Early trust termination avoided transfer taxes but triggered capital gain

Plain-English summary

A pre-September 25, 1985 irrevocable trust paid a fixed annuity to a grandchild and would ultimately pass to the grandchild’s descendants. The adult and minor beneficiaries, represented as necessary, obtained court approval to terminate the trust and divide its property according to the actuarial value of each interest. The IRS ruled that, if those values are accurate, the termination neither shifts an interest to a lower generation nor extends vesting, so the grandfathered trust and distributions remain exempt from generation-skipping transfer tax. Because each beneficiary receives equivalent value, no taxable gift occurs. For income tax, however, the transaction is treated as the life tenant and successor remaindermen selling their interests to the current remaindermen. The life tenant’s entire proceeds and the successor remaindermen’s gains are long-term capital gains; the current remaindermen recognize gain or loss on property exchanged for those interests.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: What GST, gift, and income tax consequences follow from the court-approved actuarial termination of the grandfathered trust?
• Outcome: No GST or gift tax; the exchanges produce the specified long-term capital gain and gain-or-loss consequences
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 1001, 1015, 1221–1223, 2501, 2511, 2512, 2601; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.1001-1, 26.2601-1; Rev. Rul. 72-243

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202509010 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 2/28/2025 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 2601.00-00, 2501.00-00,
1001.00-00 Person To Contact:
---------------, ID No. -----------------
------------------------------------------------------------ Telephone Number:
------------------ --------------------
---------------------------------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
---------------------------------------- CC:PSI:04
--------------------------------------- PLR-111084-24
------------------------- Date:
------------------------------ December 04, 2024

RE: -------------------------------------------------------

Legend

Date 1 = ------------------
Date 2 = ------------------
Date 3 = -------------------
Settlor = -------------------------
Trust = -----------------------------------------------------------------------

x = --------
Agreement = ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Grandchild = ------------------------------------------------------------------------

A = --------------------------------------------
B = -------------------------- -----------------
C = ---------------------------------------------
D = -------------------------------- -----------------
E = ---------------------------------------------
F = ---------------------------------------------
Corporate Trustee = ----------------------------------------------------
Special Representative = ---------------------
Valuation Company = ----------------------------------------
State = ----------------
Statute 1 = ------------------------------------------------------------
PLR-111084-24 2

Statute 2 = -------------------------------------------------------------------
Statute 3 = ------------------------------------------------------------
Statute 4 = -----------------------------------------------------------
Court = ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear --------------------:

This letter responds to your personal representative’s letter of June 6, 2024, and
subsequent correspondence, in which rulings are requested on the income, gift and
generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax consequences of a court-approved termination
of Trust.

The facts and representations submitted are as follows:

On Date 1, a date prior to September 25, 1985, Settlor created an irrevocable trust,
Trust, for the benefit of Grandchild. Under the terms of Trust, the co-trustees are
required to pay to Grandchild an annual annuity of $x. No other distributions are
permitted during Grandchild’s lifetime. Upon Grandchild’s death, the $x annuity shall be
divided and paid per stirpes to Grandchild’s lineal issue. Grandchild has two living adult
children, A and B (Current Remaindermen) and four living minor grandchildren, C, D, E,
and F (Successor Remaindermen). None of Grandchild’s lineal issue has a
predeceased child with living issue. Trust shall terminate upon the last to die of ten
individuals, including Grandchild. Upon termination of Trust, all trust property is
required to be distributed per stirpes to the lineal issue of Grandchild, outright and free
of Trust. The Current Remaindermen and the Corporate Trustee are currently serving
as co-trustees of Trust.

Statute 1 provides, in relevant part, that if all parties agree to a resolution of a matter
[defined under Statute 2], then the agreement shall be evidenced by a written
agreement signed by all parties. Subject to the provisions of Statute 3, the written
agreement shall be binding and conclusive on all persons interested in the estate, trust,
nonprobate asset, other property passing at death, or custodial property. Statute 2
defines “matter” to include the determination of any question arising in the
administration of an estate or trust.

Statute 3 provides, in relevant part, that within thirty days of execution of the agreement
by all parties, the special representative may note a hearing for presentation of the
written agreement to a court of competent jurisdiction. At such hearing the court shall
review the agreement on behalf of the parties represented by the special representative.
The court shall determine whether or not the interests of the represented parties have
been adequately represented and protected, and an order declaring the court’s
determination shall be entered. If the court determines that such interests have not
PLR-111084-24 3

been adequately represented and protected, the agreement shall be declared of no
effect.

