Dance troupe denied exemption for private studio and member benefits

Plain-English summary

A nonprofit dance troupe sought retroactive reinstatement of section 501(c)(3) status after its prior exemption was automatically revoked for failing to file Form 990 for three consecutive years. Its president owned the for-profit dance studio used by the troupe, its directors came from that studio, dancers generally took required classes there, and the studio advertised through the troupe relationship. Members also used individual fundraising accounts to pay dance education, workshop, costume, competition, and related costs. The IRS found that the arrangement produced inurement to the president and studio and substantial private benefits for members. Those private purposes outweighed the troupe's performances, training, mentoring, and support for some low-income youth. The IRS denied exemption, and the denial became final when the organization did not protest within 30 days.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the dance troupe operate primarily for public charitable purposes rather than the private interests of its president's studio and its members?
• Outcome: Denied.
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 170 and 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(a)-1(c) and 1.501(c)(3)-1; Rev. Rul. 69-175.

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

P.O. Box 2508
IRS Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date: 1/26/2015

Release Number: 201517019 Employer ID number:
Release Date: 4/24/2015
UIL Code: 501.33-00 Contact person/ID number:

Contact telephone number:

Form you must file:

Tax years:

Dear

This letter is our final determination that you don’t qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Recently, we sent you a proposed adverse determination in response to your
application. The proposed adverse determination explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it
gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we didn’t receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed
determination is now final.

Because you don’t qualify as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, donors can’t
deduct contributions to you under Section 170 of the Code. You must file federal income tax returns for the tax
years listed at the top of this letter using the required form (also listed at the top of this letter) within 30 days of
this letter unless you request an extension of time to file.

We’ll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection (as required under Section 6110 of the Code) after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Notice
437 on how to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don’t need to take any further action.

We'll also notify the appropriate state officials of our determination by sending them a copy of this final letter
and the proposed determination letter (under Section 6104(c) of the Code). You should contact your state
officials if you have questions about how this determination will affect your state responsibilities and
requirements.

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

If you have questions about this letter, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter. If you have
questions about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at

1-800-829-1040 (TTY 1-800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at
1-800-829-4933.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosures:

Notice 437

Redacted Letter 4036, Proposed Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3)
Redacted Letter 4038, Final Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3) - No Protest

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION
Date: November 26, 2014 Contact Person:
Identification Number:
Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:
LEGEND: UIL:
N=State 501.32-00
P=Date 501.32-01

R=For Profit Business
x dollars= Dollar Amount

Dear

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax
under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Based on the
information provided, we determined that you don’t qualify for exemption under Section
501(c)(3) of the Code. This letter explains the basis for our conclusion. Please keep it
for your records.

Issues

Do you qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for reasons
stated below.

Facts
You were previously granted exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code. Your

exemption was revoked due to the non-filing of Form 990 for three consecutive years.
You submitted an application for exemption for retroactive reinstatement.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

2

You were incorporated as a nonprofit corporation on P in the state of N.
The Articles state the purposes for which you were formed are exclusively charitable,
scientific, or educational and consist of the following:

1. To perform for pleasure, recreation and competition;

2. To aid, support, and assist by gifts, contributions, or otherwise other
   corporations, community chests, funds and foundations, organized and
   operated exclusively for charitable, scientific, or educational purposes, no part
   of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder, or
   individual and no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on
   propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation;

3. To do any and all lawful activities which may be necessary, useful or desirable
   for the furtherance, accomplishment, fostering or attainment of the foregoing
   purposes, either directly or indirectly and either alone or in cooperation with
   others, whether such others be persons or organizations of any kind or nature
   such as corporations, associations, trusts, institutions, foundations or
   governmental bureaus, departments or agencies.

Your mission is to support, encourage and educate team members of all ages
emotionally, physically, and financially in the arts.

Your incorporator and president is the owner of R, a for profit dance studio that you use
as a team. Your bylaws state:

• You shall have a special contract with R for instruction,
rehearsal, and performance requirements;
• Your directors shall be from R.

Advertising for you also comes through R as well as the multiple community
performances which you do. Furthermore, you stated if a dancer is interested in you
they usually start their path by taking classes with R who may obtain new students
based on your relationship with R.

You are also a membership organization; your bylaws indicate:

• Your members are defined as performing dancers and their parents or their
guardians;
• Any member over the age of 18 years is eligible to hold any office;
• Your members must sign an agreement supporting your mission and rules
for each dance season;

• Your performing members are selected through an audition process as set
forth by your president and your directors;

• Each troupe family shall have one vote per dancer.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

3

Each year, you have auditions for the upcoming dance season; each participant is
required to learn a small dance combination that they perform in small groups in front of
a panel of judges; each dancer is also asked to complete a series of dance technique
movements. Each dancer is scored; the panel chooses from these scores where each
dancer will be placed; each dancer has an opportunity to be on a team based on level of
ability. Once a dancer is assigned to a team, the dancer is required to take a certain
number of dance classes usually at R, participate in scheduled rehearsals and
performances, attend specific conventions/competitions and assist in a number of
fundraising events.

You also organize fundraisers to support your activities such as travel, entry fees,
costumes, props etc. Examples of fundraisers include a Silent Auction, 50/50 raffle,
apple and candy bar sales, cookie sales, flower gift cards and a Christmas tree auction.

Section 9.6 of your bylaws indicates your participants may fundraise for their individual
accounts and states “All fundraisers will be designed as a General or Individual
fundraiser prior to starting. All fundraising activities must have approval of the Board of
Directors and a request form submitted. All funds in individual accounts must be used
for activities related to performance education, workshops, costumes, and competition.
They cannot be used for personal purposes or regular tuition to a dance studio.
Individual account funds are paid directly to the use and not to the individual member. If
a troupe member leaves the troupe in midseason or after try-outs, and decides not to
participate, all funds in the troupe member's individual account will be moved to the
General Fund, unless the troupe member gives the treasurer notice within 30 days to
use the funds for an acceptable use (as listed above). After 30 days, the funds are no
longer available to the troupe member.”

Article 12.1 of your bylaws states:

• No member of the organization shall have any right title or interest in any
property or assets of the organization prior to or at the time of any liquidation or
dissolution of the organization.

• If any member of the organization forfeits their membership or is asked to leave,
their assets shall go into the general fund.

• Withdrawal of all dancers from the Troupe in a team family constitutes automatic
resignation of membership and forfeiture of all funds in the member's individual
account. If a team family has more than one dancer in the Troupe and one or
more of those dancers remain in the Troupe, the member will only lose the voting
privilege for the withdrawn dancer but will retain all voting rights for the remaining
dancer(s). All funds from a withdrawn dancer's account will be transferred to a
remaining family member's dancer account.

Members may formally submit fundraising ideas on a Fundraiser Proposal Form to be
approved by your board and then submitted to the general membership for approval.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

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The form requires the name of the proposed fundraiser and description, a proposed
time frame to run and proposed type (Individual or General or No preference), the profit
margin to you or the individual as well as are any costs needed fronting from the
general fund and if so a detailed description of such costs.

Your gross revenue has averaged about x dollars for the past several years; about 5%
of your revenue is from membership fees while the remainder is from fundraising events
and competition and convention entries. Expenses are primarily for competitions and
convention entries, and fundraising. You wrote most if not all production companies who
put on competition and conventions you attend do not accept personal checks. As such,
all funds must run through you. You collect each dancer's fees for the convention and
pertinent competition fees and immediately disburse those fees in one check to the
production company.

Furthermore, you have performed at local events as well as festivals, fairs, parades,
and at schools and senior centers. Your members also participate and compete in
dance competitions and attend conventions to enhance their skills and learn team work.
You offer additional training opportunities to team members by sponsoring workshops
and hosting guest choreographers. Finally, you mentor youth in dance by having team
members offer classes and host activities and you have sponsored low income youth for
conventions by paying fees.

Law

Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code exempts from federal income tax
corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated
exclusively for, charitable, scientific, or testing for public safety, among other purposes.
It expressly forbids the inurement of net earnings to the benefit of a private shareholder
or individual.

Section 1.501(a)-1(c) of the Regulations provides that the terms “private shareholder or
individual” in Section 501 refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the
activities of the organization.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Regulations provides that, in order to be exempt as an
organization described in section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both organized and
operated exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in such section. If an
organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the operational test, it is not
exempt.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Regulations provides that an organization will be
regarded as operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages
primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

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in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code. An organization will not be so regarded if more than
an insubstantial part of its activities in not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations provides that an organization is not
operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole
or in part to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals. Section 1.501(a)-1(c) of
the regulations defines the words “private shareholder or individual” in Section 501 of
the Code to refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the activities of
the organization.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Regulations provides that an exempt organization
must serve a public rather than a private interest.

Revenue Ruling 69-175, 1969-1 C.B. 149 describes an organization formed by parents of
pupils attending a private school, in order to provide school bus transportation for its
members’ children. It was determined that this organization serves a private rather than a
public interest and does not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

In International Postgraduate Medical Foundation v. Commissioner, TCM 1989-36, the
Tax Court concluded that when a for-profit organization benefits substantially from the
manner in which the activities of a related non-profit organization were carried on, the
latter organization was not operated exclusively for exempt purposes within the
meaning of section 501(c)(3), even if it furthers other exempt purposes.

In Better Business Bureau v. United States, 326 U.S. 279 (1945), the Supreme Court
stated that the presence of a single nonexempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will
preclude exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code, regardless of the number or
importance of statutorily exempt purposes. Thus, the operational test standard
prohibiting a substantial non-exempt purpose is broad enough to include inurement,
private benefit, and operations that further nonprofit goals outside of the scope of
section 501(c)(3).

In Old Dominion Box Co. v. United States, 477 F2d 344 (4th Cir. 1973) cert. Denied 413
U.S. 910 (1973) the court held that operating for the benefit of private parties constitutes
a substantial non-exempt purpose.

Application of Law

You are not as described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code and Section 501(c)(3)-1(a)(1)
of the Regulations because you do not satisfy the operational requirements of the Code
and Regulations. You are not operated exclusively for exempt purposes due to net
earnings inuring in whole or in part to your president through R. Further, your members
receive more than an insubstantial private benefit.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

You are not described in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Regulations because more
than an insubstantial part of your activities are devoted to non-exempt private purposes;
you are providing a funding mechanism for individual members in an effort to fund the
substantial costs associated with dance such as education, workshops, costumes, and
competition. The private benefit conferred on members who participate in the individual
fundraisers is intentional which substantiates you are operating for a substantial
nonexempt private purpose.

You are not described in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations because your
net earnings inure to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals as defined in
Section 1.501(a)-1(c). For example, because the owner of R, the dance studio you use,
maintains a position of control in you as your president, she is considered an insider.
Your bylaws also indicate your directors shall be from R and that you shall have a
special relationship with R. These factors illustrate that your net earnings are inuring to
your president because your president is using you to further the interests of R.

In addition, because your members exert either direct or indirect control over you, they
are considered insiders within the meaning of 501(c)(3). Your net earnings inure to
specific member insiders, who choose to participate in the individual fundraisers
because this relieves them of the economic burden of paying for dance training and
competitions.

You are not as defined in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Income Tax Regulations,
because you are operating for the private interests of R which is your president's for-
profit business. For example, you stated if dancers are interested in you they usually
start their path by taking classes with R as well as continue dance lessons from R once
they become a troupe member. Advertising for you also is through R. Because of your
relationship with R, R is in an advantageous position to benefit from your activities. You
are also operating for the private interests of your members, who participate in the
individual fundraisers because they are able to keep their expenses at a minimum.

You are similar to the organization described in Rev. Rul. 69-175, 1969-1 C.B. 149; you
are controlled by your members who provide themselves a means through you to fulfill
their individual responsibility of paying for items associated with dance. Therefore, you are
serving a more than insubstantial private rather than public interest which bars you from
exemption under Section 501(c)(3).

You are similar to the organization described in International Postgraduate Medical
Foundation (IPMF). Your founder is in a position of control and owns a for-profit
company which benefits substantially from the manner in which your activities are
conducted. Like IMPF, you are not operated exclusively for exempt purposes within the
meaning of section 501(c)(3), even if you further other exempt purposes.

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

7

Like Old Dominion Box Co., you afford private benefit to your founder, her for profit
business, R, and your members. This is a substantial non-exempt purpose. As held in
Better Business Bureau v. United States, you are therefore precluded from exemption
under section 501(c)(3) of the Code, regardless of the number or importance of
statutorily exempt purposes.

Applicant’s Position

You state you have no current plan to change your fundraising activities due to the
availability of fundraising for all members. Fundraising events/activities are open to all
members for individual accounts. Individual accounts are to be used by each dancer
and can only be used for dance related items as indicated in your bylaws.

Service’s Response to Applicant’s Position

You failed to provide any additional information from which it can be concluded that you
are operating exclusively for 501(c)(3) purposes. Your net earnings are inuring to
insiders as described in the preceding facts and analysis and you are serving
substantial private interests rather than public interests. This precludes exemption
under Section 501(c)(3).

Conclusion

Based on the facts and information submitted, you are not organized and operated
exclusively for exempt purposes; your net earnings inure to your founder and for the
benefit of your members; you are operating for the private interests of R and your
members as well.

Accordingly, you do not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code and
you must file federal income tax returns. Contributions to you are not deductible under
section 170 of the Code.

If you don’t agree

You have a right to file a protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse
determination. To do so, you must send a statement to us within 30 days of the date of
this letter. The statement must include:

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN),
and a daytime phone number

• A copy of this letter highlighting the findings you disagree
with

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

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• An explanation of why you disagree, including any
supporting documents

• The law or authority, if any, you are relying on

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is
authorized to sign for the organization, or your authorized representative

• One of the following declarations:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign
for the organization:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I examined this protest

statement, including accompanying documents, and to the best of my
knowledge and belief, the statement contains all relevant facts and such

facts are true, correct, and complete.

For authorized representatives:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I prepared this protest statement,
including accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and
belief, the statement contains all relevant facts and such facts are true,
correct, and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to
practice before the IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of
Representative, with us if he or she hasn't already done so. You can find more
information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the IRS and Power
of Attorney.

We'll review your protest statement and decide if you provided a basis for us to
reconsider our determination. If so, we'll continue to process your case considering the
information you provided. If you haven't provided a basis for reconsideration, we'll
forward your case to the Office of Appeals and notify you. You can find more
information about the role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, How to Appeal an
IRS Decision on Tax-Exempt Status.

If you don’t file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court
at a later date because the law requires that you use the IRS administrative process first
(Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code).

Where to send your protest

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W

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Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, if needed, and any supporting
documents to the applicable address:

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:
Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service

EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008

P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your statement and supporting documents to the fax number listed at
the top of this letter. If you fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the
top of this letter to confirm that he or she received it.

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If

we don’t hear from you within 30 days, we'll issue a final adverse determination letter.

That letter will provide information on your income tax filing requirements.

You can find all forms and publications mentioned in this letter on our website at
www.irs.gov/formspubs. If you have questions, you can contact the person listed at the
top of this letter.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure:
Publication 892

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 7630W