Closing agreement continued to govern settlement payment deductions

Plain-English summary

A subsidiary made perpetual settlement payments under an agreement entered before December 22, 2017, and an IRS closing agreement treated those payments as deductible business expenses rather than fines, penalties, or capital expenditures. Later agreements resolved disputes over a contractual adjustment that could only reduce the payments. The taxpayer asked whether the 2017 amendment to section 162(f), or those later agreements, ended the protection of the closing agreement for post-2017 payments. The IRS ruled that the statutory amendment did not apply because the payment obligation arose under a binding pre-enactment agreement that did not require later court approval. It also found that the later dispute agreements did not change the nature or character of the payments, so the closing agreement continued to apply.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did amended section 162(f) or the later contractual dispute resolutions prevent the existing closing agreement from governing post-2017 settlement payments?
• Outcome: approved (the closing agreement continued to apply to payments under the original agreement)
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 162(a) and (f), 263, and 7121; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.162-1(a) and 301.7121-1(c); P.L. 115-97, § 13306

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202018005 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 5/1/2020 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 162.00-00
Person To Contact:
-------------------------------- --------------------- , ID No. -----------------
---------------------------------------- Telephone Number:
---------------------- --------------------
-------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
--------------------------------- CC:ITA:B02
PLR-118896-19
Date:
Re: EIN -------
February 4, 2020

LEGEND:

Taxpayer= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Subsidiary= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year 1= -------

Year 2= -------

Year 3= -------

Year 4= -------

Year 5= -------

Date 1= --------------------------

W= -----------------------------------

X= --------------

Y= ----------------------------------------------

Z= -----------------------------

Agreement A= ----------------------------------------

Agreement B= -------------------------------------
PLR-118896-19 2

Agreement C= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Agreement D= -------------------------

Agreement E= ----------------------------

Agreement F= ----------------------------

Agreement Z= --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Product 1= -----------------------

Product 2= ------------

aa= --------------------------------------------

bb= ---------------------------------------------------------

cc= ---

dd= ---

x= ------------

Dear ------------------:

   This responds to a letter ruling request dated August 13, 2019, submitted on

behalf of Taxpayer asking for a ruling that neither the amendments made to section
162(f) of the Internal Revenue Code by P.L.115-97 nor the execution of Agreement B,
Agreement C, Agreement D, Agreement E, and Agreement F (the “B, C, D, E and F
Agreements”) prevents the closing agreement between Subsidiary and the Internal
Revenue Service (“IRS”), which became effective on Date 1, from applying to payments
that Subsidiary makes pursuant to Agreement A after December 22, 2017.1

FACTS

      Taxpayer represents as follows:

1
In addition to entering into Agreement A, Taxpayer also entered into Agreement Z. The closing agreement
addresses settlement payments made pursuant to both Agreement A and Agreement Z. However, Taxpayer
has not requested a ruling with respect to the treatment of settlement payments made pursuant to
Agreement Z. Therefore, we do not rule on the treatment of settlement payments made pursuant to
Agreement Z. Nevertheless, we quote directly from the closing agreement herein, which references the
treatment of settlement payments made pursuant to both Agreement A and Agreement Z.
PLR-118896-19 3

   Taxpayer is the parent company of a consolidated group of corporations that

includes Subsidiary. Taxpayer files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return each
year on behalf of itself and the members of the consolidated group.

   In Year 1, Subsidiary and other Ws of Product 1 executed Agreement A with the

Xs to resolve claims by the Xs for certain monetary, equitable, and injunctive relief.
Agreement A settled and resolved all existing and future claims of the Xs for the
recovery of aa and associated damages incurred, or to be incurred, by the Xs.
Agreement A requires each W to remit annual payments to the Xs in perpetuity (the
“Settlement Payments”2). The Ws are required to remit a base amount of over $x
(subject to the bb) in aggregate per year, and each W’s share of that amount is
computed based on that W’s Product 2 sales volume in the preceding year.

  Subsidiary and the IRS entered into a closing agreement effective on Date 1.

Paragraph (1) of the closing agreement provides:

    No portion of the Settlement Payments made in taxable years ending on or prior
    to the date of this closing agreement constitutes a fine or similar penalty within
    the meaning of section 162(f) of the Code or a capital expenditure within the
    meaning of section 263 of the Code; and the Internal Revenue Service will not
    challenge such treatment in taxable years ending after the date of this closing
    agreement except to the extent (a) any law enacted after the closing agreement
    date requires different treatment of payments of the same nature and character
    as the Settlement Payments and does not contain an exception for payments
    made pursuant to an agreement executed prior to the date of enactment (or any
    other exception applicable to the Settlement Payments), or (b) any future
    modification of the terms of any of the five respective Settlement Agreements
    changes the nature or character of the Settlement Payments.

Paragraph (3) of the closing agreement provides:

    All Settlement Payments made in taxable years ending on or prior to the date of
    this closing agreement are ordinary and necessary expenses under section
    162(a) of the Code, and are deductible when paid; and the Internal Revenue
    Service will not challenge such treatment in taxable years ending after the date of
    this closing agreement except to the extent (a) any law enacted after the closing
    agreement date requires different treatment of payments of the same nature and
    character as the Settlement Payments and does not contain an exception for
    payments made pursuant to an agreement executed prior to the date of

2
This letter ruling addresses only on the treatment of “Settlement Payments” made pursuant to Agreement A.
Nevertheless, as noted above, we quote directly from the closing agreement. The closing agreement
references both the treatment of settlement payments made pursuant to Agreement A and settlement
payments made pursuant to Agreement Z.
PLR-118896-19 4

  enactment (or any other exception applicable to the Settlement Payments), or (b)
  any future modification of the terms of any of the five respective Settlement
  Agreements changes the nature or character of the Settlement Payments.

   Agreement A provides for a bb. Under certain specified circumstances, the bb

reduces the Settlement Payments that the Ws are required to make to the Xs under
Agreement A. The bb can never increase the amount of the Settlement Payments or
create any new payment obligations on the part of the Ws. Since Date 1, the Ws and a
number of the Xs have resolved certain longstanding disputes regarding how the bb is
to be computed and applied. These resolutions have taken three forms:

1. Agreement B resolved the disputes surrounding the bb with cc Xs. All but one of
   the cc Xs executed Agreement B prior to December 22, 2017. One of the Xs, Y,
   executed Agreement B after December 22, 2017.

2. Agreement C was executed in Year 5 with cc Xs to resolve the amount of the bb
   for Year 3 and Year 4. Agreement D resolved the disputes surrounding the bb
   with additional Xs, on terms similar to those of Agreement B. dd Xs executed
   Agreement D after December 22, 2017.

3. Agreement E resolved the disputes surrounding the bb with Z under terms
   different from those of Agreement B and Agreement D. Agreement E was
   executed in Year 2. Agreement F contains certain factual stipulations related to
   Agreement E.

   The B, C, D, E and F Agreements resolved limited contractual disputes regarding
   the application of the bb. None of the B, C, D, E and F Agreements required the
   approval of a court, and no such approval was sought or obtained by the Ws or the Xs.
   The Settlement Payments continue to be an obligation of the Ws that stems solely from
   Agreement A, which was an agreement in effect prior to December 22, 2017. The B, C,
   D, E and F Agreements serve only to reduce the Settlement Payments payable by
   Subsidiary under Agreement A. The B, C, D, E and F Agreements do not: increase the
   amount of the Settlement Payments required and made under Agreement A; change
   the nature or character of the Settlement Payments required and made under
   Agreement A; or create any new payment obligation on the part of the Ws.

LAW

  Section 7121(a) provides, in part, that the Secretary is authorized to enter into

any agreement in writing with any person relating to the liability of such person in
respect to any internal revenue tax for any taxable period.

  Section 7121(b) provides, in pertinent part, that if a closing agreement is

approved by the Secretary, such agreement shall be final and conclusive, and except
upon a showing of fraud or malfeasance, or misrepresentation of a material fact, the
PLR-118896-19 5

case shall not be reopened as to the matters agreed upon or the agreement modified by
any officer, employee, or agent of the United States. Section 301.7121-1(c) of the
Income Tax Regulations provides that a closing agreement with respect to a taxable
period ending subsequent to the date of the agreement is subject to any change in, or
modification of, the law enacted subsequent to the date of the agreement and made
applicable to such taxable period, and each such closing agreement shall so recite.

  Section 162(a) provides that there is allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and

necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or
business.

   Section 1.162-1(a) of the regulations provides that deductible business expenses

include the ordinary and necessary expenditures directly connected with or pertaining to
the taxpayer’s trade or business.

   Section 13306(a)(1) of P.L. 115-97 amended section 162(f). As amended,

section 162(f) provides that, except as provided in other paragraphs of section 162(f),
no deduction shall be allowed under section 162(a) for any amount paid or incurred
(whether by suit, agreement, or otherwise) to, or at the direction of, a government or
governmental entity in relation to the violation of any law or the investigation or inquiry
by such government or entity into the potential violation of any law.

   Section 162(f)(2)(A) provides in part that in general section 162(f)(1) shall not

apply to any amount that (i) the taxpayer establishes (I) constitutes restitution (including
remediation of property) for damage or harm which was caused by the violation of any
law or the potential violation of any law, or (II) is paid to come into compliance with any
law which was violated or otherwise involved in the investigation or inquiry described in
section 162(f)(1), and (ii) is identified as restitution or as an amount paid to come into
compliance with such law, as the case may be, in the court order or settlement
agreement.

   Section 13306(a)(2) of P.L. 115-97 provides that the amendments to section

162(f) made by section 13306(a)(1) of P.L. 115-97 shall apply to amounts paid or
incurred on or after December 22, 2017, except that such amendments shall not apply
to amounts paid or incurred under any binding order or agreement entered into before
such date. Such exception shall not apply to an order or agreement requiring court
approval unless the approval was obtained before December 22, 2017.
PLR-118896-19 6

ANALYSIS

As stated above, paragraph (1) of the closing agreement provides:

  No portion of the Settlement Payments made in taxable years ending on or prior
  to the date of this closing agreement constitutes a fine or similar penalty within
  the meaning of section 162(f) of the Code or a capital expenditure within the
  meaning of section 263 of the Code; and the Internal Revenue Service will not
  challenge such treatment in taxable years ending after the date of this closing
  agreement except to the extent (a) any law enacted after the closing agreement
  date requires different treatment of payments of the same nature and character
  as the Settlement Payments and does not contain an exception for payments
  made pursuant to an agreement executed prior to the date of enactment (or any
  other exception applicable to the Settlement Payments), or (b) any future
  modification of the terms of any of the five respective Settlement Agreements
  changes the nature or character of the Settlement Payments.

Paragraph (3) of the closing agreement provides:

  All Settlement Payments made in taxable years ending on or prior to the date of
  this closing agreement are ordinary and necessary expenses under section
  162(a) of the Code, and are deductible when paid; and the Internal Revenue
  Service will not challenge such treatment in taxable years ending after the date of
  this closing agreement except to the extent (a) any law enacted after the closing
  agreement date requires different treatment of payments of the same nature and
  character as the Settlement Payments and does not contain an exception for
  payments made pursuant to an agreement executed prior to the date of
  enactment (or any other exception applicable to the Settlement Payments), or (b)
  any future modification of the terms of any of the five respective Settlement
  Agreements changes the nature or character of the Settlement Payments.

   Section 13306(a)(2) of P.L. 115-97 generally provides that the amendments

made to section 162(f) by P.L.115-97 do not apply to amounts paid or incurred under
any binding order or agreement entered into before the enactment of P.L. 115-97
(December 22, 2017). The agreement giving rise to Subsidiary’s obligation to make the
Settlement Payments is Agreement A, which was entered into prior to December 22,
2017, and Taxpayer represents that no court order was required in respect of
Agreement A on or after December 22, 2017. Accordingly, there has been no change in
law, as described in paragraphs (1)(a) and (3)(a) of the closing agreement, that would
cause the IRS to challenge the treatment of the Settlement Payments made pursuant to
Agreement A under the closing agreement.
PLR-118896-19 7

   Further, there has been no modification of Agreement A that changes the nature

or character of the Settlement Payments. The B, C, D, E and F Agreements resolve
limited contractual disputes regarding the application of the bb, which can only reduce
the amount of Subsidiary’s Settlement Payments. The B, C, D, E and F Agreements do
not modify the terms of Agreement A in a way that changes the nature or character of
Subsidiary’s Settlement Payments. Accordingly, the B, C, D, E and F Agreements
have not modified Agreement A in a manner described in paragraphs (1)(b) and (3)(b)
of the closing agreement that would cause the IRS to challenge the treatment of the
Settlement Payments made pursuant to Agreement A under the closing agreement.

CONCLUSION

   Neither the amendments to section 162(f) by P.L. 115-97 nor the execution of the

B, C, D, E and F Agreements prevents the closing agreement between Subsidiary and
the IRS, which became effective on Date 1, from applying to Settlement Payments that
Subsidiary makes pursuant to Agreement A after December 22, 2017.

  This letter ruling does not modify or amend the closing agreement entered into

on Date 1, or address the Settlement Payments made by Subsidiary pursuant to
Agreement Z.

  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of

the Code provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

   A copy of this ruling must be attached to any income tax return to which it is

relevant. Alternatively, taxpayers filing their returns electronically may satisfy this
requirement by attaching a statement to their return that provides the date and control
number of the letter ruling.

     In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this

letter is being sent to your authorized representative. We are also sending a copy of
this letter to the appropriate operating division director. Enclosed is a copy of the letter
ruling showing the deletions proposed to be made in the letter when it is disclosed
under section 6110 of the Code.

                                   Sincerely,



                                   David B. Silber
                                   Acting Senior Technician Reviewer, Branch 2
                                   (Income Tax & Accounting)