Estate gets more time to split a marital trust and make a reverse QTIP election for GST purposes

Plain-English summary

When a person dies leaving property in a marital trust for a surviving spouse, the estate can elect QTIP treatment so the property qualifies for the estate-tax marital deduction. For the generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax, the estate can also make a "reverse QTIP election," which keeps the deceased person as the transferor so the deceased's GST exemption can shield the trust from GST tax on later passage to grandchildren. To apply GST exemption to only part of the marital trust, the trust usually has to be split into a GST-exempt trust and a GST non-exempt trust by the estate-tax return deadline. Here the estate's attorneys reported on the estate tax return as if the marital trust had already been divided and a reverse QTIP election made for the exempt portion, but they never advised the executor that the trust document itself did not authorize a split, so a court order was needed. The required severance was never done in time, so the two trusts were not recognized as separate for GST purposes. After the mistake was found, the trustee got a state court order dividing the trust, then asked the IRS for relief under section 301.9100-3. The IRS granted a 120-day extension to retroactively sever the marital trust into GST-exempt and non-exempt trusts and to make the reverse QTIP election, reported on a supplemental Form 706. The IRS found the executor reasonably relied on tax professionals who failed to advise the needed step. This is a fix for a missed trust-severance and GST election caused by attorney oversight.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Should the estate get an extension of time under § 301.9100-3 to retroactively sever the marital trust into GST-exempt and non-exempt trusts and make a reverse QTIP election under § 2652(a)(3)?
• Outcome: Approved (120-day extension, reported on a supplemental Form 706 with the court severance order)
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 2056(b)(7), 2652(a)(3); Treas. Reg. §§ 26.2652-2, 26.2654-1(b), 301.9100-3; Rev. Proc. 2004-47

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202507008 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 2/14/2025 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 2632.00-00, 2652.00-00,
2654.00-00, 9100.00-00 Person To Contact:
---------------, ID No. -----------------
---------------------------------------- Telephone Number:
------------------------------------------- --------------------
-------------------------- Refer Reply To:
----------------------------------------------- CC:PSI:04
---------------------------------- PLR-109688-24
------------------------------ Date:
November 19, 2024

      RE: ----------------------------------------------

Legend

Decedent = --------------------------------------------
Spouse = ------------------------------------------------
Trust = ----------------------------------------------------

Trust Company = --------------------------------
State = -------------
Attorney 1 = ---------------------
Attorney 2 = -----------------
Date 1 = ----------------------
Date 2 = -----------------
Date 3 = -------------------
Date 4 = -------------------
x = ---------------
y = ------------------
Statute = ---------------------------------------------------

Dear -------------:

This letter responds to your authorized representative's letter dated May 8, 2024, and
subsequent correspondence, requesting an extension of time under § 301.9100-3 of the
Procedure and Administration Regulations to sever a trust into an exempt and non-
exempt trust for generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax purposes under § 26.2654-1(b)
of the Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax Regulations and to make a reverse qualified
terminable interest property (QTIP) election under § 2652(a)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code (Code) with respect to the exempt trust.

The facts and representations submitted are summarized as follows:

Decedent died on Date 1 (a date after December 31, 2001), survived by Spouse and
Decedent's three adult children. Decedent's revocable trust, Trust, creates a marital
trust for the benefit of Spouse during her lifetime.

Section 3.E. of Trust provides that upon the death of Decedent, if Spouse survives the
Decedent, a pecuniary amount shall be set aside equal to the largest remaining amount
(if any) that can pass free of federal estate tax by reason of the applicable credit amount
under § 2010. This pecuniary amount shall be distributed to Decedent's descendants,
by right of representation.

