PLR 9951038: Threatened condemnation gives power contract involuntary conversion treatment

Plain-English summary

An independent electricity producer ended its power purchase agreement after a public utility threatened to condemn its generating facility. The IRS treated the contract and facility as one economic unit and ruled that the contract termination was an involuntary conversion under § 1033. Any recognized gain or loss from the conversion would be handled under § 1231. The IRS also allowed deductions under § 162 for payments to end operating contracts, in the year paid, and under § 163 for financing prepayment penalties. The letter rests on the producer's representations about the condemnation threat and its contracts.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does ending the power contract after a threatened condemnation qualify as an involuntary conversion, and how are related termination payments treated?
• Outcome: Approved: five rulings cover involuntary conversion, gain or loss character, contract termination expenses, timing, and loan prepayment penalties.
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 1033, 1231, 162, 163, 461; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.1033-1(a), 1.461-4(g), 1.446-4.

Full text (IRS public release)

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Internal Revenue Service
Department of the Treasury
Index Number: 1033.02.00
Washington, DC 20224
Person to Contact:
Telephone Number:
Refer Reply To: CC:DOM:IT&A PLR-103091-98
Date: SEP 24 1999

Taxpayer:
Taxpayer’s EIN:
Taxpayer’s Address:

Legend:

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Dear

This responds to Taxpayer's request for a private letter ruling dated January 30, 1998. Specifically, Taxpayer has requested a ruling that the termination of Taxpayer's power purchase agreement (“PPA”) pursuant to the Agreement constitutes a “compulsory or involuntary conversion” of its PPA and its facility within the meaning of
§§ 1033 and 1231 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”). Taxpayer has also requested a ruling that the amount of any gain (or loss) required to be recognized by Taxpayer in connection with the conversion of its PPA and its facility is a § 1231 gain or
§ 1231 loss. Taxpayer also requests rulings that the amounts paid to terminate certain agreements relating to its facility are deductible under §§ 162 or 163 in the year paid.

CONCLUSIONS

(1) The termination of the PPA pursuant to the Agreement constitutes a “compulsory or involuntary conversion” of the PPA and the facility within the meaning of §§ 1033 and 1231.

(2) The amount of any gain (or loss) required to be recognized by Taxpayer in connection with the conversion of its PPA and its facility will be treated as a “§ 1231 gain” or “§ 1231 loss” in accordance with the provisions of § 1231.

(3) The amounts paid by Taxpayer to terminate certain agreements discussed below that were necessary for the operation of its facility are deductible under § 162.

(4) Taxpayer's termination payments that are deductible under § 162 are deductible in the taxable year in which the termination payments were paid.

(5) Taxpayer may deduct under § 163 in the year of payment amounts paid as penalties for prepayment of the financing agreements discussed below.

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FACTS

X is a regulated public utility furnishing electricity to various parts of State. Taxpayer is an independent power producer (“IPP”) that was organized in Year 2 for purposes of developing, financing, constructing, and operating a q megawatt natural gas fired cogeneration facility ("facility") at City in State. The facility was placed in service in May, Year 6 and is certified as a Qualifying Facility (“QF”) under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. § 824a, as amended ("PURPA"), and the implementing FERC regulations (18 C.F.R. § 292.207).

PURPA requires electric utilities to purchase electricity from, and enter into legally enforceable obligations with, QFs. In addition, State enacted parallel provisions to PURPA that obligated regulated public utilities, such as X, to enter into long-term contracts to purchase electricity from, and granted additional rights to, entities such as Taxpayer that qualified under the State Act as co-generation facilities or alternate energy production facilities.

The prices paid for electricity under these statutorily-mandated contracts were based upon projections of the costs that the regulated public utility otherwise would incur to meet its service requirements (“avoided costs’). These avoided costs were composed of (1) in all cases, variable costs associated with producing electricity, and (2) in some cases, fixed costs associated with developing and constructing a facility if the regulated public utility did not have the generation capacity to meet the demand for electricity.

In September, Year 1, X entered into a PPA with A (who subsequently assigned the PPA to Taxpayer) that was priced to reflect both the fixed and variable costs of producing electricity required to be purchased under the agreement. For the output of Taxpayer's facility, X was obligated to pay an amount determined by reference to the higher of (a) r¢ per kilowatt hour or (b) X's avoided costs as calculated at the time electricity is delivered. Taxpayer projected that the payments to be made to it under the PPA would cover both the fixed costs associated with the development, construction, maintenance, and operation of the facility, as well as certain other costs, such as fuel and fuel transportation costs and variable operation and maintenance costs associated with the production of electricity.

In January, Year 5, Taxpayer entered into an amended and restated PPA. As amended, the PPA has a term of 35 years, during which term, as of January, Year 11, X is required to take and pay for 100 percent of the electricity that Taxpayer's facility is capable of producing. Until January, Year 11, the facility is on standby availability and will not generate electricity except to meet technical requirements or if X elects to restart the facility. The PPA can be assigned to a third party by Taxpayer with X’s consent, which cannot be unreasonably delayed or conditioned.

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At the time that the PPA was executed, the price X was to pay for electricity was agreed to by Taxpayer and X and was believed to be a fair price based on X's projections of the costs it would otherwise have incurred over the term of the PPA. However, by mid-Year 3, X had projected that it had excess electric production capability and thus its new avoided costs rates (and accordingly the prices it was required to pay new projects for electricity) were substantially less than its Year 1 rates. Thus, the price paid by X pursuant to Taxpayer's PPA has for some time exceeded the State Public Service Commission's (“PSC”) current approved rates.

Initially, X was able to recover its costs for electricity produced by, and purchased from, Taxpayer and other IPPs under its State PSC-approved tariffs, which included a fuel adjustment clause. However, X's electricity rates are much higher than in other areas of the United States. Due to the disparity between actual market electricity prices and the price paid for electricity under Taxpayer's PPA and other PPAs, the State PSC and consumers pressured X to reduce its rates and move toward a competitive market. As early as March, Year 4, the State PSC began to investigate methods to create competitive opportunities for State electricity consumers, including X's customers, and requested that the utilities do the same. Pursuant to the State PSC's request, X commenced negotiations with Taxpayer and other IPPs to reduce its cost for electricity purchased under those PPAs. As of April, Year 5, X had renegotiated PPA agreements with 20 of 175 IPPs that had PPAs.

In an attempt to reduce its costs, X sought to have rules adopted by the State PSC which would permit X to curtail purchases of electricity from the IPPs. In April, Year 5, X petitioned the State PSC, suggesting that such rules were necessary and stating that the currently available settlement opportunities with the IPPs had been exhausted. Although the State PSC did not adopt a formal curtailment plan in Year 5, it continued its efforts to encourage regulated public utilities, including X, to develop a competitive electric market for State.

In response, in October, Year 6, X submitted a proposal entitled “Proposal” to the State PSC for reducing its electric rates to its customers. Stating that the differences with the IPPs had not been resolved, the Proposal set forth several alternative ways to restructure the PPAs, including the taking by eminent domain of the IPPs’ electricity generating facilities and the curtailment of X’s obligations to purchase electricity generated by the IPPs, emphasizing that it was essential! to the creation of a competitive market that PPAs with a significant number of the unregulated IPPs be restructured such that those generating units become independent suppliers competing in the wholesale spot market or become suppliers to customers directly.

In the Proposal, X stated that if negotiations with the IPPs failed to produce the necessary cost savings, it proposed to utilize its power of eminent domain to acquire the generating units owned by the IPPs with which it has PPAs and subsequently resell them at auction in order to increase competition in the wholesale power market. It also

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stated that it would soon initiate the process necessary to exercise its power of eminent domain by filing a petition with the State PSC."

Taxpayer believed that X would institute an eminent domain proceeding against the facility unless X was otherwise able to reduce its payments to a significant number of IPPs with which it had PPAs. After the Proposal was made public, X and certain of the IPPs entered into negotiations. X took no further action towards exercising its eminent domain powers because of progress with the negotiations with the IPPs. During these negotiations, X’s counsel stated to one of the IPPs that if the negotiations were not successful, X would have no way to restructure its markets and reduce its costs other than by commencing eminent domain proceedings.

In May, Year 6, the State PSC issued an order describing its goals and strategies for restructuring State's electric utility industry and stated that all possible efforts to reduce electric rates should be continued, including efforts to reduce utility commitments under IPPs contracts that include obligations for payments well above current wholesale prices. It further stated that if the parties were unwilling to restructure these contracts voluntarily, it would pursue policies to mitigate the impact of such contracts on rates. Subsequently, in July, Year 7, the State PSC stated publicly that the PPAs with the IPPs were a major hurdle to lowering electric rates in State and achieving a competitive electric market. Two weeks after this public statement, X made an offer to 44 IPPs to buy out their PPAs. Those IPPs retained an investment banking firm to evaluate X’s offer.

Active negotiations between X and the IPPs continued until December, Year 7, when the negotiations stalled. In December, Year 7, the administrative law judge considering X's request for curtailment of purchases from the IPPs recommended that State utilities be allowed to curtail purchases. Although Taxpayer's PPA prohibits X's curtailment of purchases, Taxpayer was still concerned that some action by X or government authorities could result in curtailment of electricity purchases to some degree. In March, Year 8, Taxpayer and other IPPs made a counterproposal to the X’s offer, which became the basis for further negotiations. In May, Year 8, the State PSC approved, but did not issue, a curtailment order, which allowed X to reduce the quantity of electricity that it was required to purchase from certain IPPs. The IPPs believed that the approval of the curtailment order was intended to place additional pressure on the negotiations with X. In July, Year 8, Taxpayer and the other IPPs signed the Agreement, which was subsequently amended four times. In June, Year 9, the transaction was consummated

1 The power of eminent domain was delegated to X pursuant to State Statute which provides that “[a]n electric corporation shall have the power and authority to acquire such real estate as may be necessary for its corporate purposes ... in the manner prescribed by the Eminent Domain Procedure Law.”

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in accordance with the terms of the amended Agreement. Pursuant to the amended Agreement, consideration in the aggregate of $ m cash and n shares of X common stock would be available for IPPs to elect from. Taxpayer received cash and stock in consideration for terminating its PPA. Taxpayer's PPA will be terminated, but it will have the right to maintain its status as a State QF, the right to wheel its output to third parties, and the right to have X act as an agent for sales of its electricity to the State electric power pool.

Taxpayer represents that X had threatened, during negotiations, to pursue eminent domain actions against the IPPs’ facilities, including Taxpayer's facility, if the restructuring negotiations were not successful. In November, Year 8, X informed the State PSC that it had not pursued the exercise of its power of eminent domain due to the progress in negotiations with the IPPs, but that it would take necessary measures, including exercise of its power of eminent domain, if the restructuring pursuant to the Agreement was not effected. Based on X's actions, Taxpayer states that it had a reasonable belief that a threat or imminence of condemnation existed against its facility.

Taxpayer further represents that if X had condemned its facility, the PPA would have been unenforceable and wholly worthless, and that it could not have sold electricity to X pursuant to the terms of the PPA. Taxpayer represents that the PPA was “site-specific” because that the PPA is limited to the purchase and sale of electricity produced and delivered by the facility referenced in the PPA. Thus, if Taxpayer's facility were taken by X pursuant to its eminent domain powers, Taxpayer could not sell electricity to X pursuant to the terms of the PPA, nor could it assign its PPA to a third party for value because the third party could not sell electricity to X pursuant to the terms of the PPA.

Taxpayer further represents that one of the requirements for QF status is that the facility must be owned by a person not primarily engaged in the generation or sale of electric power (other than electric power solely from cogeneration facilities or small power production facilities). Thus, once X (an electric utility) acquired the facility, the facility would lose its QF status, which is required by the PPA to be maintained. If the QF status is not maintained, X has the option of terminating the PPA, and it would have terminated the PPA. It is also represented that if X had acquired Taxpayer’s facility, it would have auctioned the facility and the new owner of the facility could not have sold power to X pursuant to the PPA, but would have to abide by new pricing protocols in the competitive market.

Taxpayer sold its assets, including the facility in December, Year 9 because the termination of its PPA severely restricted or eliminated the economic viability of operating the facility under then current market conditions.

Taxpayer has not treated the PPA as a separate and distinct asset on its books and records. Costs associated with acquiring the PPA, such as attorney's fees and

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other related costs, have been capitalized into a general asset category and amortized accordingly.

Taxpayer entered into a fuel supply and transportation management services agreement, dated as of March, Year 4 and expiring in December, Year 11 (with renewals), with B (the Fuel Management Agreement). Under the Fuel Management Agreement, B manages the fuel transportation and delivery contracts applicable to the facility. In Year 9, as a result of the restructuring, Taxpayer terminated the Fuel Management Agreement and made a cash termination payment to B. Taxpayer does not intend to enter into a new fuel management agreement with B or another party.

Taxpayer also entered into a fuel supply and transportation management services over agreement, dated as of August, Year 2 and expiring in August, Year 15, with B as successor, Y, Z, and certain other parties (the Fuel Management Over Agreement). Under this agreement, B manages the fuel transportation and delivery contracts applicable to the facility. In Year 9, as a result of the restructuring, Taxpayer terminated the Fuel Management Over Agreement as to itself and made a cash termination payment to B. Taxpayer does not intend to enter into a new fuel management over agreement with B or another party.

Taxpayer also entered into a firm service contract, dated April, Year 4 and expiring March, Year 14, with C (the Firm Service Contract). Under this contract, Taxpayer is obligated to pay for transporting gas through the transporter’s pipeline. In Year 9, as a result of the restructuring, Taxpayer terminated the Firm Service Contract as of November, Year 10, and made a cash termination payment to C. Taxpayer assigned all of its rights and liabilities under the Firm Service Contract to an assignee for no consideration for the period beginning August, Year 9 and ending October 31, Year 10. Taxpayer has not and will not make any other payment to any other party in connection with the termination of the Firm Service Contract. Taxpayer does not intend to enter into a new fuel transportation agreement with C or another party.

Taxpayer's facility is operated by D pursuant to an operation and maintenance agreement, dated April, Year 4 and expiring in March, Year 13, and ancillary agreements (collectively, the Operation and Maintenance Agreement). In Year 9, as a result of the restructuring, Taxpayer terminated the Operation and Maintenance Agreement and made a cash termination payment to E, as assignee of D. Taxpayer entered into a lay up services agreement with E, effective June, Year 9, for a term of three months with up to six month-to-month extensions, to provide for the protection, preservation, and maintenance of the facility pending its sale, as well as the operation and maintenance of the auxiliary boiler used to produce steam. Upon expiration of the lay up services agreement, Taxpayer does not intend to enter into a new operation and maintenance agreement with E or another party.

Taxpayer entered into a financing agreement dated May, Year 4, with Lender 1 as agent for certain lenders (the Lender 1 Financing Agreement) relating to the

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construction and operation of the facility. The Lender 1 Financing Agreement provides for a prepayment penalty. In Year 9 Taxpayer repaid the full principal amount of (and any accrued but unpaid interest on) the loan made under the Lender 1 Financing Agreement and the prepayment penalty. Taxpayer will not enter into a new financing agreement with Lender 1 or another lender with respect to the facility.

Taxpayer entered into a subordinated financing agreement dated May, Year 4, with Lender 2 (the Lender 2 Financing Agreement) relating to the construction and operation of the facility. The Lender 2 Financing Agreement provides for a prepayment penalty. In Year 9 Taxpayer repaid the full principal amount of (and any accrued but unpaid interest on) the loan made under the Lender 2 Financing Agreement and the prepayment penalty. Taxpayer will not enter into a new financing agreement with Lender 2 or another lender with respect to the facility.

Taxpayer entered into a subordinated financing agreement dated May, Year 4, with Lender 3 (the Lender 3 Financing Agreement and, collectively, the Financing Agreements) relating to the construction and operation of the facility. The Lender 3 Financing Agreement provides for a prepayment penalty. In Year 9, Taxpayer repaid the full principal amount of (and any accrued but unpaid interest on) the loan made under the Lender 3 Financing Agreement and the prepayment penalty. Taxpayer will not enter into a new financing agreement with Lender 3 or another lender with respect to the facility.

The prepayment penalties for the loans under the Financing Agreements are based on a percentage of the amount equal to the net present value of interest payments that would have accrued on the loans over the period commencing on the prepayment date and ending on the applicable repayment date.

Taxpayer entered into an interest rate and currency exchange agreement dated May, Year 4 and expiring in June, Year 12 with Lender 1 (the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement). Pursuant to the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement, Taxpayer entered into an interest rate swap with the counterparty. Taxpayer has identified the interest rate swap and the interest rate caps under the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement as a hedging transaction pursuant to the regulations under § 1221 of the Code. In Year 9 Taxpayer terminated the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement and paid breakage costs (the termination payment) to the counterparty.

LAW AND ANALYSIS
(1) Whether the termination of Taxpayer’s PPA pursuant to the Agreement

constitutes a “compulsory or involuntary conversion” of its PPA and its facility within the meaning of §§ 1033 and 1231.

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Section 1033(a)(2) provides in part that if property (as a result of its destruction in whole or in part, theft, seizure, or requisition or condemnation or threat or imminence thereof) is compulsorily or involuntarily converted into money, the gain (if any) shall be recognized except to the extent hereinafter provided in this paragraph.

Section 1033(a)(2)(A) provides that if a taxpayer during the period specified in § 1033(a)(2)(B), for the purpose of replacing the property so converted, purchases other property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, then at the taxpayer's election, the gain shall be recognized only to the extent that the amount realized upon such conversion (regardless of whether such amount is received in one or more taxable years) exceeds the cost of such other property.

Section 1.1033-1(a) of the Income Tax Regulations provides in part that an involuntary conversion may be the result of the destruction of property, in whole or in part, the theft of property, the seizure of property, the requisition or condemnation of property, or the threat or imminence of requisition or condemnation of property.

Rev. Rul. 63-221, 1963-2 C.B. 332, establishes the criteria necessary for the existence of a threat or imminence of condemnation based on the taxpayer's reasonable belief. Generally, the threat or imminence of condemnation exists when a property owner is informed, either orally or in writing, by a representative of a governmental body or public official authorized to acquire property for public use, that such body or official has decided to acquire the owner's property, and the owner has reasonable grounds to believe, from the information conveyed to him by such representative, that the necessary steps to condemn the property will be instituted if a voluntary sale is not arranged.

Rev. Rul. 74-8, 1974-1 C.B. 200, modifying Rev. Rul. 63-221, provides that a threat or imminence of condemnation may exist where the purchaser, a public utility, lacked actual condemnation authority prior to or at the time of the sale, but it generally could readily obtain the power to condemn by application to the appropriate state official authority in the event that a voluntary sale was not arranged, and there was no reason to believe that such power to condemn the land purchased would be denied.

Rev. Rul. 59-361, 1959-2 C.B. 183, recognized the economic unit theory of Masser v. Commissioner, 30 T.C. 741 (1958), acq. 1959-2 C.B. 5. The taxpayer in Masser owned a freight terminal and the parking lots across the street from the terminal that were necessary for its operation. The parking lots were condemned and the taxpayer being unable to secure adequate replacement lots in the same vicinity sold the freight terminal. The proceeds of the sale of the freight terminal, together with the proceeds from the condemnation of the parking lots, were reinvested in a similar terminal and parking facilities suitable for the taxpayer's business. The court allowed involuntary conversion treatment for the terminal proceeds and the parking lot proceeds on the theory that the two properties were used as an economic unit. Accordingly, the Service stated that where all the facts and circumstances show a substantial economic

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relationship between the condemned property and the other property sold by the taxpayer, so that together they constituted one economic property unit, such as existed in the Masser case, involuntary conversion treatment for the proceeds of the voluntary sale will be permitted.

Rev. Rul. 82-147, 1982-2 C.B. 190, held that the sale of the taxpayer's fishing resort due to an act of Congress declaring the area in which it is located a Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness constituted an involuntary conversion. The act prohibited the use of motorboats with motors of greater than 25 horsepower on the lake. The restriction on horsepower of motorboats effectively denied the taxpayer the former economic use of its resort. The act gave an affected resort owner the option to require the government to purchase the resort at its fair market value without regard to the restriction. The restriction together with the provision authorizing purchase effectively constituted a taking of the property upon payment of fair compensation.

The actions of the State PSC and X with regard to the establishment of a competitive electricity market for State provide notice to Taxpayer as well as a reasonable basis for Taxpayer to conclude that X would pursue its threat to condemn Taxpayer's facility if Taxpayer did not renegotiate its PPA. Further, it is clear that X had the authority under State Statute to commence eminent domain proceedings against Taxpayer's facility.

Taxpayer's representations regarding the relationship between its PPA and its facility establish that the property converted (the PPA) bears a “substantial economic relationship” to the threatened property (the facility) against which X has taken actions that constitute a threat or imminence of condemnation. Further, if X were to condemn the facility, this action would damage completely the value of the PPA to Taxpayer. Thus, although X’s threat of condemnation was made to Taxpayer's facility, because the facility and the PPA form an economic unit, the termination of Taxpayer's PPA pursuant to the Agreement constitutes an involuntary conversion made under a threat or imminence of condemnation by X of the PPA and the facility.

(2) Whether the amount of any gain (or loss) required to be recognized by Taxpayer in connection with the conversion of its PPA and its facility is a § 1231 gain or § 1231 loss.

Section 1231(a) prescribes in part the treatment of certain gains from involuntary conversions. Section 1231(a)(3)(A)(ii) provides that the term § 1231 gain means any recognized gain from the compulsory or involuntary conversion (as a result of destruction in whole or in part, theft or seizure, or an exercise of the power of requisition or condemnation or the threat or imminence thereof) into other property or money of (1) property used in a trade or business, or (2) any capital asset which is held for more than 1 year and is held in connection with a trade or business or a transaction entered into for profit. See also § 1231(a)(3)(B) (losses). Under § 1231(a), if § 1231 gains for the

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year exceed § 1231 losses, they are treated as long-term capital gains and losses; if § 1231 losses exceed § 1231 gains, they are treated as ordinary gains and losses.

The provisions in § 1231 that deal with involuntary conversions provide a statutory sale or exchange for such transactions, so that they may qualify for potential capital gain treatment, depending on the netting of gains and losses under § 1231. These provisions were added by Congress in part to supplement what is now § 1033, and are generally interpreted in a similar manner. See H. Rep. No. 2333, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., 1942-2 C.B. 372, 415; Conf. Rep. No. 2586, 77th Cong., 2d Sess. 1942-2 C.B. 701, 708-9. Cf. Rev. Rul. 271, 1953-2 C.B. 36 (treatment of severance damages under
§ 1231). Accordingly, any gain (or loss) recognized by Taxpayer in connection with the conversion of its PPA and its facility will be treated as a “§ 1231 gain" or “§ 1231 loss.”

(3) Whether Taxpayer may deduct under § 162 the amounts paid to terminate the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement.

Section 162 provides, in part, that taxpayers may deduct all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business. Further, § 1.162-1(a) provides, in part, that deductible business expenses include the ordinary and necessary expenditures directly connected with or pertaining to the taxpayer's trade or business.

Sections 263(a)(1) and (a)(2) provide that taxpayers may not deduct amounts paid for new buildings or for permanent improvements or betterments made to increase the value of any property or estate or any amount expended in restoring property or making good the exhaustion thereof for which an allowance is or has been made.

In certain instances, the courts have allowed taxpayers to currently deduct amounts paid by taxpayers to terminate burdensome and uneconomic contracts. See, e.g., Capitol Indemnity Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, 237 F.2d 901, 903 (7th Cir. 1956) (amounts incurred by taxpayer to free itself from an unprofitable agency contract were deductible); Montana Power Co. v. U.S., 171 F. Supp. 943 (Ct. Cl. 1959) (cash paid and the fair market value of stock surrendered to relieve the taxpayer of its obligation under supply contract was deductible business expense); Stuart Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo ¶ 50,171, aff'd, 195 F.2d 176 (9th Cir. 1952) (an amount allocable to the cancellation of an onerous supply contract was deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense); Olympia Harbor Lumber Co. v. Commissioner, 30 B.T.A. 114 (1934), aff'd, 79 F.2d 394 (9th Cir. 1935) (amount paid to terminate an unsatisfactory waste disposal contract was a currently deductible business expense).

In addition, both the courts and the Internal Revenue Service have maintained that amounts paid solely to reduce or eliminate future costs are also deductible. See.

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e.g., T.J. Enterprises, Inc. v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 581, 589 (1993) (amounts paid to majority shareholder to compensate her for refraining from causing an royalty rate increase were currently deductible); Rev. Rul. 95-32, 1995-1 C.B. 8 (expenditures incurred by a public utility for the implementation and operation of energy load management programs are currently deductible under § 162); Rev. Rul. 94-77, 1994-2 C.B. 19 (Supreme Court's decision in INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79 (1992), does not affect the treatment of severance payments, made by a taxpayer to its employees, as business expenses that are generally deductible).

Taxpayer paid the termination payments to terminate certain of its long-term contractual obligations with respect to operation of its facility, and therefore reduce its future costs. Accordingly, the amounts paid by Taxpayer to terminate the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement are deductible expenses under § 162.

(4) In which taxable year may Taxpayer deduct the termination payments for the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement.

Section 461(a) provides generally that the amount of any deduction shall be taken for the taxable year which is the proper year under the method of accounting used in computing taxable income.

Section 461(h) provides that in determining whether an amount has been incurred with respect to any item during any taxable year, the all events test shall not be treated as met any earlier than when economic performance with respect to such item occurs.

Section 461(h)(2)(D) provides generally that in the case of liabilities other than those described in §§ 461(h)(2)(A), (B), and (C) economic performance occurs at the time determined under the regulations prescribed by the Secretary. -

Section 1.461-1(a)(2) provides generally that under the accrual method of accounting, a liability is incurred and generally taken into account for federal income tax purposes, in the taxable year in which all the events have occurred that establish the fact of the liability, the amount of the liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy, and economic performance has occurred with respect to the liability.

Section 1.461-4(g)(1)(i) provides that in the case of liabilities described in

paragraphs (g)(2) through (7) of this section, economic performance occurs when, and to the extent that, payment is made to the person to which the liability is owed.

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Section 1.461-4(g)(1)(ii)(B) provides that payment to a particular person is accomplished if § 1.461-4(g)(1)(ii)(A) is satisfied and a cash basis taxpayer in the position of that person would be treated as having actually or constructively received the amount of the payment as gross income under the principles of § 451.

Section 1.461-4(g)(2) through (g)(6) set out specific liabilities for which payment is economic performance. In general, these liabilities include those arising under a workers compensation act or out of any tort, breach of contract, or violation of law, liabilities to pay rebates or refunds, liabilities to provide awards, prizes, or jackpots, liabilities arising out of the provision to the taxpayer of insurance, warranty or service contracts, and liabilities of a taxpayer to pay taxes.

Section 1.461-4(g)(7) provides that in the case of a taxpayer's liability for which economic performance rules are not provided elsewhere in this section or in any other regulation, revenue ruling or revenue procedure, economic performance occurs as the taxpayer makes payment in satisfaction of the liability to the person to whom the liability is owed.

Section 1.446-4 generally provides that a hedging transaction must be accounted for under that section. Section 1.446-4(b) provides that the method of accounting used by a taxpayer for a hedging transaction must clearly reflect income. To clearly reflect income, the method used must reasonably match the timing of income, deduction, gain or loss from the hedging transaction with the timing of income, deduction, gain, or loss from the item or items being hedged. Under certain circumstances, taking gains and losses from hedging transactions into account in the period in which they are realized may clearly reflect income. For example, if the hedge and the hedged item are disposed of in the same taxable year, taking realized gain or loss into account on both items in that taxable year may clearly reflect income.

Section 1.446-4(e)(5) states that the rules of § 1.446-3 govern the timing of income and deductions with respect to a notional principal contract unless the application of those rules would not satisfy the matching requirement of § 1.446-4(b).

Section 1.446-3(h)(1) defines a termination payment as a payment made or received to extinguish or assign all or a proportionate part of the remaining rights and obligations of any party under a notional principal contract. A termination payment includes a payment made between the original parties to the contract (an extinguishment). Except as otherwise provided (for example in § 1.446-4), a party to a notional principal contract recognizes a termination payment in the year the contract is extinguished, assigned, or exchanged. §1.446-3(h)(2).

On the date that the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, and Operation and Maintenance Agreement were terminated, Taxpayer's liability became fixed and the amount of each liability’ could be determined with reasonable accuracy under §1.461-1(a)(2). Further, Taxpayer's liability

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to compensate the other party to each of these terminated agreements constitutes a liability for which economic performance rules are not provided elsewhere in § 1.461-4 of the regulations, in any other regulation, revenue ruling, or revenue procedure. Thus, pursuant to § 1.461-4(g)(7), economic performance occurred when Taxpayer made the termination payment to the other party to each of these terminated agreements.

The timing of the termination payment with respect to the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement is determined under §§ 1.446-4 and 1.446-3. Because the Lender 1 Financing Agreement and the Interest Rate Hedge Agreement were terminated in the same taxable year, the termination payment should be taken into account in that year.
§ 1.446-4(b); 1.446-3(h)(2).

Based on the forgoing analysis, Taxpayer may deduct termination payments for the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement in the taxable year in which the termination payment was paid with respect to each agreement.

(5) Whether Taxpayer may deduct under § 163 in the year of payment the amounts paid as penalties for prepayment of the Financing Agreements.

Section 163(a) allows a deduction for all interest paid or accrued within the taxable year on indebtedness. For these purposes, the term “interest” is defined as amounts paid for the use or forbearance of money. Deputy v. DuPont, 308 U.S. 488, 498 (1940); Old Colony R.R. v. Commissioner, 284 U.S. 552 (1932).

Generally for a debtor, prepayment charges are deductible as interest because they are considered an additional amount paid for the use of money. Rev. Rul. 86-42, 1986-1 C.B. 82. This rule applies even to a payment that might otherwise be characterized as a repurchase premium. § 1.163-7(c); but see § 1271(a)(1) and Prudential Ins. Co. of America v. Commissioner, 882 F.2d 832 (3rd Cir. 1989) (amounts received by a creditor to retire debt are amounts received in exchange for the debt.)

In determining whether a payment represents interest or another form of compensation, the courts will consider the purpose of the charge as well as whether the charge has the “characteristics of interest,” for example, whether the charge is related to the amount borrowed. Lay v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 421, 438 (1977). Additionally, amounts paid for specific services, rather than the use or forbearance of money, are not deductible as interest. Reinhardt v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. 47, 51 (1980).

In this transaction, just as in Rev. Rul. 86-42, the prepayment penalties are additional fees for the cost of the use of money. In each case, the penalty is directly related to the amount borrowed under the financing agreement. The payment is not for any specific services, other than for the loan. For this reason, the prepayment penalties

are deductible as interest to Taxpayer.

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On the date that the Financing Agreements were terminated, Taxpayer's liability for the prepayment penalties became fixed and the amount of each penalty could be determined with reasonable accuracy under §1.461-1(a)(2).

Section 1.461-4(e) provides that in the case of interest, economic performance occurs as the interest cost economically accrues, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Code. Although the prepayment penalties are deductible as interest under § 163, since the imposition of the prepayment penalties is not related to the passage of time, these costs do not economically accrue in the manner described in 1.461-4(e). Therefore, under § 1.461-4(g)(7), economic performance occurred in the taxable year in which the prepayment penalty was paid with respect to each Financing Agreement. Accordingly, Taxpayer may deduct the prepayment penalties under § 163 in the taxable year in which the penalties were paid.

Based on Taxpayer's representations and the above analysis, we rule as follows:

(1) The termination of the PPA pursuant to the Agreement constitutes a “compulsory or involuntary conversion” of the PPA and the facility within the meaning of §§ 1033 and 1231.

(2) The amount of any gain (or loss) required to be recognized by Taxpayer in connection with the conversion of its PPA and its facility will be treated as a “§ 1231 gain" or “§ 1231 loss” in accordance with the provisions of § 1231.

(3) The amounts paid by Taxpayer to terminate the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement are deductible under § 162.

(4) Taxpayer's payments to terminate the Fuel Management Agreement, Fuel Management Over Agreement, Firm Service Contract, Operation and Maintenance Agreement, and Interest Rate Hedge Agreement are deductible in the taxable year in which the payments were paid.

(5) Taxpayer may deduct under § 163 in the year of payment the amounts paid as penalties for prepayment of the Financing Agreements.

Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied concerning the tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or referenced in this letter.

This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer(s) requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of the Code provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent. A copy of this letter must be attached to any income tax return to which it is relevant.

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In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this letter is being sent to your authorized representatives.

Sincerely,

Assistant Chief Counsel
(Income Tax & Accounting)

By:

Kelly E. Alton
Senior Technician Reviewer
Branch 5

CC: