IRS rules a trust's non-pro-rata distribution plan to a private foundation is not self-dealing under the estate administration exception

Plain-English summary

A private foundation was in line to receive the residue of a deceased person's
revocable trust, which became irrevocable at death. The family members who serve
as the trust's trustees, the estate's personal representatives, and the
foundation's officers are all "disqualified persons" with respect to the
foundation, and the foundation had an interest in every trust asset. The trustees
proposed a non-pro-rata distribution plan: one child would take certain real
estate and investments (and contribute cash to cover an overfunded share), and the
foundation would be satisfied with publicly traded stock equal to the value of its
interest. Because everyone involved is a disqualified person and the distribution
is non-pro-rata, the plan would normally be indirect self-dealing barred by Section
4941. But the trustees had a power of sale, a court with jurisdiction approved the
plan, the distribution will occur before the estate terminates, the trust retains
at least the fair market value of the foundation's interest, and the foundation
receives assets at least as liquid as what it gives up. The trust's representative asked the IRS to confirm the plan is not self-dealing. The IRS ruled the plan
meets the estate administration exception in Treas. Reg. Section 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3),
so it is not a prohibited act of self-dealing. The IRS did not opine on the fair
market value of the stock.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does a non-pro-rata plan to distribute a trust's assets, satisfying a private foundation's interest with publicly traded stock, count as prohibited self-dealing under Section 4941?
• Outcome: Approved (favorable ruling). The plan qualifies for the estate administration exception, so it is not self-dealing.
• Key authorities: IRC § 4941(d); Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3); IRC § 4946; IRC § 4947

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service
Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202551022
Release Date: 12/19/2025
Index Number: 4941.00-00

Third Party Communication: None
Date of Communication: Not Applicable

Person To Contact:
------------------, ID No. -----------------
Telephone Number:

Refer Reply To:
CC:EEE:EOET:EO3
PLR-101098-25
Date:
July 24, 2025

Legend

Decedent = -------------------
A = --------------------
B = -------------------------
C = -----------------------
D = --------------------
Trust = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trust 2 = -------------------------------------------------------------
Trust 3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------
Estate = --------------------------------------------------------------
Foundation = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

State = ---------
Company = ----------------------------------------
Appraiser = -------------------------
Date 1 = ----------------------
Date 2 = --------------------------
Date 3 = -------------------
Date 4 = --------------------------
Date 5 = --------------------------
Amount 1 = -----------------
Amount 2 = ------------------
Amount 3 = ------------------
Amount 4 = ------------------
Dear ---------------:

This letter responds to a letter from Trust’s authorized representative seeking a ruling
that the transaction described below does not constitute a prohibited act of self-dealing
because it satisfies the requirements of Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3) (Estate
Administration Exception). The facts are represented as follows.

FACTS

Decedent was the settlor and initial trustee of Trust. Trust was revocable during
Decedent’s lifetime and became irrevocable when Decedent died on Date 1. Trust’s
assets available for distribution include cash and equivalents, alternative investments,
mortgage notes receivable, receivables from grantor retained annuity trusts, interests
related to federal tax matters, publicly traded stock (including shares of Company), real
estate investments, and personal property specifically bequeathed to family members of
Decedent.

A, B, and C are Decedent’s children.

Since Decedent’s death, A, B, and D have served as successor trustees (Trustees) of
Trust. The Trust instrument provides that Trustees have the power to either sell Trust’s
property or reallocate Trust’s assets to another beneficiary.

On Date 2, Decedent created Foundation under the laws of State. Decedent was
president of, and a substantial contributor to, Foundation. On Date 3, the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) issued a determination letter stating that Foundation is a
charitable organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code, and a private
foundation described in section 509(a) of the Code. Foundation has an interest or
expectancy in every Trust asset available for distribution. D is Foundation’s president.
A, B, and D are Foundation’s directors.

Estate is being administered in a probate court in State that has jurisdiction over Trust,
Estate, and Foundation (Probate Court). Pursuant to Decedent’s will, all assets of
Estate are included in Trust. A and D are the personal representatives of Estate
(Personal Representatives). Family members of Decedent hold more than 35 percent
of the beneficial interest in both Trust and Estate.

Before making any distributions to Trust’s beneficiaries, the Trust instrument requires
Trustees to satisfy all claims against Estate and pay any administration and settlement
expenses of Trust and Estate (Estate Payments).

Next, Trustees must distribute a series of specific cash payments (Specific Gifts).
Outstanding Specific Gifts are equal to Amount 1. Each beneficiary of unpaid Specific
Gifts is a “disqualified person” with respect to Foundation under Section 4946(a)(1)(D),
and therefore these Specific Gifts are included in the proposed plan of distribution of
Trust’s assets and will be paid once Taxpayers (defined infra) receive a favorable ruling
from the IRS.

After making Specific Gifts, Trustees must make distributions to A, B, and C (Family
Gifts). Family Gifts must include (1) all assets remaining in Trust which are not included
in Decedent’s gross estate for federal estate tax purposes, and; (2) a fractional share of
the remaining assets of Trust which are so included. Trustees have calculated that
Family Gifts total Amount 2, to be equally divided and distributed to Decedent’s children.
Following the death of Decedent, A and C executed separate qualified disclaimers from
their respective Family Gifts. Under the terms of Trust, A’s disclaimed amount will be
held by Trustees in Trust 2, and C’s disclaimed amount will be held by Trustees in Trust
3.

After Estate Payments, Specific Gifts, and Family Gifts are made, Trustees are directed
by Trust’s documents to distribute the balance of the Trust’s assets to Foundation.
Trustees must also ensure that adequate sums are reserved to pay any expenses of
Trust and Estate before Trust terminates. Trustees have calculated that the balance of
Trust they need to distribute to Foundation to satisfy its interest is Amount 3.

Trustees have broad powers to make divisions or distributions of Trust’s assets on a pro
rata or non-pro rata basis, in cash or in kind, and may allocate undivided interests in
property and dissimilar property (without regard to its tax basis) to different shares.

C managed and operated certain real estate assets and investments of Trust during
Decedent’s lifetime. C wishes to receive these assets in satisfaction of C’s interest in
Trust. However, this would cause C’s share of Family Gifts to be overfunded by
Amount 4.

Foundation has requested that Trustees use liquid assets to satisfy Foundation’s
interest in Trust so that Foundation can immediately use such assets in furtherance of
Foundation’s charitable grant-making activities.

Because of the foregoing, Trustees, Personal Representatives, and Foundation
(Taxpayers) have proposed the following plan of non-pro rata distribution of Trust’s
assets (Proposed Distribution Plan). First, under Proposed Distribution Plan, Trustees
make Estate Payments and Specific Gifts in accordance with the terms of Trust.
Second, C contributes Amount 4 in cash to Trust. Third, Trustees distribute Family
Gifts, distributing to C the certain assets C wished to receive in satisfaction of C’s
interest, and distributing the cash contributed by C as cash payments to A, B, Trust 2,
and Trust 3. Lastly, Trustees distribute publicly traded shares of Company with a fair
market value of Amount 3 to Foundation, satisfying Foundation’s interest in Trust.

On Date 4, Probate Court issued an order approving Proposed Distribution Plan (Court
Order). Both Proposed Distribution Plan and Court Order require Trustees to make the
divisions, distributions, and payments set forth in Proposed Distribution Plan as soon as
practicable upon receipt of a favorable ruling. Taxpayers represent that such divisions,
distributions, and payments will occur before Estate is considered terminated for federal
income tax purposes, and before Trust is subject to section 4947 of the Code.

Taxpayers received a qualified appraisal evaluating Proposed Distribution Plan, in the
form of an opinion letter from Appraiser dated Date 5. The opinion letter confirms that
Trust would retain an amount that equals or exceeds the fair market value of Trust
property that is owed to Foundation. The opinion letter also confirms that Foundation
would receive an interest or expectancy that is at least as liquid on the date of
distribution as the interest Foundation would give up. Proposed Distribution Plan
requires Trustees to adjust Proposed Distribution Plan as needed to ensure that these
requirements are met.

RULING REQUESTED

Taxpayers request a ruling that Proposed Distribution Plan does not constitute a
prohibited act of self-dealing by disqualified persons with respect to property in which
Foundation has an interest or expectancy within the meaning of section 4941(d) of the
Code because Proposed Distribution Plan qualifies for the Estate Administration
Exception described in Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3).

LAW

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code describes organizations organized and operated
exclusively for charitable and other specified exempt purposes.

Section 509(a) of the Code provides that the term “private foundation” means a
domestic or foreign organization described in section 501(c)(3) other than an
organization described in section 509(a)(1), (2), (3) or (4).

Section 4941(a)(1) of the Code imposes a tax on each act of self-dealing between a
disqualified person, as defined in section 4946(a)(1) of the Code, and a private
foundation, as well as an additional tax if a foundation manager participates in self-
dealing.

Section 4941(d)(1)(A) of the Code provides, in part, that the term “self-dealing” includes
any direct or indirect sale or exchange, or leasing, of property between a private
foundation and a disqualified person.

Section 4946(a)(1) of the Code provides that the term “disqualified person” means, in
part, with respect to a private foundation, a person who is:

(A) a substantial contributor to the foundation,

(B) a foundation manager (within the meaning of subsection (b)(1)),
(C) an owner of more than 20 percent of:

(i) the total combined voting power of a corporation,

(ii) the profits interest of a partnership, or

(iii) the beneficial interest of a trust or unincorporated enterprise, which is a substantial
contributor to the foundation

(D) a member of the family (as defined in section 4946(d) of the Code) of any individual
described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C), or

(E) a corporation of which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) own
more than 35 percent of the total combined voting power, or

(F) a partnership in which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) own
more than 35 percent of the profits interest, or

(G) a trust or estate in which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D)
hold more than 35 percent of the beneficial interest.

Section 4946(a)(2) of the Code provides that the term “substantial contributor” means a
person who is described in Section 507(d)(2) of the Code.

Section 507(d)(2) of the Code defines the term “substantial contributor” as any person
who contributed or bequeathed an aggregate amount of more than $5,000 to the private
foundation, if such amount is more than 2 percent of the total contributions and
bequests received by the foundation before the close of the taxable year of the
foundation in which the contribution or bequest is received by the foundation from such
person. In the case of a trust, the term “substantial contributor” also means the creator
of the trust. Subpart (b)(iv) of the same section also states that any person who is a
substantial contributor on any date shall remain a substantial contributor for all
subsequent periods.

Section 4946(b)(1) of the Code defines the term “foundation manager” as including an
officer, director, or trustee of a foundation or an individual having powers or
responsibilities similar to those of officers, directors, or trustees of the foundation.

Section 4946(d) of the Code provides that the term “members of family” with respect to
any person who is a disqualified person includes the individual’s spouse, ancestors,
children, grandchildren, great grandchildren, and the spouses of children, grandchildren,
and great grandchildren.

Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(a) provides that, for purposes of section 4941 of the Code,
the term “self-dealing” means any direct or indirect transaction described in Treas. Reg.
§ 53.4941(d)-2. For purposes of this section, it is immaterial whether the transaction
results in a benefit or a detriment to the private foundation.

Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3) provides, in part, that the term “indirect self-dealing”
shall not include a transaction with respect to a private foundation’s interest or
expectancy in property (whether or not encumbered) held by a revocable trust, including
a trust which has become irrevocable on a grantor’s death, regardless of when title to
the property vests under local law, if:

(i) The trustee of the revocable trust either:

(a) Possesses a power of sale with respect to the property,

(b) Has the power to reallocate the property to another beneficiary, or

(c) Is required to sell the property under the terms of any option subject to which the
property was acquired by the revocable trust;

(ii) Such transaction is approved by a court having jurisdiction over the trust or over the
private foundation;

(iii) Such transaction occurs, before the estate is considered terminated for Federal
income tax purposes pursuant to paragraph (a) of section 1.641(b)-3 of this chapter (or
in the case of a revocable trust, before it is considered subject to section 4947);

(iv) The trust receives an amount which equals or exceeds the fair market value of the
foundation’s interest or expectancy in such property at the time of the transaction, taking
into account the terms of any option subject to which the property was acquired by the
trust; and

(v) With respect to transactions occurring after April 16, 1973, the transaction either:

(a) Results in the foundation receiving an interest or expectancy at least as liquid as the
one it gave up,

(b) Results in the foundation receiving an asset related to the active carrying out of its
exempt purposes, or

(c) Is required under the terms of any option, which is binding on the trust.

Section 4947(a)(2) of the Code provides, generally, that a nonexempt split-interest trust
will be subject to certain provisions of Chapter 42 of the Code, including section 4941 of
the Code, if the trust was created after May 26, 1969. A split interest trust is one in
which not all of the expired interests are devoted to one or more of the purposes
described in section 170(c)(2)(B) and which had amounts in trust for which a deduction
was allowed under section 170, 545(b)(2), 556(b)(2), 642(c), 2055, 2106(a)(2) or 2522.

Treas. Reg. § 53.4947-1(c)(6)(iii) provides that a revocable trust that becomes
irrevocable upon the death of the decedent-grantor under the terms of the governing
instrument of which the trustee is required to hold some or all of the net assets in trust
after becoming irrevocable for both charitable and non-charitable beneficiaries is not
considered a split interest trust under Section 4947(a)(2) of the Code for a reasonable
period of settlement after becoming irrevocable, except that Section 4941 of the Code
may apply if the requirements of Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3) are not met. After that
period, the trust is considered a split-interest trust under Section 4947(a)(2) of the Code.

Treas. Reg. 1.641(b)-3(a) provides, in part, that the period of administration or
settlement of an estate is the period actually required by the administrator or executor to
perform the ordinary duties of administration. If the administration of an estate is
unreasonably prolonged, the estate is considered terminated for Federal income tax
purposes after the expiration of a reasonable period for the performance by the
executor of all the duties of administration. Further, an estate is considered terminated
when all the assets have been distributed except for a reasonable amount which is set
aside in good faith for the payment of unascertained or contingent liabilities and
expenses.

Rev. Proc. 2025-3, section 3.01(85) provides that rulings will not be issued as to
whether the period of administration or settlement of a trust is reasonable or unduly
prolonged.

Section 170(f)(11)(E)(i) of the Code provides that the term “qualified appraisal” means,
with respect to any property, an appraisal of such property which: (1) is treated for
purposes of this paragraph as a qualified appraisal under regulations or other guidance
prescribed by the Secretary, and (2) is conducted by a qualified appraiser in accordance
with generally accepted appraisal standards and any regulations or other guidance
prescribed under subclause (1).

Section 170(f)(11)(E)(ii) of the Code provides that the term “qualified appraiser” means
an individual who: (1) has earned an appraisal designation from a recognized
professional appraiser organization or has otherwise met minimum education and
experience requirements set forth in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, (2)
regularly performs appraisals for which the individual receives compensation, and (3)
meets such other requirements as may be prescribed by the Secretary in regulations or
other guidance.

ANALYSIS

During Decedent’s lifetime, Decedent was Foundation’s founder and manager and a
substantial contributor to Foundation. Therefore, Decedent was a disqualified person
under sections 4946(a)(1)(A) and 4946(a)(1)(B) of the Code.

A is a director of Foundation, a Trustee, a personal representative of Estate, and a
family member of Decedent. Therefore, A is a disqualified person under sections
4946(a)(1)(B), 4946(a)(1)(G), and 4946(a)(1)(D) of the Code.

B is a director of Foundation, a Trustee, and a family member of Decedent. Therefore,
B is a disqualified person under sections 4946(a)(1)(B), 4946(a)(1)(G), and
4946(a)(1)(D) of the Code.

C is a family member of Decedent. Therefore, C is a disqualified person under section
4946(a)(1)(D) of the Code.

D is Foundation’s president, a Trustee, and a personal representative of Estate.
Therefore, D is a disqualified person under sections 4946(a)(1)(B) and 4946(a)(1)(G) of
the Code.

Each beneficiary of outstanding Specific Gifts is a family member of Decedent and is,
therefore, a disqualified person under section 4946(a)(1)(D) of the Code.

Because family members of Decedent hold more than 35 percent of the beneficial
interest in both Trust and Estate, both Trust and Estate are disqualified persons under
section 4946(a)(1)(G).

Foundation has an interest or expectancy in every Trust asset available for distribution,
and everyone involved in Proposed Distribution Plan is a disqualified person under
section 4946(a) of the Code. Therefore, because Proposed Distribution Plan involves a
non-pro rata distribution of Trust’s assets, Proposed Distribution Plan would generally
be considered indirect self-dealing under section 4941 of the Code unless an exception
applies.

However, Treas. Reg. § 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3) provides that the term “indirect self-dealing”
shall not include a transaction with respect to a private foundation’s interest or
expectancy in property (whether or not encumbered) held by a trust that has become
irrevocable on a grantor’s death, regardless of when title to the property vests under
local law, if certain requirements are satisfied. Taxpayers make the following
representations.

First, the Trust instrument provides that Trustees have broad powers to make divisions
or distributions of Trust assets on a pro rata or non-pro rata basis, in cash or in kind,
and may allocate undivided interests in property and dissimilar property (without regard
to its tax basis) to different shares.

Second, Probate Court approved Proposed Distribution Plan by issuing Court Order on
Date 4.

Third, both Proposed Distribution Plan and Court Order require that Trustees make the
divisions, distributions, and payments set forth in Proposed Distribution Plan as soon as
practicable upon receipt of a favorable ruling. Taxpayers represent that such divisions,
distributions, and payments will occur before Estate is considered terminated for federal
income tax purposes under Treas. Reg. § 1.641(b)-3(a), and before Trust is subject to
section 4947 of the Code pursuant to Treas. Reg. § 53.4947-1(c)(6)(iii).

Fourth, Trustees have calculated that the balance of Trust they need to distribute to
Foundation to satisfy its interest is Amount 3. Trustees are satisfying Foundation’s
interest in Trust with Amount 3 of publicly traded shares of Company. The opinion letter
from Appraiser states that Trust will retain an amount which equals or exceeds the fair
market value of the Trust property that will be distributed to Foundation under Proposed
Distribution Plan. The opinion letter also states that the amount retained by Trust would
equal or exceed the fair market value of Foundation’s interest or expectancy in the Trust
property that would otherwise be available for distribution to Foundation under the terms
of the Trust. Additionally, the terms of Proposed Distribution Plan require Trustees to
make any adjustments to Proposed Distribution Plan that are necessary to ensure that
this requirement is met.

Fifth, Foundation currently has an interest or expectancy in every Trust asset available
for distribution, which includes alternative investments, mortgage notes receivable, and
real estate investments. Pursuant to Proposed Distribution Plan, Foundation only would
receive publicly traded shares of Company. The opinion letter Taxpayers received from
Appraiser states that Proposed Distribution Plan results in Foundation receiving an
interest or expectancy that is at least as liquid as it gives up. Additionally, the terms of
Proposed Distribution Plan require Trustees to make any adjustments to Proposed
Distribution Plan that are necessary to ensure that this requirement is met.

RULING

Based on the information and representations submitted on behalf of Taxpayers, we
conclude that Proposed Distribution Plan does not constitute a prohibited act of self-
dealing by disqualified persons with respect to property in which Foundation has an
interest or expectancy within the meaning of section 4941(d) of the Code because
Proposed Distribution Plan qualifies for the Estate Administration Exception described in
Treas. Reg. Section 53.4941(d)-1(b)(3).

The ruling contained in this letter is based upon information and representations
submitted by Taxpayers and accompanied by a penalty of perjury statement executed
by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the material submitted
in support of the request for a ruling, it is subject to verification on examination.

Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied concerning the
tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or referenced in
this letter.
This ruling does not address the fair market value of Company’s shares or whether any
amount paid for Company’s shares constitutes fair market value.

This ruling is directed only to Taxpayers. Section 6110(k)(3) of the Code provides that it
may not be used or cited as precedent.

In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this letter is
being sent to Taxpayers’ authorized representatives.

A copy of this letter must be attached to any federal return to which it is relevant.
Alternatively, taxpayers filing their returns electronically may satisfy this requirement by
attaching a statement to their return that provides the date and control number of the
letter ruling.

                                   Sincerely,

                                   Don R. Spellmann
                                   Senior Counsel
                                   Exempt Organizations Branch 3
                                   (Employee Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and
                                   Employment Taxes)