Section 3.F. provides that upon Decedent's death, if Spouse survives Decedent, the
residue of the trust estate shall be held in trust (a marital trust known as the Residual
Trust) for the benefit of Spouse during her life. The Trustee shall pay or expend for
Spouse all of the net income from Residual Trust in quarterly or more frequent
installments until Spouse's death. Any accrued or undistributed income at the death of
Spouse shall be distributed to her estate. In addition, the Trustee shall pay or expend
for Spouse so much or all of the principal of Residual Trust as the Trustee deems
advisable for her health, maintenance or support, taking into account all other resources
available to her. If any assets which comprise Residual Trust shall be non-income
producing, then Spouse shall have the right to require the Trustee to convert such
assets to income producing assets. The Trustee may elect to claim the federal estate
tax "marital deduction" under § 2056(b)(7) with respect to the property that passes to
the trust for the benefit of Spouse. Section 3.F.6. provides that upon the death of
Spouse, the residue of Residual Trust shall be held in further trust for the benefit of
Decedent's descendants by right of representation, subject to the provisions of
Section 4.

Residual Trust is governed under the laws of State. The Trustee of Residual Trust is
Trust Company.

Residual Trust does not direct or grant the trustees discretionary authority to sever
Residual Trust. It is represented that Decedent had $x of Decedent's GST exemption
amount available for allocation on Date 1.

After Decedent's death, Attorney 1 and Attorney 2 were retained in connection with the
preparation of Decedent's estate tax return (Form 706, United States Estate (and
Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return). The executor timely filed Decedent's estate
tax return on Date 2. On Schedule M, the executor made a QTIP election for the
Residual Trust describing this property as the GST Exempt Residual Trust with respect
to the amount of $x and the Non-GST Exempt Residual Trust with respect to the
amount of $y. Schedule R indicated that an allocation of the Decedent's available GST
tax exemption in the amount of $x was made to the GST Exempt Residual Trust and, as
well, indicated that a reverse QTIP election was made with respect to this property.

However, neither Attorney 1 nor Attorney 2 advised the executor that, because Trust did
not grant the trustees of the Residual Trust the authority to sever, it was necessary to
petition Court to direct severance of the Residual Trust into a GST exempt and a GST
non-exempt trust in order to make an effective allocation of Decedent's remaining GST
exemption amount to the GST Exempt Residual Trust and an effective reverse QTIP
election with respect to the GST Exempt Residual Trust.

After Decedent's estate tax return was filed, it was discovered that the Residual Trust
had not been severed and the requirements of § 26.2654-1(b) had not been satisfied,
so that the GST Exempt Residual Trust and the Non-GST Exempt Residual Trust were
not recognized as separate trusts for GST tax purposes.

State Statute provides that on petition by a trustee or beneficiary, the court, for good
cause shown, may divide a trust into two or more separate trusts, if the court
determines that dividing the trust will not defeat or substantially impair the
accomplishment of the trust purposes or the interests of the beneficiaries.

On Date 3, the Trustee of Residual Trust petitioned Court for an order of division of the
marital trust pursuant to State Statute into a GST exempt trust and a GST non-exempt
trust. On Date 4, State Court issued an order for the division of the marital trust into two
trusts described as the GST Residual Trust (a GST exempt marital trust) and the Non-
GST Exempt Residual Trust (a GST non-exempt trust) with the terms of each resulting
trust to be identical to the Residual Trust.

Ruling Requested

Trustee requests an extension of time under § 301.9100-3 to retroactively sever
Residual Trust into the GST Exempt Residual Trust and Non-GST Exempt Residual
Trust under § 26.2654-1(b)(1) and to make a retroactive reverse QTIP election under
§ 2652(a)(3) with respect to the GST Exempt Residual Trust.

Law and Analysis

Section 2001(a) imposes a tax on the transfer of the taxable estate of every decedent
who is a citizen or resident of the United States.

Section 2056(a) provides that, for purposes of the tax imposed by § 2001, the value of
the taxable estate is to be determined by deducting from the value of the gross estate
an amount equal to the value of any interest in property that passes or has passed from
the decedent to the surviving spouse.

Section 2056(b)(1) provides the general rule that no deduction shall be allowed for an
interest passing to the surviving spouse if, on the lapse of time, on the occurrence of an
event or contingency, or on the failure of an event or contingency to occur, the interest
will terminate or fail and (A) an interest in such property passes or has passed (for less
than an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth) from the decedent
to any person other than the surviving spouse (or the estate of such spouse); and (B) if
by reason of such passing such person (or his heirs or assigns) may possess or enjoy
any part of such property after such termination or failure of the interest so passing to
the surviving spouse.

Section 2056(b)(7)(A) provides that, in the case of qualified terminable interest property,
the entire property shall be treated as passing to the surviving spouse for purposes of
§ 2056(a), and no part of the property shall be treated as passing to any person other
than the surviving spouse for purposes of § 2056(b)(1).

Section 2056(b)(7)(B)(i) defines QTIP as property: (1) which passes from the decedent;
(2) in which the surviving spouse has a qualifying income interest for life; and (3) to
which an election under § 2056(b)(7)(B)(v) applies.

Section 2056(b)(7)(B)(v) provides that an election under § 2056(b)(7) with respect to
any property shall be made by the executor on the return of tax imposed by § 2001.
The election, once made, is irrevocable.

Under § 2044(a), any property in which the decedent possessed a qualifying income
interest for life and for which a deduction was allowed under § 2056(b)(7) is includable
in the decedent's gross estate.

Section 2601 imposes a tax on every generation-skipping transfer.

Section 2602 provides that the amount of tax is the taxable amount multiplied by the
applicable rate. Section 2641(a) defines "applicable rate" as the product of the
maximum federal estate tax rate and the inclusion ratio with respect to the transfer.

Section 2642(a) provides the method for determining the inclusion ratio.

Section 2631(a) provides that, for purposes of determining the inclusion ratio, every
individual shall be allowed a GST exemption of $1,000,000 (adjusted for inflation under
§ 2631(c)) that may be allocated by such individual (or by his or her executor) to any
property with respect to which such individual is the transferor. Section 2631(b) provides
that once an allocation of GST exemption is made, it is irrevocable.

Under § 2632(a), the allocation of the GST exemption may be made at any time on or
before the date prescribed for filing the individual's estate tax return (including
extensions).

Section 2632(e)(1) provides that, in general, any portion of an individual's GST
exemption which has not been allocated within the time prescribed by § 2632(a) shall
be deemed to be allocated as follows - (A) first, to property which is the subject of a
direct skip occurring at the individual's death, and (B) second, to trusts with respect to
which the individual is the transferor and from which a taxable distribution or a taxable
termination might occur at or after the individual's death.

Section 2632-1(d)(2) provides that a decedent's unused GST exemption is
automatically allocated on the due date for filing Form 706 to the extent not otherwise
allocated by the decedent's executor on or before that date. The regulation also
supplies the method for the automatic allocation of any unused GST exemption. First,
the exemption is allocated pro rata to direct skips on the basis of their values for estate
tax purposes. The balance is then allocated pro rata, on the basis of estate tax values,
to trusts with respect to which a taxable termination may occur or from which a taxable
distribution may be made. No automatic allocation is made to a trust that will have a
new transferor with respect to the entire trust prior to the occurrence of any GST with
respect to the trust. The automatic allocation is irrevocable.

Section 2652(a)(3) provides that in the case of any trust with respect to which a
deduction is allowed to the decedent's estate under § 2056(b)(7), the estate of the
decedent may elect to treat all of the property in the trust, for purposes of the GST tax,
as if the election to be treated as QTIP had not been made. This election is referred to
as the reverse QTIP election. The consequence of a reverse QTIP election is that the
decedent remains, for GST tax purposes, the transferor of the QTIP trust for which the
election is made. As a result, the decedent's GST exemption may be allocated to the
QTIP trust.

Section 26.2652-2(a) provides that if an election is made to treat property as QTIP
under § 2056(b)(7), the person making the election may, for purposes of chapter 13,
elect to treat the property as if the QTIP election had not been made (reverse QTIP
election). An election under this section is not effective unless it is made with respect to
all of the property in the trust to which the QTIP election applies.

Section 26.2652-2(b) provides that the reverse QTIP election is to be made on the
return on which the QTIP election is made.

Section 26.2654-1(b)(1)(ii) provides that the severance of a trust that is included in the
transferor's gross estate (or created under the transferor's will) into two or more trusts is
recognized for purposes of chapter 13 if the governing instrument does not require or
otherwise direct severance but the trust is severed pursuant to discretionary authority
granted either under the governing instrument or under local law; and

(A) The terms of the new trusts provide in the aggregate for the same succession of
interests and beneficiaries as are provided in the original trust;
(B) The severance occurs (or a reformation proceeding, if required, is commenced)
prior to the date prescribed for filing the federal estate tax return (including extensions
actually granted) for the estate of the transferor; and

(C) Either-

(1) The new trusts are severed on a fractional basis. If severed on a fractional basis, the
separate trusts need not be funded with a pro rata portion of each asset held by the
undivided trust. The trusts may be funded on a non pro rata basis provided funding is
based on either the fair market value of the assets on the date of funding or in a manner
that fairly reflects the net appreciation or depreciation in the value of the assets
measured from the valuation date to the date of funding; or

(2) If the severance is required (by the terms of the governing instrument) to be made
on the basis of a pecuniary amount, the pecuniary payment is satisfied in a manner that
would meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section if it were paid to an
individual.

Section 301.9100-1(c) provides that the Commissioner has discretion to grant a
reasonable extension of time under the rules set forth in §§ 301.9100-2 and 301.9100-3
to make a regulatory election, or a statutory election (but no more than 6 months except
in the case of a taxpayer who is abroad), under all subtitles of the Code except subtitles
E, G, H, and I.

Sections 301.9100-1 through 301.9100-3 provide the standards the Commissioner will
use to determine whether to grant an extension of time to make a regulatory election.

Requests for relief under § 301.9100-3 will be granted when the taxpayer provides the
evidence to establish to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that the taxpayer acted
reasonably and in good faith, and the grant of relief will not prejudice the interests of the
Government.

Section 301.9100-3(b)(1)(v) provides that a taxpayer is deemed to have acted
reasonably and in good faith if the taxpayer reasonably relied on a qualified tax
professional, including a tax professional employed by the taxpayer, and the tax
professional failed to make, or advise the taxpayer to make, the election.

Rev. Proc. 2004-47, 2004-2 C.B. 169, provides an alternative method for certain
taxpayers to obtain an extension of time to make a reverse QTIP election under
§ 2652(a)(3). Under § 3.02, relief to make a reverse QTIP election under Rev. Proc.
2004-47 does not include or grant permission to make a late severance of a trust
included in the gross estate. Under § 3.03, Rev. Proc. 2004-47 informs taxpayers who
are outside the scope of the revenue procedure that relief under § 301.9100-3 may be
requested by requesting a letter ruling.

Based on the facts submitted and the representations made, we conclude that the
requirements of § 301.9100-3 are satisfied. Therefore, Decedent's estate is granted an
extension of time of 120 days from the date of this letter to sever the marital trust into a
GST exempt trust and a GST non-exempt trust in a manner consistent with the
requirements of § 26.2654-1(b)(1)(ii). The severance should be reported on a
supplemental Form 706 for the estate of Decedent. The supplemental Form 706 should
be filed with the Internal Revenue Service Center, Stop 824G, 7940 Kentucky Drive,
Florence, KY 41042-2915. A copy of the State court order severing the marital trust and
a copy of this letter should be attached to the return.

Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied concerning the
tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or referenced in
this letter.

This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of the Code
provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this letter is
being sent to your authorized representative.

The rulings contained in this letter are based upon information and representations
submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury statement executed
by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the material submitted
in support of the request for rulings, it is subject to verification on examination.

                                      Sincerely,

                                      Associate Chief Counsel
                                      Passthroughs & Special Industries

                                         Leslie H. Finlow
                                By:
                                      Leslie H. Finlow
                                      Senior Technician Reviewer, Branch 4
                                      Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                      (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

Enclosure:
Copy for § 6110 purposes

cc: