiving IBM (or a similarly structured company's) long-term disability payments and I'm over 59½ - do they qualify for New York's pension/annuity exclusion?
A: Likely as an "annuity," not a "pension," and only for payments received in taxable years ending on or after December 16, 1982. The plan needs to function as part of a cohesive retirement scheme with money-only payments at regular intervals and a determinable total amount.

Q: Why doesn't a disability plan count as a "pension" even though it clearly relates to retirement?
A: Because federal regulations under IRC § 401 specifically exclude disability, sickness, and accident-type benefits from the qualified-pension-plan definition unless the plan independently meets those tests - which most standalone disability plans don't.

Q: Does the declining benefit amount (75% down to 40% of salary) disqualify the plan from being an "annuity"?
A: Not under the amended rule. The pre-1983 "uniform rate" requirement would have been a problem, but the March 1983 amendment instead asks whether the total amount is determinable at the annuity starting date using actuarial or mortality-table methods - a standard IBM's declining-but-objectively-calculable benefit structure satisfied.

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/income_ao_1983.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/income/a83_2i.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-83 (2) I
Income Tax
April 6, 1983

STATE OF NEW YORK
STATE TAX COMMISSION
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. I820311A

On March 11, 1982 a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from International Business
Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York 10504.
The issue raised is whether payments made under Petitioner's Total and Permanent Disability
Income Plan are included within the category "pensions and annuities," within the meaning of
section 612(c)(3-a) of the Tax haw.
Section 612(c)(3-a) of the Tax Law provides, in pertinent part, for an exclusion from personal
income taxation of a portion of "pensions and annuities received by an individual who has attained
the age of fifty-nine and one-half . . .which are periodic payments attributable to personal services
performed by . . . [the recipient] prior to his retirement from employment, which arise (i) from an
employer-employee relationship . . . . "
Petitioner describes the plan in question as follows:
"IBM established the Disability Plan in August of 1947. IBM funds the Disability Plan by
making contributions to a trust fund that has been determined by the Internal Revenue Service to be
exempt from Federal income tax under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(9) as a voluntary
employees' beneficiary association. The Disability Plan is applicable to all regular IBM employees
who become totally and permanently disabled after having been employed by IBM for at least five
years. [Reduced benefits are payable to employees with less than five years of service with IBM.]
An employee may be considered to be totally and permanently disabled under the Disability Plan
only if the employee is unable to perform any employment for pay or profit and has no reasonable
expectation of becoming able to perform such employment.
"Benefits under the Disability Plan commence only after a totally and permanently disabled
employee has received benefits for at least 52 weeks under the Sickness and Accident Plan. The
benefits under the Disability Plan are as follows. For the first 18 months, the monthly benefit is 75
percent of the employee's regular compensation. Ordinarily, the 18-month period begins after the
employee has received 52 weeks of benefits under the Sickness and Accident Plan. However, if the
employee receives "individual consideration" benefits under the Sickness and Accident Plan, the
period for which the "individual consideration" benefits are paid is applied against the 18-month
period under the Disability Plan and reduces the length of that period. At the end of the 18-month
(or shorter) period, the monthly benefit payable under the Disability Plan is equal to the greater of
(a) 40 percent of the employee's regular monthly compensation when the employee became disabled
or (b) the employee's accrued retirement income under the IBM Retirement Plan, based on actual
service and earnings through the end of the regular (52-week) Sickness and Accident Plan benefit
period. (If an employee became disabled prior to attaining age 55, the employee's service and
RODERICK G. W. CHU, COMMISSIONER
TP-8 (3/83)

GABRIEL B. DiCERBO, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
FRANK J. PUCCIA, DIRECTOR

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compensation under the Retirement Plan are projected from the expiration of regular benefits under
the Sickness and Accident Plan to the employee's 55th birthday.) Disability benefits are subject to
offset if the employee is entitled to receive Social Security or Workers' Compensation payments.
"Benefits under the Disability Plan cease when the employee attains age 65 or, if earlier,
when the employee recovers from his or her disability. When a disabled employee attains age 65, the
disability benefit ceases, and the employee becomes eligible to retire and receive a retirement income
for life under the IBM Retirement Plan."
The term "pension" may be defined generally as "A stated allowance or stipend made by a
government or business organization, in consideration of past services or of the surrender of rights
er emoluments, to one retired from service " Webster's New International Dictionary, 2d ed., 1959.
The application of such general definition to the term "pension" as used in the provision under
consideration is limited, by the statutory language itself, as set forth above.
Further elucidation may be sought in the Federal treatment of the term "pension," pursuant
to section 607 of the Tax Law, which provides that:
Any term used in this article [viz., Article 22, which imposes
the Personal Income Tax] shall have the same meaning as when used
in comparable context in the laws of the United States relating to
federal income taxes, unless a different meaning is clearly required.
Pension plans are treated in section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code, and Regulations issued
pursuant thereto provide the following:
A pension plan within the meaning of section 401(a) is a
plan established and maintained by an employer primarily to provide
systematically for the payment of definitely determinable benefits to
his employees over a period of years, usually for life, after retirement.
Retirement benefits generally are measured by, and based on, such
factors as years of service and compensation received by the employees.
The determination of the amount of retirement benefits and the
contributions to provide such benefits are not dependent upon profits.
Benefits are not definitely determinable if funds arising from
forfeitures on termination of service, or other reason, may be used to
provide increased benefits for the remaining participants (see § 1.401-7,
relating to the treatment of forfeitures under a qualified pension plan).
A plan designed to provide benefits for employees or their beneficiaries
to be paid upon retirement or over a period of years after retirement
will. for the purposes of section 401(a), be considered a pension plan
if the employer contributions under the plan can be determined
actuarially on the basis of definitely determinable benefits, or, as in
the case of money purchase pension plans, such contributions are fixed
without being geared to profits. A pension plan may provide for the
payment of a pension due to disability and may also provide for the

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payment of incidental death benefits through insurance or otherwise.
However, a plan is not a pension plan if it provides for the
payment of benefits not customarily included in a pension plan such as
layoff benefits or benefits for sickness, accident, hospitalization, or
medical expenses (except medical benefits described in section 401(h)
as defined in paragraph (a) of § 1.401-14). (emphasis added) 26 C.F.R.
§ 1.401-1(b)(1)(i).
Accordingly, the payments here under discussion would constitute "pensions," within the
meaning of section 612(c)(3-a) of the Tax Law, if paid from a plan constituting a qualified pension
plan within the meaning of section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code. Inasmuch as the plan from
which the subject payments are made does not qualify under such Federal provision, the payments
are not excludable as "pensions." The next question to be addressed is whether the payments at issue
constitute "annuities", for purposes of section 612(c)(3-a) of the Tax Law. Prior to an amendment
made on March 16, 1983, the term "annuities" was defined, albeit in another context, in the Tax
Commission's Personal Income Tax Regulations, as follows:
(2)

Definition. To qualify as an annuity, a pension or other retirement benefit
must meet the following requirements:

(i)

It must be paid in money only, not in securities of the employer or other
property.

(ii)

It must be payable at regular intervals, at least annually, for the life of the
individual receiving it, or over a period not less than half his life expectancy
as of the date payments begin. An individual's life expectancy is the expected
return multiple shown for the applicable age and sex in the table entitled
"Table I. Ordinary Life Annuities-One Life-Expected Return Multiples",
promulgated under section 1.72-9 of the Federal Income Tax Regulations.

(iii)

It must be payable at a rate which remains uniform during such life or period
or at a rate which varies only with (a) the fluctuation in the market value of
the assets from which such benefits are payable, (b) the fluctuation in a
specified and generally recognized cost-of-living index, or (c) the
commencement of social security benefits.

(iv)

The individual's right to receive it must be evidenced by a written instrument
executed by his employer, or by a plan established and maintained by the
employer in the form of a definite written program communicated to his
employees.

(v)

In the case of a pension or other similar benefit paid to a nonresident
beneficiary of a deceased employee:

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(a)

where the employee died after retirement, if the pension or other retirement
benefit he was receiving constituted an annuity, payments to his beneficiary,
even though they do not meet the requirements of subparagraphs (i), (ii) and
(iii) of this paragraph, will constitute an annuity;

(b)

if the employee died before retirement, the pension or other benefit payable
to his beneficiary need not be payable for the life of such beneficiary or for
a period measured by his or her life expectancy, provided that it is payable
pursuant to a plan established and maintained by the employer before the
employee's death, under which a pension or benefit meeting the requirements
set forth in subparagraphs (i) through (iv) of this paragraph would have been
payable to the employee upon his retirement. For the purposes of this clause,
the employee's life expectancy is determined as of the date of his death if he
was then eligible for retirement under the terms of the plan; otherwise, his life
expectancy is determined as of the earliest date when he would have become
eligible for retirement under the plan. 20 NYCRR §131.4(d)(2).

Inasmuch as the payments at issue do not satisfy the requirement set forth at 20 NYCRR
§131.4(d)(2)(iii), the same do not constitute "annuities," within the meaning of section 612(c)(3-a)
of the Tax Law as construed by 20 NYCRR §131.4(d) prior to its amendment on March 16, 1983.
On March 16, 1983, Section 131.4(d)(2)(iii) was amended to read as follows:
(iii) It must be payable (a) at a rate which remains uniform during such life
or period or (b) at a rate which varies only with (1) the fluctuation in the market value
of the assets from which such benefits are payable, (2) the fluctuation in a specified
and generally recognized cost-of-living index, or (3) the commencement of social
security benefits or (c) in such a manner that the total of the amounts payable is
determinable at the annuity starting date either directly from the terms of the contract
or indirectly by the use of either mortality tables or compound interest computations,
or both, in conjunction with such terms and in accordance with sound actuarial
theory. The term "annuity starting date" in the case of any contract or plan is the first
day of the first period for which an amount is received as an annuity by the individual
under the contract or plan.
Such amendment is applicable to taxable years ending on or after December 16, 1982. With
respect to such periods, the payments in question will qualify as annuities, for purposes of section
612(c)(3-a) of the Tax Law. First, the payments are retirement benefits inasmuch as they are paid
as part of a plan of payments made to individuals who are permanently disabled, and thus embarked
upon a permanent cessation of active employment during which period they are to receive two series
of payments, one from the Disability Plan followed by one from Petitioner's Retirement Plan. Thus,
the requirement of the introductory clause of 20 NYCRR 131.4(d)(2), that the payments constitute
a "retirement benefit," is satisfied. Subparagraph (i) is satisfied since the payments are made in
money only. Subparagraph (ii) is satisfied as the payments are made at regular monthly intervals for
life or at least half of the life expectancy of the individual, treating the "disability" and "retirement"
arrangements as constituting together a cohesive scheme of retirement benefits.

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The third subparagraph is satisfied since the total of the amounts payable is determinable at
the annuity starting date, inasmuch as the benefits payable under the Disability Plan are determined
solely by reference to such objective factors as the employee's prior service and compensation, and
any benefits to which he or she is entitled under the Social Security and Workers' Compensation
laws.
Subparagraph (iv) provides that the individual's right to receive an annuity must be evidenced
by a written instrument executed by his employer or by a plan established and maintained by his
employer in the form of a definite written program communicated to its employees. The Disability
Plan at issue is a "definite written program", and it has been communicated to all regular IBM
employees. The Plan is included in full in a booklet entitled "About Your Company", which is
distributed to all regular IBM employees. Thus, the Disability Plan satisfies the requirements of
subparagraph (iv).
Accordingly, payments made under the subject disability plan during taxable years ending
on or after December 16, 1982 constitute "annuities" subject to the exclusion provided for in section
612(c)(3-a) of the Tax Law.

DATED: April 5, 1983

s/FRANK J. PUCCIA
Director
Technical Services Bureau