Nuclear decommissioning funds remain qualified after plant sale

Plain-English summary

A utility seller planned to transfer three nuclear plant units, their qualified decommissioning funds, and the related decommissioning liabilities to an S corporation buyer. The parties represented that the buyer would acquire qualifying interests in the units and continue maintaining each fund solely for decommissioning. The IRS ruled that the transfers would not disqualify the funds, trigger gain or loss under Section 468A, or change the funds' bases in their assets. The seller's amount realized would include each assumed decommissioning liability to the extent it exceeded the fair market value of the related qualified fund. Because the liabilities were fixed, reasonably determinable, and included in the amount realized, the seller could treat economic performance as occurring under Treasury Regulation Section 1.461-4(d)(5).

Ruling snapshot

• Question: What tax consequences follow when three nuclear plant units, their qualified decommissioning funds, and their decommissioning liabilities are transferred to a buyer?
• Outcome: Approved: all seven requested rulings were granted.
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 461, 468A, and 1001; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.461-4, 1.468A-1, 1.468A-5, and 1.468A-6

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202117013 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 4/30/2021 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 468A.06-03
Person To Contact:
--------------------- ---------------, ID No. ------------
-------------------------- Telephone Number:
------------------------- --------------------
-------------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
CC:PSI:B06
In Re: Request for Rulings Under Sections PLR-115995-20
461 and 468A of the Internal Revenue Code Date:
January 15, 2021

LEGEND:

Seller = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Purchaser = ---------------------------------------------------
Company A = ----------------------------------------------------
Company B = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
Company C = ------------------------
Company D = --------------------------------------------
Company E = --------------------------------
Company F = ----------------------------------
Company G = --------------------------------------------------
Company H = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Company I = --------------------------------
Company J = ------------------------
Country A = ----------
State A = -------------
Plant = ------------------------------------
Location = ------------------------------------------------------------------
Method = --------------
Commission A = -------------------------------------------
Commission B = ----------------------------------------------------
Date A = ---------------------
Date B = ------------------
Date C = -------------------
Date D = ------------------
Date E = ------------------
PLR-115995-20 2

Date F = -------------------
Date G = ------------------
Date H = ----------------
a = -------
Year A = -------
Year B = -------
Directors = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear ----------------:

FACTS

This letter responds to your joint request, dated July 16, 2020, for Rulings under
sections 461 and 468A of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and § 1.468A-6(f)(2) of the
Income Tax Regulations regarding the transfer of qualified nuclear decommissioning
reserve funds.

Purchaser represents the facts and information relating to their request for rulings as the
following:

Company A, a State A corporation, is the common parent of an affiliated group of
corporations filing a consolidated federal income tax return on a calendar-year basis
using the accrual method of accounting. Company A is in the business of owning and
running regulated electric utilities and merchant power generations businesses. Seller
is a limited liability company formed under State A law and is taxed as a corporation.
Seller is indirectly and wholly owned by Company A but is not a member of Company
A’s consolidated group. Seller files its separate tax return on a calendar year basis
using the accrual method of accounting. For income tax purposes, Seller owns Unit 1,
Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant (The Plant Units). All units for Plant are subject to the
jurisdiction of Commission A and Commission B.

Purchaser, an S corporation, files its federal income tax return on a calendar year basis
using the accrual method of accounting. Purchaser is a diversified energy technology
company, that is in the business of nuclear decommissioning and nuclear fuel
management technologies. Company B is a wholly owned State A limited liability
company whose sole member, Company C, is a subchapter S subsidiary of Purchaser.
Company C is a disregarded entity of Company B.

Plant is located at Location. Unit 1 permanently ceased operation on Date A. All
nuclear fuel was removed from the reactor in Year A. Unit 1 has since been maintained
in Method as allowed by Commission A. Unit 2 is operated by Company D, an indirect
wholly owned subsidiary of Company A. Unit 2 permanently ceased operations on Date
B, and the unit will be defueled before Date C. Unit 3 of Plant is also operated by
PLR-115995-20 3

Company B. Unit 3 is expected to permanently cease operations on Date D and will be
defueled before Date E.

Seller maintains master nuclear decommissioning trusts (NDTs) that are dedicated to
the decommissioning of all three units of Plant. These trusts are named Trusts. The
agreement with the Trustee regarding the purpose and operation of each NDT
authorizes the deposit and holding of assets in two sub-trusts that are trusts under state
law: one that meets the requirement for a nuclear decommissioning reserve fund
withing the meaning of section 468A (Qualified Fund); and one that does not met those
requirements (Non-qualified Fund).

