Was the Pathway Fiber Bar exempt when it was sold as a meal replacement?

Plain-English summary

The company described Pathway Fiber Bar as a fiber bar sold as a meal replacement.

Tax counsel said food bars were not among Regulation 1602(a)(5)'s listed liquid, powdered, granular, tablet, capsule, lozenge, or pill forms. Board staff had instead compared food bars to candy, which Regulation 1602(a)(1) listed as a food product.

The meal-replacement description therefore did not make this bar a taxable dietary supplement. Counsel concluded that sales of the Pathway Fiber Bar were exempt.

The same letter reviewed two powdered products. One was labeled for weight management and the other expressly as a dietary supplement; both were taxable. The contrast shows why the bar's physical form mattered.

Common questions

Was the fiber bar taxable because it was a meal replacement?

No. Counsel treated its food-bar form as outside the regulation's listed supplement forms.

Why did the source compare the bar to candy?

Candy was listed as a food product, and Board staff considered food bars comparable to it.

Did the letter exempt the company's powdered products too?

No. Those products were taxable because their powder form and labeling brought them within the supplement exclusion.

Citations and references

• California Revenue and Taxation Code sections 6051, 6091, 6359 (including subdivision (c)), and 6369 (as cited)
• California Sales and Use Tax Regulations 1602 (including subdivisions (a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(5)) and 1603 (as cited)
• Market St. Ry. Co. v. California State Board of Equalization (1953), 137 Cal. App. 2d 87, 96, 290 P.2d 201
• Standard Oil Co. v. California State Board of Equalization (1974), 39 Cal. App. 3d 765, 769, 114 Cal. Rptr. 571
• Federal Food and Drug Administration minimum daily requirements for listed vitamins and minerals — quoted through Regulation 1602(a)(5) without a separate federal citation
• Redacted company's February 13, 1991 letter requesting advice about three products — request referenced but not reproduced in the official PDF
• Can or package labels for the three products, including product-use descriptions and nutritional information — attachments referenced and quoted in part but not reproduced in the official PDF
• Prior Board conclusions treating food bars as outside Regulation 1602(a)(5)'s seven forms and comparing them with candy — conclusions referenced without identifying opinions, dates, or supporting records
• Pathway Fiber Bar and two redacted powdered products — descriptions and outcomes supplied; complete labels, ingredients, formulas, packages, samples, tests, invoices, and sales records not reproduced in the official PDF
• Sales and Use Tax Regulation 1602 enclosure — stated as enclosed; enclosure copy not reproduced in the official PDF
• Possible later product sale, audit, assessment, refund claim, appeal, or other agency action — no follow-up or final outcome supplied in the official PDF

Source

• Annotated Legal Opinions collection: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/taxes-and-fees/annotations-menu.htm
• Annotation page: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/lawguides/vol2/suta/245-0000-all.html
• Original supporting opinion: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/lawguides/annotations/245-1205-500.pdf

Original ruling text

245.1205.500
STATE OF CALIFORNIA

STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION
1020 N STREET, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
(P.O. BOX 942879, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 94279-0001)
(916) 324-3828

March 11, 1991
REDACTED TEXT
RE: SC REDACTED TEXT
Dear REDACTED TEXT:
Assistant Chief Counsel Gary J. Jugum has referred your letter to him of February 13, 1991, to me for a response. You have asked about the applicability of the California Sales and Use Tax Law to sales of three products which your company (hereinafter “ABC Co”) sells. Your letter discusses each of the products, and you have attached copies of what I assume to be can or package labels describing the uses of the products and also giving nutritional information. I. A.

OPINION
Sales and Use Tax Generally

In California, except where specifically exempted by statute, Revenue and Taxation Code Section 6051 imposes an excise tax, computed as a percentage of gross receipts, upon all retailers for the privilege of selling tangible personal property at retail in this state. (Unless otherwise stated, all statutory references are to the Revenue and Taxation Code.) “[I]t shall be presumed that all gross receipts are subject to tax until the contrary is established. The burden of proving that a sale of tangible personal property is not a sale at retail is upon the person who makes the sale …” (§ 6091.) “Exemptions from taxation must be found in the statute.” (Market St. Ry. Co. v. Cal. St. Bd. of Equal. (1953) 137 Cal.App.2d 87, 96 (290 P.2d 201.) “The taxpayer has the burden of showing that he clearly comes within the exemption.” Standard Oil Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1974) 39 Cal.App.3d 765, 769 [114 Cal.Rptr. 571].) B.

Food Products Exemption

Revenue and Taxation Code Section 6359, interpreted and implemented by Regulations 1602 and 1603, provides an exemption from sales and use taxes for the sales of food products for human consumption under certain circumstances. Subdivisions (1) & (2) of Regulation 1602(a) contain a list of products which, either singly or in combination, are considered “food products”. Regulation 1602(a)(5), however, excludes certain items from the definition of “food products” as follows:

REDACTED TEXT

-2-

March 11, 1991
245.1205.5

“(5) ‘Food products do not include any product for human
consumption in liquid, powdered, granular, tablet, capsule, lozenge, or pill form (A) which is described on its package or label as a food supplement, food adjunct, dietary supplement, or dietary adjunct, and to any such product (B) which is prescribed or designed to remedy specific dietary deficiencies or to increase or decrease generally one or more of the following areas of human nutrition: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Vitamins
Proteins
Minerals
Caloric intake”

Regulation 1602(a)(5), subsequently, however, restricts the limitation on the definition of “food products” as follows: “Tax, however, does not apply to any such products which either are exempted by Section 6369, respecting prescription medicines, or are complete dietary foods providing the user in the recommended daily dosage with substantial amounts of vitamins, proteins, minerals and foods providing adequate caloric intake. An example of the latter is a food daily requirement providing the user with the following: 1. 2. 3.

70 grams of high quality protein
900 calories
Minimum daily requirements as established by the Federal Food and Drug Administration of the following vitamins: A, B1, C, D, Riboflavin, and Niacin or Niacinamide; the following minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron and Iodine.”

In interpreting and implementing the broad provisions of Section 6359(c), Regulation 1602(a)(5) sets up a two-step analysis. The threshold question is whether or not the food product under discussion is in one of the enumerated forms – liquid, powdered, granular, tablet, capsule, lozenge, or pill. If so, then its sales are taxable if one of the two following conditions also occurs: (A) its label or package describes it as a food supplement, food adjunct, dietary supplement, or dietary adjunct; or (B) it is prescribed or designed to remedy specific dietary deficiencies or to increase or decrease generally the intake of vitamins, protein, minerals, or calories. The subsequent references to “such products” in that subsection refer to products which occur in one of the enumerated forms, not products for which the claims prescribed in subsections (A) and (B) are made. C.

Tax Consequences to ABC CO
Based on the above standard, we conclude as follows:

1. Pathway Fiber Bar. You state that this product is a fiber bar sold as a meal
   replacement. We have previously concluded that food bars are not one of the seven forms to which

REDACTED TEXT

-3-

March 11, 1991
245.1205.5

the strictures of Regulation 1602(a)(5) apply. We have compared them to candy, which is one of the products defined as “food products” by Regulation 1602(a)(1). Therefore, sales of the Pathway Fiber Bar are exempt from tax.

2. REDACTED TEXT. Your letter states that this is a powdered product which is
   mixed with cold water in order to be consumed. The copy of the label you enclosed describes the function of this product as follows: “The REDACTED TEXT is nutritionally balanced and high in fiber to help you feel great as you give special attention to your weight management program.” Therefore, the label designates the REDACTED TEXT as a dietary supplement for the purpose of weight management. It is thus excluded from the definition of a “food product” by Regulation 1602(a)(5), and its sales are subject to tax.
3. REDACTED TEXT. You describe this product as a powder to be blended with
   milk to give a liquid similar to a milk-shake texture. The copy of the label you enclosed states that it is a dietary supplement. Therefore, it is excluded from the definition of a “food product” by Regulation 1602(a)(5) with the result that its sales are subject to tax. For your information, I have enclosed a copy of Regulation 1602. I hope the above discussion has answered your question. If you need anything further, please do not hesitate to write again. Sincerely,

John L. Waid
Tax Counsel

JLW:es
3752I
Enclosure: Reg. 1602