Open-source media software group denied exemption

Plain-English summary

A nonprofit developed and distributed free, open-source tools for transcribing, indexing, editing, and remixing online audio and video. Its software could be used for any purpose, including commercial projects, and it referred users needing transcript services to third-party partners that charged fees. The IRS found that the articles did not adequately limit the organization's purposes or dedicate its assets to exempt uses. It also concluded that providing broadly usable software was not itself an educational or charitable activity, did not serve a recognized charitable class, and benefited private interests including commercial users and service partners. The IRS therefore denied section 501(c)(3) status because the organization failed both the organizational and operational tests. The denial became final after the organization did not protest within 30 days.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did developing and distributing unrestricted open-source media transcription and remixing tools qualify as educational or charitable activity under section 501(c)(3)?
• Outcome: Denied
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1; Rev. Ruls. 66-255, 72-369, and 77-365; Forest Press, Inc. v. Commissioner, 22 T.C. 265 (1954)

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

P.O. Box 2508
IRS Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date: May 22, 2015

Release Number: 201533014

Release Date: 8/14/2015 Employer ID number:

UIL Code: 501.32-00

Contact person/ID number:
Contact telephone number:

Form you must file:

Tax years:

Dear

This letter is our final determination that you don’t qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Recently, we sent you a proposed adverse determination in response to your
application. The proposed adverse determination explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it
gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we didn’t receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed
determination is now final.

Because you don’t qualify as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, donors can’t
deduct contributions to you under Section 170 of the Code. You must file federal income tax returns for the tax
years listed at the top of this letter using the required form (also listed at the top of this letter) within 30 days of
this letter unless you request an extension of time to file.

We’ll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection (as required under Section 6110 of the Code) after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Notice
437 on how to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don’t need to take any further action.

We'll also notify the appropriate state officials of our determination by sending them a copy of this final letter
and the proposed determination letter (under Section 6104(c) of the Code). You should contact your state
officials if you have questions about how this determination will affect your state responsibilities and
requirements.

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

If you have questions about this letter, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter. If you have
questions about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at

1-800-829-1040 (TTY 1-800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at
1-800-829-4933.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosures:

Notice 437

Redacted Letter 4036, Proposed Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3)
Redacted Letter 4038, Final Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3) - No Protest

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date:

March 31, 2015
Employer ID number:

Contact person/ID number:
Contact telephone number:

Contact fax number:

LEGEND: UIL:
B= State 501.03-00
C= Date 501.03-08
E= Tool Name

F= Tool Name

G= Tool Name

H= Tool Name

J= Tool Name

Dear

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax under Section 501 (a) of
the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Based on the information provided, we determined that you don’t qualify
for exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code. This letter explains the basis for our conclusion. Please
keep it for your records.

Issues

Does M qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for the reasons described below.

Facts

You were organized as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of B on C. Your Articles of Incorporation state
as your specific purpose for being organized, “Our mission is to promote global media literacy, journalism, and
enlightenment through use of tagged media. We will empower people to assemble and remix media into new
forms and help them create, share, and discover content by developing an open ecosystem for transcribed audio
and video.”

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Your charitable purpose, as described on your Form 1023, is to transcribe the spoken word by taking all spoken
audio located on the internet and developing transcripts which can be easily accessible, searchable, navigable,
and indexed. Another stated purpose is to create transcripts for all spoken word on the internet in an effort to
aid those with learning and physical disabilities and to use the transcripts as a framework for the provision of
language learning applications.

You have developed open source web applications which link texts to specific moments in a piece of video or
audio so users can pull content from previously created recordings and create new remixed recordings. The
concept is to make online audio and video as easy as text files currently are to consume, share, and remix.
You’ve done this by creating time-coded transcripts of the audio or video and you’ve provided web application
build tools that work interchangeably and allow the user to create a final file that is accessible, indexed and
searchable on the World Wide Web. One hundred percent of your activities consist of the development,
promotion and distribution of your open source web applications.

Your programs are provided for free and in an open source format using the MIT License. Anyone with access
to the internet can use or modify your programs for better use. You retain copyrights of your products but the
license allows for unrestricted redistribution of either source code or the program, with or without modification,
so long as the copyright header from your organization is left intact. This allows your programs to be used by
any individual or organization for any purpose, including commercial purposes. Your software has been used in
the media industry by creating interactive recordings for leading media companies.

You’ve explained that if an individual wants an audio transcript, you will help write one but if the individual
does not want to write one themselves, you will do your best to provide one using your automated tools. Fees
are only charged if the user wants you to host the media file but is not ok with other users using the file. If the
user requests for you to generate transcripts of a media file, you work with third party partners who are willing
to generate transcripts for the user and will charge fees for their services.

You have developed the following web development tools:

• E - This allows users to take audio and video files and develop transcripts of the words spoken in the
files. You take audio or video files and optional non-timed transcripts as inputs and return a timed
transcript marked as HTML as the output. You then utilize automated transcript software, such as open-
sourced CMU Sphinx, to create the final transcripts.

• F - This software takes the results of E and corrects any word recognition errors or anomalies that
occurred during the process.

• G - This takes items such as subtitles and closed captioning embedded in the file to create a word
accurate transcript that is hyperlinked to the media it represents.

• H - This software application can manipulate and assemble digital transcripts together to create their
own unique media file. The software allows for copy and pasting and drag and drop functions so users
can embed the resulting audio/video program on their own websites. You stated it will be especially
beneficial to journalists who require the ability to produce quick edits of material prior to publication.

• J - This program allows the final product to be finalized for quick publication by taking timing
references in the media file and the transcripts that have been developed by the H and mixing the results
into one file.

These build tools provide users the ability to create an easy and cost-effective way to generate an audio
transcript. They also create interfaces that use the transcripts so that users can edit their videos, create remixes

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

and tell new stories without a learning curve and allow users to design experiences that make videos more
interactive and easier to consume.

You are operated by a three person board of directors. Your founder has a company that developed a prototype
software application used in your web application build tools. You are funded by donations and foundation
grants. The financial data provided in your Form 1023 indicates that 81.6% of your total expenses are
attributable to compensation of your officers, directors and/or employees, 7% of your expenses are attributable
to professional fees and only 11.4% of your expenses are attributable to program expenses for the services you
provide.

Law

I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) exempts from taxation any corporation organized and operated exclusively for religious,
charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster national or
international amateur sports competition, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, provided no
part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (a)(1) provides that, in order to be exempt as an organization described in I.R.C. §
501(c)(3) of the Code, an organization must be both organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the
purposes specified in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3). If an organization fails to meet either the organizational or operational
test, it is not exempt.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (b)(1)(i) provides that an organization is organized exclusively for one or more
exempt purposes only if its articles of organization limit its purposes to one or more exempt purposes; and do
not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an insubstantial part of its activities, in
activities which in themselves are not in furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (b)(4) provides that an organization is not organized exclusively for one or more
exempt purposes unless its assets are dedicated to an exempt purpose. An organization's assets will be
considered dedicated to an exempt purpose, for example, if, upon dissolution, such assets would, by reason of a
provision in the organization's articles or by operation of law, be distributed for one or more exempt purposes,
or to the federal government, or to a state or local government, for a public purpose, or would be distributed by
a court to another organization to be used in such manner as in the judgment of the court will best accomplish
the general purposes for which the dissolved organization was organized. However, an organization does not
meet the organizational test if its articles or the law of the state in which it was created provide that its assets
would, upon dissolution, be distributed to its members or shareholders.

Treas. Reg.§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) provides that an organization will be regarded as "operated exclusively" for
one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of such
exempt purposes specified in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more than an
insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Treas. Reg.§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(i) provides that an organization may be exempt as an organization described
in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) if it is organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the following purposes:
religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, educational, or prevention of cruelty to
children or animals.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(1)(ii) provides an organization is not organized or operated exclusively for
exempt purposes unless it serves a public rather than a private interest.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(2) provides that the term "charitable" is used in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) in its
generally accepted legal sense and includes, among other things, lessening the burdens of government, relief of
the poor and distressed or of the underprivileged, advancement of education or science, erection or maintenance
of public buildings, monuments, or works, and promotion of social welfare by organizations designed to
accomplish any of the above purposes, or in part to defend human and civil rights secured by law.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(3)(i) provides that the term “educational” relates to: (a) The instruction or
training of the individual for the purpose of improving or developing his capabilities; or (b) The instruction of
the public on subjects useful to the individual and beneficial to the community.

Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(3)(ii) (Example 2) provides that an educational organization includes an
organization whose activities consist of presenting public discussion groups, forums, panels, lectures, or other
similar programs. Such programs may be on radio or television.

Rev. Rul. 66-255, 1966-2 C.B. 210, describes an educational organization that qualified for providing public
information. In this ruling, the organization educated the public as to a particular method of painless childbirth.
The organization utilized meetings, films, forums, and publications to educate the public. The organization
carried out its purpose through (a) public programs of films followed by discussions with doctors and members
of the organization; (b) presentations on local radio stations; (c) meetings conducted by a doctor or a registered
nurse for expectant parents; and (d) pamphlets, manuals, and books which are distributed to libraries, hospitals,
and obstetricians.

Rev. Rul. 72-124, 1972-1 C.B. 145, held that providing for the special needs of the aged has long been
recognized as a charitable purpose for federal tax purposes where the requisite elements of relief of distress and
community benefit have been found to be present. As such, an organization that is relieving the distress of aged
personal by providing for the primary needs of such individuals for housing, health care, and financial security
is held exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the Code as an organization organized and
operated exclusively for charitable purposes.

Rev Rul. 72-369, 1972-2 C.B. 245 held that an organization formed to provide managerial and consulting
services at cost to unrelated exempt organizations does not qualify for exemption under I.R.C. § 501(c)(3). The
ruling held that providing managerial and consulting services on a regular basis for a fee is a trade or business
ordinarily carried on for profit and the fact that the services in this case are provided at cost and solely for
exempt organizations is not sufficient to characterize this activity as charitable within the meaning of section
501(c)(3) of the Code.

Rev. Rul. 77-365, 1977-2 C.B. 192, describes an educational organization that conducted clinics, workshops,
lessons, and seminars at municipal parks and recreational areas to instruct and educate individuals in a
particular sport.

Rev. Rul. 79-19, 1979-1 C.B. 195, 1979, held that the handicapped are a charitable class and that a nonprofit
organization that provides specially designed housing to physically handicapped persons at the lowest feasible
cost and maintains in residence those tenants who subsequently become unable to pay its monthly fees is
operated exclusively for charitable purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

In Forest Press Inc. v. Commissioner, 22 T.C. 265 (1954), the Tax Court determined that an organization
"devoted to developing and propagating the use of the Dewey Decimal Classification System and Related
Index" was a charitable organization. Forest Press' primary activity was the ongoing development of the system,
which required continuous revision. To this end, Forest Press regularly employed an editor-in-chief and four
editorial assistants and an additional two to three editorial assistants as publication dates approached. By the
time Forest Press was formed, the System had "been adopted by more than 90 percent of the libraries in the
United States to classify and index their collections" and was "in use in 42 countries." Thus, the court concluded
that the System was "an important aid to education and research and not a commercial enterprise."

Application of Law

You are not described in IRC § 501(c)(3) because you do not meet the requirements for exemption described in
Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (a)(1). You fail both the organizational and operational tests.

You are not organized exclusively for one or more exempt purposes, as described in Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1
(b)(1)(i), because your articles of organization do not limit your purposes to one or more exempt purposes. In
addition, you fail the organizational test because your assets are not dedicated to an exempt purpose, as
described in Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (b)(4). Your articles of organization do not include any provision
regarding the dedication of your assets.

You are not described in IRC § 501(c)(3) as an educational organization for the development, promotion and
distribution of open source web applications. The term "educational", as used in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) relates to (a)
the instruction or training of the individual for the purpose of improving or developing his capabilities; or (b)
the instruction of the public on subjects useful to the individual and beneficial to the community. See Treas.
Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(3)(i). The regulations provide several examples of organizations that qualify as
educational organizations, including "organizations whose activities consist of presenting public discussion
groups, forums, panels, lectures, or other similar programs." See Treas. Reg.§ 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(3)(ii), example
(2). One such educational organization was described in Rev. Rul. 66-255, 1966-2 C. B. 210, which describes
an organization formed to educate the public as to a particular method of painless childbirth. The organization
carried out its purpose through (a) public programs of films followed by discussions with doctors and members
of the organization; (b) presentations on local radio stations; (c) meetings conducted by a doctor or a registered
nurse for expectant parents; and (d) pamphlets, manuals, and books which are distributed to libraries, hospitals,
and obstetricians. Another example of a qualifying educational organization was described in Rev. Rul. 77-365,
1977-2 C.B. 192, in which the organization qualified for its activities of conducting clinics, workshops, lessons,
and seminars at municipal parks and recreational areas to instruct and educate individuals in a particular sport.

You are not conducting any of the activities described above. You do not conduct any public discussion groups,
forums, panels, lectures or similar programs. You merely provide open source web applications that can be
used or modified by anyone and used for whatever purpose that individual sees fit. You do not conduct any
educational activities that instruct or train individuals for the purpose of improving their capabilities. Your
activities are best described as providing a product with product information and are analogous to a product
manual, which does not rise to the level of educational as required under I.R.C § 501(c)(3).

You are not described in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) as a charitable organization for creating, promoting, and distributing
open source web applications: The term "charitable" is used in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) in its generally accepted legal
sense and is not to be construed as limited by the separate enumeration in that section. See Treas. Reg. §

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(2). The term "charitable" includes the following: relief of the poor and distressed or of the
underprivileged; advancement of education or science; lessening the burdens of government; and promotion of
social welfare by organizations designed to accomplish any of the above. Additionally, a purported charitable
activity must benefit a sufficiently large and indefinite class. The Service has recognized charitable classes to
include the poor, distressed and underprivileged, See Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(2), the aged, See Rev. Rul.
72-124, 1972-1 C.B. 145, and the sick or handicapped. See Rev. Rul. 79-19, 1979-1 C.B. 195.

You promote and distribute open source web applications freely to the public. The provision of goods or
services to the public must fulfill a recognized I.R.C. §501(c)(3) charitable purpose itself, or be directed to
benefiting a charitable class recognized under I.R.C. §501(c)(3). Merely providing open source web
applications to the public for free is not a charitable activity under I.R.C. § 501(c)(3). Furthermore, as stated
above, the Service has recognized charitable classes to include the poor, distressed and underprivileged, the
aged, and the sick or handicapped. However, the public who may use your programs is not a recognized
charitable class. Thus, you have not shown that you are operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes.

An organization is not exempt merely because its operations are not conducted for the purpose of producing a
profit. To satisfy the 'operational test' the organization's resources must be devoted to purposes that qualify as
exclusively charitable within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Code and the applicable regulations. Like
the organization in Rev Rul. 72-369, 1972-2 C.B. 245, your activities are not conducted with the purpose of
producing a profit but they are not conducted to exclusively benefit a charitable class. Your web applications
can be used by anyone with interest in your services which establishes that your purpose is not to exclusively
benefit a charitable class. In fact, you’ve indicated that your software applications will be especially beneficial
to journalists who require the ability to produce quick edits of material prior to publication. This indicates that
the product is not intended to exclusively benefit a charitable class and instead can be used for commercial
ventures.

You are not operated exclusively for exempt purposes because you serve private rather than public interests.
See Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(1)(ii). This is indicated by the fact you refer users to your third party
partners who will charge fees. Your partners are in a position to receive customers for their for-profit ventures
because of their relationship to you. In addition, because your software applications will be especially
beneficial to journalists indicates you are operating for their private interests.

Your activities are not analogous to the activities of the organization in Forest Press Inc. v. Commissioner, 22
T.C. 265 (1954). In Forest Press, the organization's primary activity was the continued development and
propagation of the Dewey Decimal Classification System, which the Tax Court described as "an important aid
to education and research," and which classification system was adopted by more than 90% of the libraries in
the United States and in 42 foreign countries. By providing web applications that allow users to remix content
for whatever purpose they see fit, your activities are neither educational nor comparable to promoting the
Dewey Decimal Classification System. Furthermore, you do not limit distribution of your programs to
educational or other charitable organizations because your programs are available to all individuals and
organizations, commercial or otherwise. Thus, your activities are neither educational nor advance education
within the meaning of I.R.C. § 501(c)(3).

Your position

You believe you have provided the necessary information to satisfy the requirements in order to qualify for
exemption as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Service response to your position

Given the activities you have explained, you do not meet the requirements for exemption as an organization
described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Conclusion

The facts clearly show that you are not operated as an exempt organization described under section 501(c)(3) of
the Code. You fail both the organizational and operational test and you are not formed and operated exclusively
for one or more exempt purposes under I.R.C. § 501(c)(3).

If you don’t agree
You have a right to file a protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse determination. To do so, you
must send a statement to us within 30 days of the date of this letter. The statement must include:

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN), and a daytime phone
number

• A copy of this letter highlighting the findings you disagree with
• An explanation of why you disagree, including any supporting documents
• The law or authority, if any, you are relying on

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the
organization, or your authorized representative

• One of the following declarations:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the organization:
Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I examined this protest statement, including

accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

For authorized representatives:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I prepared this protest statement, including
accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to practice before the
IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, with us if he or she hasn’t
already done so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the
IRS and Power of Attorney.

We'll review your protest statement and decide if you provided a basis for us to reconsider our determination. If

so, we'll continue to process your case considering the information you provided. If you haven’t provided a

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

basis for reconsideration, we’ll forward your case to the Office of Appeals and notify you. You can find more
information about the role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Decision on Tax-
Exempt Status.

If you don’t file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court at a later date because
the law requires that you use the IRS administrative process first (Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code).

Where to send your protest
Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, if needed, and any supporting documents to the applicable
address:

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:
Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service

EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008

P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your statement and supporting documents to the fax number listed at the top of this letter. If
you fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the top of this letter to confirm that he or she received
it.

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If we don’t hear from you
within 30 days, we’ll issue a final adverse determination letter. That letter will provide information on your
income tax filing requirements.

You can find all forms and publications mentioned in this letter on our website at www.irs.gov/formspubs. If

you have questions, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure:
Publication 892

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W