Statute 4 provides, in relevant part, that any party, or a party’s legal representative, may
file the written agreement or a memorandum summarizing the written agreement with
the court having jurisdiction over the estate or trust. On filing the agreement or
memorandum, the agreement will be deemed approved by the court and is equivalent to
a final court order binding on all persons interested in the estate, trust, nonprobate
asset, other property passing at death, or custodial property.

On Date 2, Grandchild, the Current Remaindermen, the Corporate Trustee, and a
special representative (Special Representative) appointed by Court representing the
minor and unborn Trust beneficiaries, entered into Agreement under Statute 1,
providing for the termination of Trust, contingent upon receiving a favorable letter ruling
from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Under Section 6 of Agreement, Trust shall
terminate 60 days after a favorable private letter ruling from the IRS is issued and Trust
property will be distributed to the beneficiaries in accordance with the actuarial value of
each beneficiary’s interest in Trust (Proposed Distribution), as to be determined by
Valuation Company. Agreement further provides that co-trustees may make non-pro
rata distributions of Trust property to satisfy the Proposed Distribution. On Date 3,
pursuant to Statute 3, Court discharged the Special Representative and approved
Agreement.

It is represented that Trust was irrevocable prior to September 25, 1985, and that no
additions, actual or constructive, have been made to Trust.

The co-trustees request the following rulings:

1. The termination of Trust and the Proposed Distribution will not cause Trust, or any
   distributions from Trust, to become subject to GST tax under § 2601.

2. The termination of Trust and the Proposed Distribution will not cause Trust, or any of
   the beneficiaries of Trust to be treated as having made taxable gifts under § 2501.

3. The termination of Trust and the Proposed Distribution are treated as a sale of
   Grandchild’s and the Successor Remaindermen’s interests in Trust to the Current
   Remaindermen. This will cause Grandchild and the Successor Remaindermen to
   recognize long-term capital gain on the Proposed Distribution they receive. To the
   extent the Current Remaindermen exchange property, including property deemed
   received from Trust, for Grandchild’s and the Successor Remaindermen’s interests in
   Trust, the Current Remaindermen will recognize capital gain or loss on the property
   exchanged. For purposes of calculating such gain or loss, the amount realized by the
   Current Remaindermen will be equal to the fair market value of the property transferred
   to Grandchild and the Successor Remaindermen as the Proposed Distribution.
   PLR-111084-24 4

Ruling 1

Section 2601 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes a tax on every GST, which is
defined under § 2611 as a taxable distribution, a taxable termination, and a direct skip.

Under § 1433(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (Act) and § 26.2601-1(a) of the
Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax Regulations, the GST tax is generally applicable to
generation-skipping transfers made after October 22, 1986. However, under
§ 1433(b)(2)(A) of the Act and § 26.2601-1(b)(1)(i) of the regulations, the tax does not
apply to a transfer under a trust that was irrevocable on September 25, 1985, but only to
the extent that such transfer is not made out of corpus added to the trust after
September 25, 1985 (or out of income attributable to corpus so added).

Section 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i) provides rules for determining when a modification, judicial
construction, settlement agreement, or trustee action with respect to a trust that is
exempt from the GST tax will not cause the trust to lose its exempt status. In general,
unless specifically provided otherwise, the rules contained in this paragraph are
applicable only for purposes of determining whether an exempt trust retains its exempt
status for GST tax purposes. Thus (unless specifically noted), the rules do not apply in
determining, for example, whether the transaction results in a gift subject to gift tax, or
may cause the trust to be included in the gross estate of a beneficiary, or may result in
the realization of gain for purposes of § 1001.

Section 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i)(D) provides that a modification of the governing instrument of
an exempt trust (including a trustee distribution, settlement, or construction that does
not satisfy § 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i)(A), (B), or (C)) by judicial reformation, or nonjudicial
reformation that is valid under applicable state law, will not cause an exempt trust to be
subject to the provisions of chapter 13, if the modification does not shift a beneficial
interest in the trust to any beneficiary who occupies a lower generation (as defined in
§ 2651) than the person or persons who held the beneficial interest prior to the
modification, and the modification does not extend the time for vesting of any beneficial
interest in the trust beyond the period provided for in the original trust. A modification of
an exempt trust will result in a shift in beneficial interest to a lower generation
beneficiary if the modification can result in either an increase in the amount of a GST or
the creation of a new GST.

In the present case, Trust was irrevocable on September 25, 1985. It is represented
that no additions, actual or constructive, have been made to Trust after that date.

Based on the facts submitted and the representations made, we conclude that the
termination of Trust and the Proposed Distribution will neither cause a beneficial interest
to be shifted to a beneficiary who occupies a generation lower than the beneficiaries
who held the interests prior to the termination, nor extend the time for vesting of any
beneficial interest in Trust beyond the period provided for in the original Trust, as long
as the actuarial values of the trust accurately represent the actuarial value of each
PLR-111084-24 5

beneficiary’s interest. Accordingly, we rule that the court-approved termination of Trust
and the Proposed Distribution will not cause Trust, or any distributions from Trust, to
become subject to GST tax under § 2601.

Ruling 2

Section 2501 imposes a tax for each calendar year on the transfer of property by gift
during such calendar year by any individual, resident or nonresident.

Section 2511 provides that, subject to certain limitations, the gift tax applies whether the
transfer is in trust or otherwise, direct or indirect, and whether the property transferred is
real or personal, tangible or intangible.

Section 2512(a) provides that if the gift is made in property, the value thereof at the date
of the gift is considered the amount of the gift.

Section 2512(b) provides that where property is transferred for less than an adequate
and full consideration in money or money’s worth, then the amount by which the value
of the property exceeded the value of the consideration is deemed a gift that is included
in computing the amount of gifts made during the calendar year.

In the present case, the beneficial interests, rights, and expectancies of the
beneficiaries will be substantially the same, both before and after the termination and
the Proposed Distribution, as long as the actuarial values of the trust accurately
represent the actuarial value of each beneficiary’s interest. Thus, assuming the
actuarial values accurately represent each beneficiary’s interest, we conclude that no
transfer of property will be deemed to occur as a result of the termination and the
Proposed Distribution. Accordingly, based on the facts submitted and the
representations made, we conclude that the termination of Trust and the Proposed
Distribution will not cause Trust, or any of the beneficiaries of Trust to be treated as
having made taxable gifts under § 2501.

Ruling 3

Section 61(a)(3) provides that gross income includes gains derived from dealings in
property, and under § 61(a)(14), income from an interest in an estate or trust.

Section 1001(a) provides that the gain from the sale or other disposition of property
shall be the excess of the amount realized therefrom over the adjusted basis provided in
§ 1011 for determining gain, and the loss shall be the excess of the adjusted basis
provided in § 1011 for determining loss over the amount realized.

Section 1001(b) states that the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of
property shall be the sum of any money received plus the fair market value of the
property (other than money) received. Under § 1001(c), except as otherwise provided
PLR-111084-24 6

in subtitle A, the entire amount of gain or loss, determined under § 1001, on the sale or
exchange of property shall be recognized.

Section 1001(e)(1) provides that in determining gain or loss from the sale or disposition
of a term interest in property, that portion of the adjusted basis of the interest which is
determined pursuant to § 1015 (to the extent that the adjusted basis is a portion of the
entire adjusted basis of the property) shall be disregarded. Under § 1001(e)(2), the
term “term interest in property” includes an income interest in a trust but does not
include a remainder interest. Section 1001(e)(3) provides that § 1001(e)(1) does not
apply to a sale or other disposition which is a part of a transaction in which the entire
interest in property is transferred to any person or persons. See § 1.1001-1(f) of the
Income Tax Regulations.

Section 1.1001-1(a) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that the gain or loss
realized from the conversion of property into cash, or from the exchange of property for
other property differing materially either in kind or in extent, is treated as income or loss
sustained.

Section 1015(b) provides that if property is acquired by a transfer in trust (other than by
a transfer in trust by a gift, bequest, or devise), the basis shall be the same as it would
be in the hands of the grantor increased in the amount of gain or decreased in the
amount of loss recognized to the grantor on the transfer.

Section 1.1015-2(a)(2) provides that the principles stated in § 1.1015-1(b) apply in
determining the basis of property where more than one person acquires an interest in
property by transfer in trust.

Section 1.1015-1(b) provides that property acquired by gift has a uniform basis, and that
the proportionate parts of that basis represented by the interests of the life tenant and
remainder interest holder are determined under rules provided in § 1.1014-5.

Section 1222(3) provides that the term “long-term capital gain” means gain from the
sale or exchange of a capital asset held for more than one year.

Section 1221(a) defines the term “capital asset” as property held by the taxpayer with
certain listed exceptions not applicable here.

Section 1223(2) provides that in determining the period for which a taxpayer has held
property however acquired there shall be included the period for which the property was
held by any other person, if the property has the same basis in the taxpayer’s hands as
it would have in the hands of that other person.

Rev. Rul. 72-243, 1972-1 C.B. 233, provides that the proceeds received by the life
tenant of a trust, in consideration for the transfer of the life tenant’s entire interest in the
trust to the holder of the remainder interest, are treated as an amount realized from the
PLR-111084-24 7

sale or exchange of a capital asset under § 1222. The right to income for life from a
trust estate is a right in the estate itself. See McAllister v. Commissioner, 157 F.2d 235
(2d Cir. 1946), cert. denied, 330 U.S. 826 (1947).

Although the proposed transaction takes the form of a distribution of Trust’s property in
accordance with the actuarial value of the respective interests of Grandchild, the
Current Remaindermen, and the Successor Remaindermen, in substance it is a sale of
Grandchild’s and the Successor Remaindermen’s interests to the Current
Remaindermen, and an exchange by the Current Remaindermen of their interests with
the other beneficiaries. Frank Lyon Co. v. U.S., 435 U.S. 561, 582 (1978) (substance
and economic realities of sale-lease transaction supported taxpayer’s deductions for
depreciation, interest and related expenses). Accordingly, the amounts received by
Grandchild as a result of the termination of Trust are amounts received from the sale or
exchange of a capital asset to the Current Remaindermen. Rev. Rul. 72-243. Because
Grandchild’s basis in the income interest of Trust is a portion of the entire basis of the
property under § 1015(b), and because the disposition of her term interest is not part of
a transaction in which the entire interest in Trust is transferred to a third party, her
adjusted basis in her interest in Trust is disregarded under § 1001(e). Grandchild’s
holding period in the life interest in Trust exceeds one year. Accordingly, based on the
facts submitted and the representations made, the entire amount realized by Grandchild
as a result of the early termination of Trust will be long-term capital gain under
§ 1222(3).

Similarly, the amounts received as the Proposed Distribution by the Successor
Remaindermen as a result of the termination of Trust are amounts received from the
sale or exchange of a capital asset to the Current Remaindermen. Cf. Helvering v.
Gambrill, 313 U.S. 11, 15 (1941), 1941-1 C.B. 364 (The phrase “property held by the
taxpayer” under a prior law holding period rule relating to capital gains and losses
includes not only full ownership, but also any interest owned whether vested,
contingent, or conditional). The amounts realized will be the fair market value of the
Proposed Distribution received by the Successor Remaindermen. Their holding periods
in their interests in Trust also exceed one year. Accordingly, under § 1222(3), the gain
determined under § 1001(a) for the Successor Remaindermen as a result of the early
termination of Trust will be long-term capital gain.

In addition, to the extent that the Current Remaindermen exchange property, including
property deemed received from Trust, for the interests of Grandchild and the Successor
Remaindermen, the Current Remaindermen will recognize gain or loss on the property
exchanged. § 1.1001-1(a). Accordingly, based on the facts submitted and the
representations made, for purposes of determining gain or loss in connection with the
Proposed Distribution, the amount realized by the Current Remaindermen on the
exchange of property for Trust interests held by Grandchild and the Successor
Remaindermen will be equal to the fair market value of the Proposed Distribution made
to Grandchild and to the Successor Remaindermen. See § 1.1001-1(a).
PLR-111084-24 8

Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied concerning the
tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or referenced in
this letter.

The rulings contained in this letter are based upon information and representations
submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury statement executed
by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the material submitted
in support of the request for rulings, it is subject to verification on examination.

This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of the Code
provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this letter is
being sent to your authorized representative.

                                   Sincerely,

                                       Melissa C. Liquerman

                                   Melissa C. Liquerman
                                   Senior Counsel, Branch 4
                                   Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                   (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

Enclosure:
Copy for § 6110 purposes

cc: