Who owed California sales tax when an aircraft buyer gave a nonresident exemption certificate but was found to be a California resident?

Plain-English summary

A purchaser bought a Cessna aircraft for $55,025 from a California dealer and took delivery in San Diego. The buyer gave an exemption certificate based on claimed nonresidency and immediately flew the aircraft to Oregon. California concluded that the certificate relieved the dealer but shifted sales-tax liability to the purchaser because the purchaser was a California resident and did not qualify for the aircraft exemption.

The purchaser's California resident income-tax returns, homeowner's exemption, California-registered vehicle, real property, and business interests supported California residency. Flying the aircraft out personally did not create an interstate-commerce exemption; the source said transportation would have needed to be contractually required and performed by the seller or a carrier.

The later claimed corporate resale also failed. The buyer issued no resale certificate, held the aircraft for years as an investment, and made intervening functional use. The recommendation was to redetermine the assessment without adjustment.

Common questions

Did the exemption certificate protect the aircraft dealer?

Yes.

Did it also protect the purchaser?

No. The purchaser did not qualify as a nonresident.

Was personally flying the aircraft to Oregon enough for an interstate-commerce exemption?

No.

Citations and references

• California Revenue and Taxation Code §§ 6003, 6009.1, 6010.5, 6012, 6051, 6091, 6366, 6396, and 6421(a)
• California Civil Code § 1656.1(a)
• California Code of Regulations, title 18, Regulations 1593(a)(3) and (b)(3), 1620(a)(3), 1667(a) and (b)(1), and 1668
• McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. State Board of Equalization (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1413, 1420
• Petition for redetermination, notice of determination, April 27, 1993 appeals conference, and June 18, 1993 transmittal letter — procedural history, contentions, and recommendation reproduced or described; original petition, notice, conference transcript, and any separate exhibits not supplied in the official PDF
• Aircraft sales contract, purchaser's several exemption documents, missing exemption certificate, claimed telephone advice from an unidentified Board employee, California income-tax returns, homeowner's-exemption certification, real-property and business interests, California vehicle registration, seller's permit, County of Riverside aircraft report, Oregon driver's license and aircraft registration, FAA title records, August 1988 title transfer, February 1989 corrective letter, and July 1989 conveyance — contents described; underlying records not reproduced in the official PDF
• Petitioner's testimony concerning residence, investment and resale intent, aircraft flights and parking, medical-certificate loss, lack of a flight log, brokerage, sale, and shipment — testimony summarized; conference transcript and underlying residence, flight, medical, broker, sale, and shipment records not supplied in the official PDF
• Potential request for reconsideration, Board hearing, final Board action, official notice, payment, refund, or other outcome after the recommendation — procedures stated; no follow-up or final-action record supplied in the official PDF

Source

• Annotated Legal Opinions collection: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/taxes-and-fees/annotations-menu.htm
• Annotation page: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/lawguides/vol2/suta/222-0000-all.html
• Original supporting opinion: https://cdtfa.ca.gov/lawguides/annotations/222-0040.pdf

Original ruling text

222.0040
STATE OF CALIFORNIA

STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION

MEMBER
First District, Kentfield

APPEALS REVIEW SECTION (MIC:85)
450 N STREET, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
(P.O. BOX 942879, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 94279-0001)
(916) 324-2646

BRAD SHERMAN
Second District, Los Angeles
ERNEST J. DRONENBURG, JR
Third District, San Diego
MATTHEW K. FONG
Fourth District, Los Angeles
GRAY DAVIS
Controller, Sacramento

June 18, 1993

BURTON W. OLIVER
Executive Director

Mr. REDACTED TEXT

Dear Mr. REDACTED TEXT:
Re: SP UT REDACTED TEXT
Enclosed is a copy of the Decision and Recommendation pertaining to the abovereferenced petition for redetermination. I have recommended that the petition be denied. Please read the Decision and Recommendation carefully. If you accept the decision, no further action is necessary. If you disagree with the decision, you have the following two options: REQUEST FOR RECONSIDERATION. If you have new evidence and/or contentions not previously considered, you should file a Request for Reconsideration. Any such request must be sent to me within 30 days from the date of this letter, at the post office box listed above, with a copy to the Principal Tax Auditor at the same box number. No special form is required, but the request must clearly set forth any new contentions; and any new evidence must be attached. BOARD HEARING. If you have no new evidence and/or contentions, but wish to have an oral hearing before the Board, a written request must be filed within 30 days from the date of this letter with Mrs. Mary Ann Stumpf, Business Tax Appeals Analyst, Board Proceedings Division, at the above post office box.

Mr. REDACTED TEXT
SP UT REDACTED TEXT

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June 18, 1993
222.0040

If neither a request for Board hearing nor a Request for Reconsideration is received within 30 days from the date of this letter, the Decision and Recommendation will be presented to the Board for final consideration and action. Official notice of the Board’s action will then be mailed to you. Sincerely, Stephen A. Ryan Senior Staff Counsel SAR:ct Enclosure cc:

Mrs. Mary Ann Stumpf
(MIC:81)
Business Tax Appeals Analyst
Board Proceedings Division (w/enclosure)
Mr. Glenn Bystrom (MIC:49)
Principal Tax Auditor (file attached)
Consumer Use Tax Division – Chief (w/enclosure)

222.0040
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
BOARD OF EQUALIZATION
BUSINESS TAXES APPEALS REVIEW SECTION
In the Matter of the Petition
for Redetermination Under the
Sales and Use Tax Law of:
REDACTED TEXT
Petitioner

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DECISION AND RECOMMENDATION
No. SP UT REDACTED TEXT

The Appeals Conference in the above-referenced matter was held by Senior Staff Counsel Stephen A. Ryan on April 27, 1993 in San Bernardino, California. Appearing for Petitioner:

Mr. REDACTED TEXT

Appearing for the
Sales and Use Tax Department

Mr. Carl Herth
District Principal Auditor
Protested Item

The protested tax liability involves the $55,025 cost paid to purchase an aircraft. Petitioner’s Contention There is no liability for the sales tax determined. Petitioner is not a California resident. He relied upon Board advice to believe no tax was incurred. The aircraft was immediately flown to Oregon where it was used only outside California until 1988. It was then sold to a related corporation as originally intended. Due to petitioner’s unforeseen illness, the aircraft was used only for a few flights by petitioner and the corporation. Summary The Board issued a notice of determination to petitioner for a tax measured by the
$55,025 cost paid to purchase (ex-tax) a 1985 Cessna 172 (REDACTED TEXT) on February 23, 1986 from REDACTED TEXT, Inc., of San Diego, California. The Department alleges that petitioner owes sales tax on his purchase and California use of this aircraft on the basis that the Department assumes petitioner issued an exemption certificate to the seller-dealer on this California sale. Petitioner took delivery of the aircraft in San Diego on February 23, 1986 and immediately flew it to Oregon. The sales contract listed petitioner at an Oregon address, but required him to base the aircraft at Brown Field in San Diego for financing security purposes.

REDACTED TEXT
SP UT REDACTED TEXT

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May 25, 1993
222.0040

The Department contends that petitioner was then a resident of California and Oregon. Petitioner owned residential, commercial and investment realty in these and other states, and spent time in Oregon, California, and Arizona. He claimed a homeowner’s tax exemption for his trust realty in Riverside County at the time of this purchase. In 1987, he certified under penalty of perjury that he had occupied such property since 1981. He filed California resident personal income tax returns for 1986 and 1987. At the time of this aircraft purchase, petitioner owned a truck licensed and registered to him with the California Department of Motor Vehicles showing a Riverside County address. In November 1986, petitioner obtained a seller’s permit for a family retail business in Riverside County. The Department discovered from the County of Riverside that this aircraft was seen in California in 1988. Petitioner held an Oregon driver’s license in 1986 and 1987. The Department’s position is that petitioner has not proven any exemption from the sales tax. At the conference, petitioner stated as follows: He had issued several documents to the seller at the time of the purchase so that the seller was not liable for tax on the basis of petitioner being a non-resident of California. Petitioner had previously called the Board’s San Bernardino office and spoken to an employee to verify that his purchase was not subject to any California tax on the basis that he was not a California resident. He told the Board employee that he was a non-resident. He now considers himself to have been only an Oregon resident in 1986 and 1987 because he lived in Brookings, Oregon, as he had since 1979. Although he was born, raised, and worked in California until his retirement in 1972, still owned realty in California, was part owner in a California business, and stayed in California occasionally, he was not a California resident in 1986 or 1987. He filed California income tax returns only because he had earned income from California investment realty. He purchased this aircraft for investment and eventual resale for a profit since they were no longer being manufactured. He had previously owned and sold other aircraft. He did not like to fly or ride in smaller aircraft, especially since a serious 1969 accident in which he was almost killed. He did not intend to fly this aircraft very often. His initial intent was to immediately transfer title to one of his corporations, REDACTED TEXT Corp. He flew the aircraft to Brookings, Oregon, on the date of his purchase. It was parked at a small landing strip there for free. He flew it to Agnes, Oregon, several months later where it was parked for free. These were small strips where parking fees were not charged. He only flew the aircraft for several short flights all in Oregon until he lost his pilot’s medical certificate in late spring 1986 due to colon cancer. He never flew the aircraft again due to the lack of a pilot’s medical certificate. The aircraft was registered with the Oregon Aeronautics Division.

REDACTED TEXT
SP UT REDACTED TEXT

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May 25, 1993
222.0040

He did not use this aircraft to travel to or in California. He always drove a car between the two states. Sometime in 1988, he listed the aircraft for sale with a broker in Torrance, California. The broker traveled to Oregon, and then flew this aircraft to Torrance for sale. It was sold to a Japanese purchaser, and was shipped to Japan. Petitioner never kept a log and is not aware of the total hours accumulated while he was owner. The available FAA records show: Petitioner took title from the seller. In August 1988, petitioner transferred title to REDACTED TEXT Corp. However, in February 1989, petitioner filed a letter indicating that the August 1988 transfer was in error and that he retained title. In July 1989, petitioner, as president of that corporation, conveyed title to a Riverside County aircraft dealer. Analysis and Conclusions Is petitioner liable for sales tax on this California sale of an aircraft to him? Sales tax is normally imposed upon retailers for the privilege of selling tangible personal property at retail (Revenue and Taxation Code section 6003 and 6051). The measure of the sales tax is the retailer’s gross receipts derived from California retail sales (Rev. & Tax. Code
§ 6012). The place of the sale is the place where the property is physically located at the time the act constituting the sale takes place (Rev. & Tax. Code § 6010.5). The retailer may add sales tax reimbursement to the gross receipts amount, but it is a matter of contract of sale (Civil Code § 1656.1(a)). It is presumed that sales tax reimbursement was added if certain factors existed, none of which has been shown to be applicable here (ibid.). It is presumed that all gross receipts are subject to tax until the contrary is established by the retailer (Rev. & Tax. Code § 6091). The taxpayer has the burden to prove an exemption from sales tax (ibid.; McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. State Board of Equalization (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1413, 1420). There is a sales tax exemption for a retailer on gross receipts derived from the California sale of an aircraft sold to persons who are not residents of California and who will not use such aircraft in California other than in the removal of the aircraft from this State (Rev. & Tax. Code
§ 6366; and Reg. 1593(a)(3), and (b)(3)). If a purchaser certifies in writing to a seller that some property purchased will be used in a manner or for a purpose entitling the seller to treat the gross receipts from that sale as exempt from sales tax, but then otherwise uses the property, the purchaser is liable for sales tax as if he were a retailer making a California retail sale measured by the cost (Rev.
& Tax. Code § 6421(a); and Reg. 1667(a)). The seller is relieved of sales tax liability by taking an exemption certificate (Rev. & Tax Code § 6421(a), and Reg. 1667(b)(1)). It is our conclusion that on this San Diego sale, the seller was relieved of the sales tax liability which was shifted to petitioner (absent an exemption or exclusion available to him) due to petitioner’s issuance of an exemption certificate based upon the belief of petitioner and the seller that petitioner was not a resident of California (Rev. & Tax. Code § 6421(a); Reg. 1667(a)). Although we do not possess the exemption certificate, petitioner’s explanation supports a finding that he issued one. He had conceded issuing it, and that action followed his discussion with the Board on the subject

REDACTED TEXT
SP UT REDACTED TEXT

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May 25, 1993
222.0040

of that exemption. During that conversation, it was accepted as fact that petitioner was a non-resident of California based upon his representation. It is our conclusion that petitioner was a California resident as well as probably an Oregon resident on the date of his purchase. The available evidence fairly clearly shows his California residency. He conceded this by filing California resident income tax returns, rather than California non-resident returns. Any actual belief, then or now, of petitioner that he was not a California resident was his mistake. Consequently, petitioner is not exempt from California sales tax based upon Revenue and Taxation Code section 6366 and Regulation 1593(a)(3). There is no interstate commerce exemption applicable in this case because the sale and delivery to petitioner occurred in California with petitioner then functionally using the aircraft in California on his flight to Oregon. The transportation of this aircraft to Oregon would have been contractually required to occur, and have actually occurred, via the seller or a carrier in order for such an exemption to apply (rev. & tax. Code § 6396; and Reg. 1620(a)(3)). Revenue and Taxation Code section 6009.1 is not applicable since it only applies to use tax cases. There is no exemption or exclusion available to petitioner regarding any subsequent sale to REDACTED TEXT Corp. Petitioner did not issue a resale certificate. There was no resale to this corporation within a reasonable time after petitioner’s purchase. Petitioner owned the aircraft for several years as an investment, which is an intervening use. Furthermore, there was some intervening functional use other than retention, demonstration or display (See Reg. 1668). Recommendation Redetermine without adjustment.

_________
Stephen A. Ryan, Senior Staff Counsel

Date

5-25-93