Company A has routinely prepared or commissioned studies for each of its nuclear
facilities. Each study comprehensively estimates the cost of all activities necessary for
Company A to discharge its decommissioning obligation. Beginning in Year B,
Company A contracted Company J, a private engineering firm, to prepare the
decommissioning cost studies for its nuclear plants. The cost estimating process
developed by Company J has since become a well-recognized standard and has been
widely used by governmental agencies and the nuclear industry. Company J has
prepared decommissioning studies for all of Company A’s plants and typically reviews
and updates the studies every three to five years.

Company J’s estimates have been accepted by the Commission A, which is charged
with ensuring that sufficient funds are available for decommissioning nuclear power
plants.

The Decommissioning Cost Studies are prepared by Company J in accordance with the
Nuclear Energy Institute’s Guidelines and have been used to satisfy regulatory
requirements regarding the establishment of a fund that satisfies the decommissioning
funding assurance requirements.

On Date F, Seller filed requests to the Service for a revised Schedule of Rulings
Amounts for each Qualified Fund. Prior to closing of the transaction described below,
Seller will cause almost all assets held in all Non-qualified Funds to be converted to
cash and contributed to the associated Qualified Funds in accordance with the revised
Schedule of Rulings Amounts.

On Date G, Seller and Purchaser executed an Equity Purchase and Sale Agreement
(Purchase Agreement) providing for the acquisition by Purchaser of all the equity
interests in the disregarded entities that will own the Units of Plant (Transaction). The
Transaction will be treated as a sale of assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes and
is expected to close on Date H. The terms Purchase Agreement require that on the
date of Closing, Seller will transfer all membership interests in Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3
of Plant to Company B in consideration for $a and the assumption of the associated
decommissioning liability for the Plant Units.
PLR-115995-20 4

Prior to Closing, Seller will form a wholly owned subsidiary, Company E, that will be
disregarded for federal income tax purposes. Immediately thereafter, Company E, will
form a wholly owned subsidiary, Company F, that will be disregarded for federal income
tax purposes. Seller will then contribute all equity interests in Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3
to Company E with will then contribute those interests to Company F. At the Closing of
the Transaction. Company E will sell the equity interests in Company F to Company B.

Upon Closing of the Transaction, Purchaser will acquire ownership and beneficial
interests in the Plant’s NDTs (Fund Transfers). Additionally, Purchaser will assume all
liabilities related to Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant, including the Nuclear
Decommissioning Liabilities (NDLs).

Purchaser’s subsidiary, Company G, is intended to become the operator of Unit 1, Unit
2, and Unit 3 of Plant as licensed by Commission A. Company G expects to engage
Company H, a joint venture of Purchaser and Company I, a Country A company, to
perform the decommissioning of Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant.

The above described transaction is subject to the jurisdiction of and must be approved
by Commission A and Commission B. Upon Closing, the risk and responsibility for
decommissioning Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant will be transferred to Purchaser.

Purchaser and Seller make further independent representations.

Seller Representations

Immediately prior to the Closing of the Transaction:

• Seller will have a qualifying interest in Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant within the
meaning of Treas. Reg. section 1.468A-1(b)(2);

• Seller will have maintained Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3’s Qualified Funds as a trust
under applicable state law for the exclusive purpose of providing funds for
decommissioning;

• Seller will have maintained each Qualified Fund as a separate fund and as the
sole qualified fund for each respective Unit of Plant;

• Seller will not have made any contributions to the Qualified Funds other than
those for which a deduction will be allowed under section 468A;

• The assets of each Qualified Fund will have been used exclusively to (A) satisfy,
in whole or in part, the liability for decommissioning costs of the related Units of
Plant, (B) pay administrative costs and other incidental expenses of such
Qualified Fund, and (C) make investments, to the extent the assets of such
Qualified Fund are not needed to satisfy the purposes in (A) and (B) above;
PLR-115995-20 5

• The trust agreement for each Qualified Fund provides that the assets in that
Qualified Fund must be used as authorized in section 468A and the regulations
thereunder, including the prohibition against self-dealing, and that the agreement
cannot be amended to violate such provisions; and

• The Qualified Funds did not engage in self-dealing.

Purchaser Representations

Immediately after the Closing of the Transaction:

• Purchaser will have a qualifying interest in Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 of Plant
within the meaning of Treas. Reg. section 1.468A-1(b)(2);

• Purchaser will maintain each Qualified Fund as a trust under applicable state law
for the exclusive purpose of providing funds for decommissioning;

• Purchaser will maintain each Qualified Fund as a separate and as the sole
qualified fund for each respective Unit of Plant;

• Purchaser will not make contributions to the Qualified Funds other than those for
which a deduction is allowed under section 468A and the regulations thereunder;

• The assets of Each Qualified Fund will be used to (A) satisfy, in whole or in part,
the liability for decommissioning costs of the related Units of Plant, (B) pay
administrative costs and other incidental expenses of such Qualified Fund, and
(C) make investments, to the extent the assets of such Qualified Fund are not
needed to satisfy the purposes in (A) and (B) above;

• The trust agreement for each Qualified Fund will provide that the assets in the
Qualified Fund must be used as authorized in section 468A and the regulations
thereunder, including the prohibition against self-dealing, and that the agreement
cannot be amended to violate such provisions.

RULINGS REQUESTED

Purchaser has requested the following rulings:

(1) The Plant Units QF’s will not be disqualified by reason of the Fund Transfers

(2) The Plant Units QFs will continue to be treated as satisfying the requirements of
section 468A and Treas. Reg. section 1.468A-5 following the Fund Transfers.
PLR-115995-20 6

(3) The Plant Units QFs will not recognize gain or loss by reason of the Fund
Transfers.

(4) Seller and Purchaser will not recognize gain or loss under section 468A by reason
of the Fund Transfers.

(5) The tax basis of Plant Units QFs in their respective assets will not change by
reason of the Fund Transfers.

(6) Seller’s amount realized from the Transaction will include the excess of the NDL
associated with each Unit of the Plant (if any) over the value of the respective QFs
on the date of the Transaction.

(7) To the extent that it is included in the Seller’s amount realized from the
Transaction, Seller will be entitled to treat the NDL for each Unit of the Plant as
satisfying economic performance under Treas. Reg. section 1.461-4(d)(5)

LAW AND ANALYSIS

Issues 1-5

Section 468A(a) of the Code provides that a taxpayer may elect to deduct
payments made to a nuclear decommissioning reserve fund that meets the
requirements of section 468A (i.e. a fund that is a "qualified nuclear decommissioning
fund").

Section 1.468A-1(b)(4) provides that a "qualified nuclear decommissioning fund"
is a fund that satisfies the requirements of section 1.468A-5.

Section 1.468A-5(a) of the Income Tax regulations sets out the qualification
requirements for nuclear decommissioning funds. It provides, in part, that a qualified
nuclear decommissioning fund must be established and maintained pursuant to an
arrangement that qualifies as a trust under state law.

Section 1.468A-5(a)(1)(iii) provides that an electing taxpayer can establish and
maintain only one qualified nuclear decommissioning fund for each nuclear power plant.
If a nuclear power plant is subject to the ratemaking jurisdiction of two or more public
utility commissions and any such public utility commission requires a separate fund to
be maintained for the benefit of ratepayers whose rates are established or approved by
the public utility commission, the separate funds maintained for such plant (whether or
not established and maintained pursuant to a single trust agreement) shall be
considered a single nuclear decommissioning fund.

Section 1.468A-6 provides rules applicable to the transfer of an interest in a
nuclear power plant (and transfer of the qualified nuclear decommissioning fund) where
PLR-115995-20 7

certain requirements are met. Specifically, section 1.468A-6(b) provides that section
1.468A-6 applies if—

(1) Immediately before the disposition, the transferor maintained a qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund with respect to the interest disposed of; and

(2) Immediately after the disposition—

      i.   The transferee maintains a qualified nuclear decommissioning fund with
           respect to the interest acquired;

      ii. The interest acquired is a qualifying interest of the transferee in the
          nuclear power plant;

(3) In connection with the disposition, either—

      i.   The transferee acquires part or all of the transferor’s qualifying interest in
           the plant and a proportionate amount of the assets of the transferor’s fund
           (all such assets if the transferee acquires the transferor’s entire qualifying
           interest in the fund) is transferred to a fund of the transferee;

      ii. The transferee acquires the transferor’s entire qualifying interest in the
          plant and the transferor’s entire fund is transferred to the transferee; and

(4) The transferee continues to satisfy the requirements of section 1.468A-5(a)(iii),
which permits an electing taxpayer to maintain only one qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund for each plant.

Section 1.468A-6(c) provides that a disposition that satisfies the requirements of
section 1.468A-6(b) will have the following tax consequences at the time it occurs:

    (1)(i) Neither the transferor nor the transferor’s qualified nuclear

decommissioning fund will recognize gain or loss or otherwise take any income into
account by reason of the transfer of a proportionate amount of the assets of the
transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund to the transferee’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund (or by reason of the transfer of the transferor’s entire qualified
nuclear decommissioning fund to the transferee). For purposes of the regulations under
section 468A, this transfer (or the transfer of the transferor’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund) will not be considered a distribution of assets by the transferor’s
qualified nuclear decommissioning fund.

   (ii) Notwithstanding § 1.468A-6(c)(1)(i), if the transferor has made a special

transfer under § 1.468A-8 prior to the transfer of the fund or fund assets, any deduction
with respect to that special transfer allowable under § 468A(f)(2) for a taxable year
ending after the date of the transfer of the fund or fund assets is allowed under
§ 468A(f)(2)(C) for the taxable year that includes the date of the transfer of the fund or
PLR-115995-20 8

fund assets.

    (2) Neither the transferee nor the transferee’s qualified nuclear decommissioning

fund will recognize gain or loss or otherwise take any income into account by reason of
the transfer of a proportionate amount of the assets of the transferor’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund to the transferee’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund (or by
reason of the transfer of the transferor’s entire qualified nuclear decommissioning fund
to the transferee). For purposes of the regulations under section 468A, this transfer (or
the transfer of the transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund) will not
constitute a payment or a contribution of assets by the transferee to its qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund.

    (3) Transfers of assets of a qualified nuclear decommissioning fund to which this

section applies do not affect basis. Thus, the transferee’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund will have a basis in the assets received from the transferor’s
qualified nuclear decommissioning fund that is the same as the basis of those assets in
the transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund immediately before the
distribution.

Under section 1.468A-6(f), the Service may treat any disposition of an interest in
a nuclear power plant occurring after December 27, 1994, as satisfying the
requirements of the regulations if the Service determines that such treatment is
necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of section 468A.

Issue 6

Section 1001(b) provides that a seller's amount realized from the sale of property is the
sum of any money received plus the fair market value of the property (other than
money) received. Section 1.1001-2(a)(1) provides that a seller's amount realized from
the sale of property includes the amount of liabilities from which the seller is discharged
as a result of the sale.

The decommissioning liabilities from which Seller will be relieved are fixed and
determinable for purposes of § 461 and, as discussed below under Issue 7, are
described in § 1.461-4(d)(5). These amounts are included in amount realized. See §
1.461-4(d)(5). As an owner and operator of a nuclear-powered plant, Seller is required
by law to provide for eventual decommissioning, and the amount of each seller’s liability
can be determined with reasonable accuracy. Accordingly, the amount of each seller’s
nuclear decommissioning liability that is assumed by Purchaser in excess of the fair
market value of the assets in the qualified funds on the date of the transfer will be
included in each seller’s amount realized and taken into account in computing taxable
income in the year of the sale. As discussed above, the proposed transaction will not
result in the disqualification of the qualified funds and each seller will not have any gain
or income as a result of the transfer of its interests in the assets of the qualified funds to
Purchaser. Because the transfer of the qualified funds by each seller to Purchaser will
PLR-115995-20 9

not be a taxable transfer, the amount of the liabilities assumed by Purchaser that are
included in each seller's amount realized will not include the portion of the liability to
decommission the plant that is equal to the fair market value of the assets in the
qualified fund on the date of the transfer.

Issue 7

Section 1.446-1(c)(1)(ii)(A) provides that under an accrual method of accounting,
a liability is incurred and generally taken into account for federal income tax purposes in
the year in which all the events have occurred that establish the fact of the liability, the
amount of the liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy, and economic
performance has occurred with respect to the liability.

Section 461(h)(1) provides that, in determining whether an amount has been
incurred with respect to any item during any taxable year, the all events test shall not be
treated as met any earlier than when economic performance with respect to such item
occurs. See also § 1.461-4(a)(1). Section 461(h)(4) provides that the all events test is
met with respect to any item if all events have occurred that determine the fact of liability
and the amount of such liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy.

Section 461(h)(2)(B) provides that in the case of a liability that requires the
taxpayer to provide services, economic performance occurs as the taxpayer provides
the services. Section 1.461-4(d)(4)(i) provides that, except as otherwise provided in §
1.461-4(d)(5), if a liability requires the taxpayer to provide services to another person,
economic performance occurs as the taxpayer incurs costs in connection with the
satisfaction of the liability. Section 1.461-4(d)(5) provides an exception to the general
economic performance rule for services where the taxpayer sells or exchanges a trade
or business. Where the purchaser expressly assumes a liability arising out of the
taxpayer's trade or business that the taxpayer but for the economic performance
requirement would have been entitled to incur as of the date of the sale, economic
performance with respect to that liability occurs as the amount of the liability is properly
included in the amount realized on the transaction by the taxpayer.

The first prong of the all events test requires that the fact of the liability be
established at the time of the deduction. This prong of the all events test is satisfied in
the instant case for Seller. Here, Seller, as an owner and operator of a nuclear-powered
plant, was required to obtain an operating license before commercial
operations begun. 10 C.F.R. § 50.10; see also 10 C.F.R. § 50.33(k)(1). Seller
also has an obligation to seek license termination. 10 C.F.R. §§ 50.82(a)(9) and (10).
The license termination process provides that a licensee shall take actions necessary to
decommission and decontaminate the facility. 10 C.F.R. §§ 50.51(b)(1) and 50.54(bb);
see also 10 C.F.R. § 72.30. The fact of the obligation arose at the time each seller
became subject to the decommissioning requirements associated with the plant's
license. Moreover, Congress recognized the existence of the decommissioning liability
when, in 1984, it enacted § 461(h) and § 468A, noting that "[g]enerally, under Federal
PLR-115995-20 10

and State laws, utilities that operate nuclear power plants are obligated to
decommission the plants at the end of their useful lives." H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 98-861,
877 (1984). See also S. Prt. No. 169, Vol. 1, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 277 (1984).

The second prong of the all events test requires that the amount of the liability
can be determined with reasonable accuracy. See § 1.461-1(a)(2)(ii). This prong is
also satisfied. In the instant case, the amount of each seller’s decommissioning liability
has been determined by experts in the nuclear decommissioning industry. Their
estimates have been accepted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which is
charged with ensuring that sufficient funds are available to decommission the plants. In
addition, there is also support in the Internal Revenue Code for finding that the amount
of the decommissioning liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy at the time
of sale. Section 468A(d) generally permits a current deduction for a "ruling amount,"
based on estimated future decommissioning expenses. To the extent the
decommissioning costs are sufficiently determinable to entitle a utility to a deduction
under § 468A, it is reasonable to conclude that the costs must also be sufficiently
determinable to satisfy the second prong of the all events test.

Conclusion

Based on the information submitted by Purchaser and Seller, we reach the following
conclusions:

Ruling #1: The respective Qualified Funds of the Units of the Plant will not be
disqualified by the transfer from Seller to Purchaser.

Ruling #2: The respective Qualified Funds of the Units of the Plant will each continue to
be treated as satisfying the requirements of § 468A and § 1.468A-5 following the
transfers of the qualified funds to Purchaser.

Ruling #3: The respective Qualified Funds of the Units of the Plant will not recognize
any gain or loss or otherwise take any income or deduction into account by reason of
the transfers of the qualified funds to Purchaser.

Ruling #4: Purchaser and Seller will not recognize gain or loss under § 468A or
otherwise take any income or deduction into account under § 468A by reason of
transfers of the qualified funds to Purchaser.

Ruling #5: Pursuant to § 1.468A-6(c), the tax basis of the assets of the qualified
funds will not be changed by the transfers of the qualified funds to Purchaser.

Ruling #6: Seller’s amount realized from the Transaction will include the excess of the
NDL associated with each Unit of the Plant (if any) over the fair market value the assets
of the Plant Units QFs on the Date of the Transaction
PLR-115995-20 11

Ruling #7: To the extent that it is included in Seller’s amount realized from the
Transaction, Seller will be entitled to treat the NDL for each Plant Units Unit as
satisfying economic performance under § 1.461-4(d)(5) of the Income Tax Regulations.

Except as specifically determined above, no opinion is expressed or implied
concerning the Federal income tax consequences of the transaction described above.
Also, except as specifically determined above, we express no opinion on the federal
income tax consequences to Purchaser resulting from the acquisition of assets and
liabilities (including the nuclear-powered electric generating plants and the nuclear
decommissioning liabilities) of Seller.

This letter ruling is directed only to the taxpayer that requested it. Section
6110(k)(3) provides that this ruling may not be used or cited as precedent.
In addition, a copy of this letter ruling is being sent to the Directors.

                                               Sincerely,



                                               Patrick S. Kirwan
                                               Branch Chief, Branch 6
                                               (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

cc: