Estate gets more time to opt out of automatic GST allocations

Plain-English summary

An estate asked for more time to elect out of the automatic allocation of generation-skipping transfer tax exemption for transfers to several grantor retained annuity trusts. The taxpayer's legal, accounting, and family-office advisers had not timely prepared the required gift tax returns or advised about the elections. The IRS found that the relief requirements were satisfied and granted 120 days to make the elections on amended Forms 709 for the specified years. The ruling identifies the required filing years and addresses only the requested election relief.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: May the estate make late elections to opt out of automatic GST exemption allocations?
• Outcome: Approved
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 2513, 2601, 2611, 2631, 2632, 2641, 2642, 6110; Treas. Reg. §§ 25.2513-1, 26.2632-1, 26.2642-7

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202633002 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 8/14/2026 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 2642.07-00
Person To Contact:
----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ID No. -----------------
--------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------- Telephone Number:
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Refer Reply To:
---------------------------- CC:PT&E:B04
PLR-109689-25
In Re: ------------------------------------- Date:
May 15, 2026

Legend

Taxpayer = ------------------------------------------------
Spouse = -----------------------------------------
Accounting Firm = ------------------------------------
Child 1 = -----------------
Child 2 = ---------------------------
Child 3 = ----------------
Law Firm 1 = -----------------------------
Law Firm 2 = ----------------------------
Year 1 = -------
Year 2 = -------
Year 3 = -------
Year 4 = -------
Year 5 = -------
Year 6 = -------
Year 7 = -------
Year 8 = -------
Year 9 = -------
Year 10 = -------
Year 11 = -------
Year 12 = -------
Trust A = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
Trust B = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
Trust C = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
Trust D = ---------------------------------------------------------------
PLR-109689-25 2

Trust E = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------
Trust 1.1 = -----------------------------------------------------------
Trust 1.2 = -----------------------------------------------------------
Trust 1.3 = -----------------------------------------------------------
Trust 6.1 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 6.2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 6.3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 6.4 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 6.5 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 6.6 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Trust 6.7 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Trust 6.8 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 7.1 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Trust 7.2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 7.3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 7.4 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 7.5 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 7.6 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Trust 9.1 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.2 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.3 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.4 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.5 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.6 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.7 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.8 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.9 = -------------------------------------------
Trust 9.10 = ---------------------------------------------
PLR-109689-25 3

Dear --------------:

  This letter responds to your authorized representative’s letter dated April 24,

2025, and subsequent correspondence, requesting an extension of time under
§ 2642(g) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and § 26.2642-7 of the
Generation-Skipping Transfer (GST) Tax Regulations to make an election under
§ 2632(c)(5) to have the automatic allocation generation-skipping transfer (GST)
exemption rules under § 2632(c)(1) not apply with respect to certain transfers to trusts.

    The facts and representations submitted are summarized as follows:

   In Year 1, a date before January 1, 2001, Taxpayer established and funded three

grantor retained annuity trusts (Year 1 GRATs): Trust 1.1, Trust 1.2, and Trust 1.3.
Under the terms of each trust, Taxpayer retained the right to receive annual payments
from each trust for a specified period of years. At the end of each trust’s term, any
remaining assets in that trust were required to be divided into equal shares for
Taxpayer’s children, and each child’s share was to be held in trust for the benefit of that
child and that child’s issue.

   Trust 1.1 terminated in Year 2, a date before January 1, 2001, and upon

termination, the assets of Trust 1.1 were divided into separate trusts established for
Taxpayer’s children: Trust A for the benefit of Child 1 and Child 1’s issue; Trust B for the
benefit of Child 2 and Child 2’s issue; and Trust C for the benefit of Child 3 and Child 3’s
issue. Trust A, Trust B, and Trust C have GST potential. Trust 1.2 terminated in
Year 3, and upon termination, the assets of Trust 1.2 were divided and transferred to
Trust A, Trust B, and Trust C. Trust 1.3 terminated in Year 4, and upon termination, the
assets of Trust 1.3 were divided and transferred to Trust A, Trust B, and Trust C. For
GST tax purposes, the estate tax inclusion period (ETIP) for Trust 1.2 closed in Year 3
and the ETIP for Trust 1.3 closed in Year 4.

    Taxpayer retained several legal and tax professionals to advise him with respect

to his estate and tax planning for the Year 1 GRATs. Taxpayer retained Law Firm 1 to
draft the Year 1 GRATs and to advise Taxpayer with respect to all tax matters related to
the Year 1 GRATs. Taxpayer retained Accounting Firm to prepare Taxpayer’s
Forms 709, United States Gift (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, for all
relevant years with respect to the Year 1 GRATs. However, neither Law Firm 1 nor
Accounting Firm advised Taxpayer about electing out of the automatic allocation of GST
exemption pursuant to § 2632(c)(5)(A)(i) with respect to any of the Year 1 GRATs. In
particular, with respect to the transfers made in Year 1, Taxpayer was not advised of the
rules for electing out of the automatic allocation of GST exemption on a Form 709
before the close of the ETIP with respect to Trust 1.2 in Year 3 and Trust 1.3 in Year 4.

   In Year 5, Taxpayer established an irrevocable trust, Trust D, for the primary

benefit of Spouse and the descendants of Taxpayer. Trust D has GST potential.
PLR-109689-25 4

   In Year 6, Taxpayer established and funded eight GRATs (Year 6 GRATs):

Trust 6.1, Trust 6.2, Trust 6.3, Trust 6.4, Trust 6.5, Trust 6.6, Trust 6.7, and Trust 6.8.
Under the terms of each trust, Taxpayer retained the right to receive annual payments
from each trust, until the end of each trust’s term in Year 8. At the end of each trust’s
term, any remaining assets in trust were required to be distributed to Trust D. Pursuant to
§ 26.2632-1(c)(2)(ii)(A), the Year 6 GRATs are not subject to an ETIP.

   Also in Year 6, Taxpayer established an irrevocable trust, Trust E, for the primary

benefit of Spouse and the great-grandchildren and further descendants of Taxpayer.
Trust E has GST potential.

   In Year 7, Taxpayer established and funded six GRATs (Year 7 GRATs):

Trust 7.1, Trust 7.2, Trust 7.3, Trust 7.4, Trust 7.5, and Trust 7.6. Under the terms of
each trust, Taxpayer retained the right to receive annual payments from each trust, until
the end of each trust’s term in Year 9. At the end of each trust’s term, any remaining
assets in that trust were required to be distributed to Trust E. Pursuant to
§ 26.2632-1(c)(2)(ii)(A), the Year 7 GRATs are not subject to an ETIP.

    In Year 9, Taxpayer established and funded ten GRATs (Year 9 GRATs):

Trust 9.1, Trust 9.2, Trust 9.3, Trust 9.4, Trust 9.5, Trust 9.6, Trust 9.7, Trust 9.8,
Trust 9.9, and Trust 9.10. Under the terms of each trust, Taxpayer retained the right to
receive annual payments from each trust, until the end of each trust’s term in Year 10.
At the end of each trust’s term, any remaining assets in that trust were required to be
distributed to Trust D. For GST tax purposes, the ETIP for the Year 9 GRATs closed in
Year 10.

   Taxpayer retained Law Firm 2 to draft Trust D, Trust E, and the Year 6, Year 7,

and Year 9 GRATs as well as to advise Taxpayer on all transfer tax matters with respect
to the GRATs, including advice with respect to the GST tax. Taxpayer’s family office
was responsible for coordinating all aspects of Taxpayer’s estate planning and working
closely with Law Firm 2 and Taxpayer’s accountants and other advisers to ensure the
proper preparation of the Forms 709 for Taxpayer’s timely filing with respect to the Year
6 GRATs, Year 7 GRATs, and Year 9 GRATs. Law Firm 2 and Taxpayer’s family office,
accountants and other advisors failed to prepare the Forms 709 for all relevant years
and failed to properly advise Taxpayer on issues related to the allocation of GST
exemption. Upon Taxpayer’s death in Year 11, Spouse’s new advisors discovered these
failures. Accordingly, in Year 12, Spouse, in her capacity as executor of Taxpayer’s
estate, filed all required Forms 709 on behalf of Taxpayer. Spouse consented under
§ 2513 to treat all of the gifts reported on the Forms 709 as having been made one-half
by Spouse and one-half by Taxpayer.

  Because Taxpayer’s advisors did not file timely Forms 709 electing out of the

automatic allocation of GST to the various transfers, Taxpayer’s estate now requests an
extension of time under § 2642(g) to elect out of the automatic allocation of GST
exemption under § 2632(c)(5)(A)(i) with respect to the Year 1 transfers made to
PLR-109689-25 5

Trust 1.2 and Trust 1.3, the Year 6 transfers made to the Year 6 GRATs, the Year 7
transfers made to the Year 7 GRATs, and the Year 9 transfers made to the Year 9
GRATs.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

    Section 2513(a)(1) provides, generally, that a gift made by one spouse to any

person other than the donor's spouse is considered for purposes of the gift tax as made
one-half by the donor and one-half by the donor's spouse, but only if at the time of the
gift each spouse is a citizen or resident of the United States.

    Section 25.2513-1(b)(4) of the Gift Tax Regulations provides that the consent is

effective only if both spouses signify their consent to treat all gifts made to third parties
during that calendar period by both spouses while married to each other as having been
made one-half by each spouse. Such consent, if signified with respect to any calendar
period, is effective with respect to all gifts made to third parties during such calendar
period except, in part, if one spouse transferred property in part to his or her spouse and
in part to third parties, the consent is effective with respect to the interest transferred to
third parties only insofar as such interest is ascertainable at the time of the gift and
severable from the interest transferred to his or her spouse.

   Section 2601 provides that a tax is imposed on every generation-skipping

transfer (GST). Section 2611(a) provides that the term "generation-skipping transfer"
means: (1) a taxable distribution; (2) a taxable termination; and (3) a direct skip.

   Section 2602 provides that the amount of GST tax is the taxable amount

multiplied by the applicable rate. Section 2641(a) defines the applicable rate as the
product of the maximum federal estate tax rate and the inclusion ratio with respect to
the transfer.

   Section 2631(a) provides that, for purposes of determining the inclusion ratio,

every individual shall be allowed a GST exemption amount which may be allocated by
such individual (or his executor) to any property with respect to which such individual is
the transferor. Section 2631(b) provides that any allocation under § 2631(a), once
made, shall be irrevocable.

    Section 2632(c)(1) provides that if any individual makes an indirect skip during

such individual's lifetime, any unused portion of such individual's GST exemption shall
be allocated to the property transferred to the extent necessary to make the inclusion
ratio for such property zero. If the amount of the indirect skip exceeds such unused
portion, the entire unused portion shall be allocated to the property transferred.

  Section 2632(c)(3)(A) provides that the term "indirect skip" means any transfer of

property (other than a direct skip) subject to the tax imposed by chapter 12 made to a
GST trust. Section 2632(c)(3)(B) provides, in relevant part, that the term "GST trust"
PLR-109689-25 6

means a trust that could have a GST with respect to the transferor unless an exception
listed in § 2632(c)(3)(B)(i)-(vi) applies.

  Section 2632(c)(4) provides that for purposes of § 2632(c), an indirect skip to

which § 2642(f) applies shall be deemed to have been made only at the close of the
ETIP. The fair market value of such transfer shall be the fair market value of the trust
property at the close of the ETIP.

    Section 2632(c)(5)(A)(i) provides, in relevant part, that an individual may elect to

have the automatic allocation rules of § 2632(c)(1) not apply to -- (I) an indirect skip, or
(II) any or all transfers made by such individual to a particular trust. Section
2632(c)(5)(B)(ii) provides, in relevant part, that the election under § 2632(c)(5)(A)(i)(II)
may be made on a timely-filed gift tax return for the calendar year for which the election
is to become effective.

    Section 26.2632-1(b)(2)(i) provides that in the case of an indirect skip made after

December 31, 2000, to which § 2642(f) (relating to transfers subject to the ETIP) does
not apply, the transferor's unused GST exemption is automatically allocated to the
property transferred (but not in excess of the fair market value of the property on the
date of the transfer). This automatic allocation is effective whether or not a Form 709 is
filed reporting the transfer and is effective as of the date of the transfer to which it
relates. An automatic allocation is irrevocable after the due date of the Form 709 for the
calendar year in which the transfer is made.

   Section 26.2632-1(b)(2)(ii) provides that, except as otherwise provided, the

transferor may prevent the automatic allocation of GST exemption with regard to an
indirect skip by making an election as provided in § 26.2632-1(b)(2)(iii).

    Section 26.2632-1(b)(2)(iii)(A) provides, in relevant part, that a transferor may

prevent the automatic allocation of GST exemption (elect out) with respect to any
transfer or transfers constituting an indirect skip made to a trust or to one or more
separate shares that are treated as separate trusts under § 26.2654-1(a)(1). A
transferor may elect out with respect to: (1) one or more prior-year transfers subject to
§ 2642(f) (regarding ETIPs) made by the transferor to a specified trust or trusts; (2) one
or more (or all) current-year transfers made by the transferor to a specified trust or
trusts; (3) one or more (or all) future transfers made by the transferor to a specified trust
or trusts; and (4) all future transfers made by the transferor to all trusts (whether or not
in existence at the time of the election out); or (5) any combination of (1) through (4).

   Section 26.2632-1(b)(2)(iii)(B) provides that to elect out, the transferor must

attach an election out statement to a Form 709 filed within the time period provided in
§ 26.2632-1(b)(2)(iii)(C). In general, the election out statement must identify the trust,
and specifically must provide that the transferor is electing out of the automatic
allocation of GST exemption with respect to the described transfer or transfers. Under
§ 26.2632-1(b)(2)(iii)(C), to elect out, the Form 709 with the attached election out
PLR-109689-25 7

statement must be filed on or before the due date for timely filing the Form 709 for the
calendar year in which: (1) for a transfer subject to § 2642(f), the ETIP closes; or (2) for
all other elections out, the first transfer to be covered by the election out was made.

   Section 26.2632-1(c)(1)(i) provides that a direct skip or an indirect skip that is

subject to an ETIP is deemed to have been made only at the close of the ETIP. The
transferor may prevent the automatic allocation of GST exemption to a direct skip or an
indirect skip by electing out of the automatic allocation rules at any time prior to the due
date of the Form 709 for the calendar year in which the close of the ETIP occurs
(whether or not any transfer was made in the calendar year for which the Form 709 was
filed, and whether or not a Form 709 otherwise would be required to be filed for that
year).

   Section 26.2632-1(c)(2)(i) provides, generally, that an ETIP is the period during

which, should death occur, the value of transferred property would be includible (other
than by reason of § 2035) in the gross estate of the transferor or the spouse of the
transferor.

   Section 26.2632-1(c)(2)(ii)(A) provides that for purposes of § 26.2632-1(c)(2), the

value of transferred property is not considered as being subject to inclusion in the gross
estate of the transferor or the spouse of the transferor if the possibility is so remote as to
be negligible. A possibility is so remote as to be negligible if it can be ascertained by
actuarial standards that there is less than a five percent probability that the property will
be included in the gross estate.

    Section 2642(b)(1)(A) provides that, except as provided in § 2642(f), if the

allocation of the GST exemption to any transfers of property is made on a gift tax return
filed on or before the date prescribed by § 6075(b) for such transfer or is deemed to be
made under § 2632(b)(1) or (c)(1), the value of such property for purposes of § 2642(a)
shall be its value as finally determined for purposes of chapter 12 (within the meaning of
§ 2001(f)(2)), or, in the case of an allocation deemed to have been made at the close of
an estate tax inclusion period, its value at the time of the close of the estate tax
inclusion period.

   Section 2642(g)(1)(A) provides, generally, that the Secretary shall by regulation

prescribe such circumstances and procedures under which extensions of time will be
granted to make an allocation of GST exemption described in § 2642(b)(1) or (2), and
an election under § 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5).

   Section 2642(g)(1)(B) provides that in determining whether to grant relief under

§ 2642(g)(1), the Secretary shall take into account all relevant circumstances, including
evidence of intent contained in the trust instrument or instrument of transfer and such
other factors as the Secretary deems relevant. For purposes of determining whether to
grant relief, the time for making the allocation (or election) shall be treated as if not
expressly prescribed by statute.
PLR-109689-25 8

    Section 26.2642-7 of the Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax Regulations sets

forth the procedures for requesting an extension of time to make an allocation of GST
exemption described in § 2642(b)(1) or (2), and an election under § 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5),
and the standards used to determine whether relief may be granted.

   Section 26.2642-7(d)(1) provides that requests for relief will be granted when and

to the extent that the transferor or the executor of the transferor’s estate provides
evidence establishing to the satisfaction of the Internal Revenue Service that the
transferor or the executor of the transferor’s estate acted reasonably and in good faith,
and that the grant of relief will not prejudice the interests of the government.

    Section 26.2642-7(d)(2) provides a nonexclusive list of factors that will be

considered in determining whether the transferor or the executor of the transferor’s
estate acted reasonably and in good faith for purposes of § 26.2642-7, including: (i) the
intent of the transferor to timely allocate GST exemption to a transfer or to timely make
an election under § 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5); (ii) intervening events beyond the control of the
transferor that caused the failure to allocate GST exemption to a transfer or to make an
election under § 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5); (iii) lack of awareness, despite the exercise of
reasonable diligence, by the transferor or the executor of the transferor’s estate, taking
into account the experience of the transferor or the executor of the transferor’s estate
and the complexity of the GST tax issue, as the cause of the failure to allocate GST
exemption to a transfer or to make an election under § 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5);
(iv) consistency by the transferor with regard to the allocation of the transferor’s GST
exemption to one or more trusts or skip persons; and (v) reasonable reliance by the
transferor or the executor of the transferor’s estate on the advice of a qualified tax
professional.

    Section 26.2642-7(d)(3) provides a nonexclusive list of factors that will be

considered to determine whether the interests of the government would be prejudiced
for purposes of § 26.2642-7, including: (i) an attempt to benefit from hindsight; (ii) the
timing of the request for relief, including any delay by the transferor or the executor of
the transferor’s estate in the filing of the request for relief that was intended to deprive
the Internal Revenue Service of a sufficient period of time in which to challenge any
element of the transfer that is the subject of the request for relief; (iii) the occurrence
and effect of an intervening taxable termination or taxable distribution between the time
for making a timely allocation of GST exemption or a timely election described in
§ 2632(b)(3) or (c)(5) and the time at which the request for relief was filed; and
(iv) certain circumstances involving the expiration of a period of limitations on the
assessment or collection of transfer taxes.

    Based upon all the relevant facts and circumstances, as submitted, including the

trust instruments of the trusts at issue, additional contemporaneous documentation, the
history of Taxpayer’s and Spouse’s inter vivos transfers, and the affidavits submitted by
Taxpayer’s advisors and Spouse, we conclude that the requirements of § 26.2642-7
have been satisfied. Accordingly, Taxpayer’s estate is granted an extension of time of
PLR-109689-25 9

120 days from the date of this letter to elect out of the automatic allocation rules under
§ 2632(c)(5)(A)(i).

   The elections should be made in the following manner. The election for

Taxpayer’s Year 1 transfer to Trust 1.2 should be made on an amended Form 709 for
Year 3 (the year in which the ETIP closed). The election for Taxpayer’s Year 1 transfer
to Trust 1.3 should be made on an amended Form 709 for Year 4 (the year in which the
ETIP closed). The election for Taxpayer’s Year 6 transfers to the Year 6 GRATs should
be made on an amended Form 709 for Year 6. The election for Taxpayer’s Year 7
transfers to the Year 7 GRATs should be made on an amended Form 709 for Year 7.
The election for Taxpayer’s Year 9 transfers to the Year 9 GRATs should be made on
an amended Form 709 for Year 10 (the year in which the ETIP closed).

    The amended Forms 709 should be filed with the Internal Revenue Service

Center at the following address: Internal Revenue Service Center, Attn: E&G,
Stop 824G, 7940 Kentucky Drive, Florence, KY 41042-2915. You should attach a copy
of this letter to the amended Forms 709.

     In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this

letter is being sent to your authorized representatives.

   Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied

concerning the tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or
referenced in this letter.

  The rulings contained in this letter are based upon information and

representations submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury
statement executed by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the
material submitted in support of the request for rulings, it is subject to verification on
examination.

  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3)

provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

                                       Sincerely,


                                       Melissa C. Liquerman
                                       ______________________________
                                       [Melissa C. Liquerman]
                                       Senior Counsel, Branch 4
                                       Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                       (Passthroughs, Trusts, and Estates)

PLR-109689-25 10

Enclosure:
Copy for § 6110 purposes

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