Product fundraisers impermissibly benefit a related business

Plain-English summary

An organization proposed fundraising programs in which schools, community groups, and religious organizations would sell or arrange donations of a product supplied by a for-profit company. The applicant's president owned the for-profit company, which had also incorporated the applicant, and the two entities used similar names and logos. The applicant would buy the product from the related company at its nationwide wholesale price and use part of fundraising proceeds to cover product and fulfillment costs. The IRS concluded that the articles did not limit the organization to exempt purposes and that the programs created a sales outlet and substantial private benefit for the related company and its owner. It denied exemption under IRC § 501(c)(3) because the organization failed both the organizational and operational tests.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the fundraising organization qualify for exemption when its programs purchased products from and promoted a company owned by its president?
• Outcome: Denied
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a), 1.501(c)(3)-1(b), 1.501(c)(3)-1(c), 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
P.O. Box 2508
IRS Cincinnati, OH 45201
Date: September 1, 2015

Employer ID number:

Number: 201548021
Release Date: 11/27/2015 Contact person/ID number:

Contact telephone number:
Form you must file:

Tax years:

UIL: 501.32-00; 501.33-00

Dear :

This letter is our final determination that you don’t qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Recently, we sent you a proposed adverse determination in response to your
application. The proposed adverse determination explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it
gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we didn’t receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed
determination is now final.

Because you don’t qualify as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, donors can’t
deduct contributions to you under Section 170 of the Code. You must file federal income tax returns for the tax
years listed at the top of this letter using the required form (also listed at the top of this letter) within 30 days of
this letter unless you request an extension of time to file.

We’ll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection (as required under Section 6110 of the Code) after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Notice
437 on how to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don’t need to take any further action.

We’ll also notify the appropriate state officials of our determination by sending them a copy of this final letter
and the proposed determination letter (under Section 6104(c) of the Code). You should contact your state
officials if you have questions about how this determination will affect your state responsibilities and
requirements.

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

If you have questions about this letter, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter. If you have
questions about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at

1-800-829-1040 (TTY 1-800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at
1-800-829-4933.

Sincerely,

Jeffrey I. Cooper
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosures:

Notice 437

Redacted Letter 4036, Proposed Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501 (c)(3)
Redacted Letter 4038, Final Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3) - No Protest

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date: June 11, 2015

Employer ID number:

Contact person/ID number:

Contact telephone number:

Contact fax number:

Legend:

B = State
C = Date
D = Name
G = Fundraiser

H = Fundraiser

N = For Profit Name
X = Product Name

UIL:
501.32-00
501.33-00

Dear :

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax under Section 501 (a) of
the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Based on the information provided, we determined that you don’t qualify
for exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code. This letter explains the basis for our conclusion. Please
keep it for your records.

Issues
Do you qualify for exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code?

No, for the reasons stated below.

Facts

Your president D owns N, which sells product X to businesses. N also incorporated you in B on C. Your
Articles state “The entity is formed to feed the hungry in B. It will allow groups to sell X made by N to fund
raise for their church, school, and events. X will be purchased by donor/patrons, but X will be delivered to a
food bank type entity or charitable organization that feeds B’s hungry. The donor/patron who purchases the X
will be the person who selects from a list of ten charitable entities who will receive X. The donor/patron will
receive a donation receipt for tax purposes. Any assets upon liquidation shall be distributed to the ten charitable
agencies who feed the hungry and the poor.”

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

You are a new fundraising organization that teaches youth how to help their communities while earning money
to support group and school activities. You are offering the following program fundraisers to nonprofit
organizations such as schools, community groups and religious organizations:

• Your first program is G. To execute a G, a group enrolls with you and agrees to participate in a
fundraiser for two to four weeks. Group members will solicit participants to purchase X. The individual
selects the number of X to purchase and will receive a tax deduction. They will select a community
organization such as a homeless shelter, or food bank to receive the X purchased. The group collects,
funds and submits the funds and orders to you at the end of the fundraising period. You give the group y
percent of the proceeds. The remaining percentage is used by you to cover wholesale X prices and
fulfillment costs. You buy X at wholesale prices from N, fulfill the orders, and makes delivery
arrangements with the community organizations to receive X. Groups may also apply for a grant from
you to supplement its fundraising activities.

• Your second program is H. To complete an H, a group enrolls with you and completes an advanced
order form. The group purchases X at wholesale. The group picks up X and heats, serves, and sells them
during its event at retail pricing. The group sets the retail price. All the proceeds support the group.

You will purchase X from N at whole sale price . The wholesale price is the list price, determined by N, is for
distributors nationwide.

You will also accept donations toward group fundraisers or for general purposes. You plan to have additional
fundraisers such as a gala, 5K or golf tournament to raise funds for providing grants to groups. Your funds will
come from donations. Your expenses are contributions paid out and other expenses.

You have four board members other than D who will be the primary interface between you and N. In addition,
you have a similar name as N and use a similar logo as N.

You believe through your programs, communities will grow stronger. Students will learn to give back to
communities while helping other charitable organizations.

Law

IRC section 501(c)(3) provides for the recognition of exemption of organizations that are organized and
operated exclusively for religious, charitable or other purposes as specified in the statute. No part of the net
earnings may inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations states that, in order to be exempt as an organization
described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code, an organization must be both organized and operated exclusively for
one or more of the purposes specified in such section. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational
test or the operational test, it is not exempt.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i) of the regulations provides that an organization is organized exclusively for one
or more exempt purposes only if its articles of organization:

(a) Limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes; and
(b) Do not expressly empower the organization engage, otherwise than as an insubstantial part of its
activities, in activities that in themselves are not in furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization will be regarded as
‘operated exclusively’ for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities which
accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so
regarded if more than an insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization is not operated
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole or in part to the benefit of private
shareholders or individuals.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization is not organized
and operated exclusively for educational purposes unless it serves a public rather than a private interest. It must
not be operated for the benefit of designated individuals or the persons who created it.

In Church by Mail, Inc. v. Commissioner, 765 F. 2d 1387 (9th Cir. 1985), affg. TCM 1984-349, Tax Court
concluded that the extent of the integration between the operations of a non-profit entity and related for-profit
entities controlled by the non-profit directors precluded exemption. Furthermore, the Tax Court found it
unnecessary to consider the reasonableness of payments made by the applicant to a business owned by its
officers. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, in affirming the Tax Court’s decision, stated: “The critical inquiry is
not whether particular contractual payments to a related for-profit organization are reasonable or excessive,
but instead whether the entire enterprise is carried on in such a manner that the for-profit organization benefits
substantially from the operation of the Church.”

In International Postgraduate Medical Foundation v. Commissioner, 56 T.C.M. 1140, 1989-36, the court ruled
as non-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Code an organization formed to sponsor medical seminars and
symposia that was founded and run by an individual who was a shareholder and officer in a for-profit travel
agency that provided travel arrangement services to the nonprofit. Finding that the nonprofit was formed to
obtain customers for the for-profit's business, the court concluded that the nonprofit had, as a substantial
purpose, increasing the for-profit's income. When a for-profit organization benefits substantially from the
manner in which the activities of a related nonprofit organization are carried on, the court reasoned, the
nonprofit organization is not operated exclusively for exempt purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3),
even if the nonprofit furthers other exempt purposes.

In Arlie Foundation v. Commissioner, 283 F. Supp. 2d 58 (D.D.C., 2003), the district court found that the
organization was formed principally to organize, host, conduct and sponsor educational and other charitable
functions on its facilities. The organization paid significant advertising and promotional expenses and derived
substantial income from events held at its conference center. The court determined that the organization's
activities competed with a number of commercial, as well as non-commercial entities, which strongly evidenced
a commercial nature and purpose.

Among the major factors courts have considered in assessing commerciality are competition with for profit
commercial entities; extent and degree of below cost services provided; pricing policies; and reasonableness of
financial reserves. Additional factors include, inter alia, whether the organization uses commercial promotion
methods (e.g. advertising) and the extent to which the organization receives charitable donations.

Application of law
You are not as described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code because you are not exclusively organized and
operated for charitable purposes.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

You are not as described in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations because you fail both
the organizational and operational tests.

You do not meet the requirements in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i) of the Income Tax Regulations. Your
Articles of Incorporation state you are organized “to feed the hungry”; the provisions in your Articles of
Incorporation do not limit your purposes to exclusively 501(c)(3) purposes. As a result, you have not satisfied
the organizational test required by section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i) of the regulations.

You are not described in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Regulations because more than an insubstantial part
of your activities are devoted to non-exempt private purposes; for example, you are operating for the private
purposes of N, because you are providing N a sales outlet to market and sell its products. In addition,
participants pay the same amount for X as distributors nationwide. You are also operating for substantial
commercial purpose because you are selling products to those who participate in your fundraising program for
them to sell at a profit.

As described in section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations, you are not operated exclusively for exempt
purposes because your net earnings inure to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals . This is evidenced
by the fact that you were incorporated by N who sells X and is owned by D, your president. Although you have
adopted a conflict of interest policy, this does not change the fact that D through N is profiting from this
relationship.

You are not as defined in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Income Tax Regulations, because you are
operating for the private interests of N and D. Through your programs, N is able to grow its business and , enhance
its visibility as well as increase its profits.

You are like the organization in Church by Mail. Because you are purchasing X from N, you are essentially
providing a market for N’s products. You are increasing N’s market share through your fundraising programs.

You are like the organization in International Postgraduate Medical Foundation because your activities will
produce a substantial amount of revenue for X. Therefore, you were formed for the substantial non-exempt
purpose of providing a related commercial entity with business revenue.

You meet several of the "commerciality" factors found in Airlie Foundation v. Commissioner. You are in
competition with for profit commercial entities; you provide an insubstantial amount of low cost or no cost
items and you appear to receive insubstantial charitable donations.

Conclusion

Based on the information you provided, we are not able to conclude that you are organized and operated
exclusively for charitable purposes. You cannot qualify for tax exemption because more than an insubstantial
part of your activities result in private benefit to N and N’s owner D.

Accordingly, you do not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.
If you don’t agree

You have a right to file a protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse determination. To do so, you
must send a statement to us within 30 days of the date of this letter. The statement must include:

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN), and a daytime phone
number

• A copy of this letter highlighting the findings you disagree with
• An explanation of why you disagree, including any supporting documents
• The law or authority, if any, you are relying on

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the
organization, or your authorized representative

• One of the following declarations:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the organization:
Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I examined this protest statement, including

accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

For authorized representatives:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I prepared this protest statement, including
accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to practice before the
IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, with us if he or she hasn't
already done so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the
IRS and Power of Attorney.

We'll review your protest statement and decide if you provided a basis for us to reconsider our determination. If
so, we’ll continue to process your case considering the information you provided. If you haven’t provided a
basis for reconsideration, we’ll forward your case to the Office of Appeals and notify you. You can find more
information about the role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Decision on Tax-
Exempt Status.

If you don’t file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court at a later date because
the law requires that you use the IRS administrative process first (Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code).

Where to send your protest
Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, if needed, and any supporting documents to the applicable
address:

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:

Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service

EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008

P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your statement and supporting documents to the fax number listed at the top of this letter. If
you fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the top of this letter to confirm that he or she received
it.

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If we don’t hear from you
within 30 days, we’ll issue a final adverse determination letter. That letter will provide information on your
income tax filing requirements.

You can find all forms and publications mentioned in this letter on our website at www.irs.gov/formspubs. If
you have questions, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure:
Publication 892

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W