Veterans charity loses exemption after records vanish and insider spending goes unexplained

Plain-English summary

A short-lived charity said it would assist hospitalized and homeless veterans. During examination, its representative reported that the organization's computer records were lost to a virus and its paper records were misplaced during a move. Bank statements showed questionable disbursements and asset purchases, but the founder did not respond to requests to explain their charitable purpose. The IRS also found no proof that remaining assets were transferred to exempt or governmental recipients when the organization dissolved. It concluded that the organization lacked adequate records, had unexplained spending that benefited private interests, and failed to operate exclusively for exempt purposes. The IRS revoked the exemption effective on a redacted date.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the dissolved veterans charity substantiate exempt activities and show that its funds and remaining assets did not benefit insiders?
• Outcome: Revocation.
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(c)(3), 6001, and 6033; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1 and 1.6001-1; Arlie Foundation v. IRS, 283 F. Supp. 2d 58 (D.D.C. 2003).

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service

TE/GE EO Examinations
1100 Commerce Street
Dallas, TX 75424
TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES Date: January 23, 2015

DIVISION

Release Number: 201517010 Person to Contact:

Phone:
Release Date: 4/24/2015 Identification Number:
UIL code: 501.03-00 In Reply Refer to: TE/GE Review Staff

LAST DATE FOR FILING A PETITION
WITH THE TAX COURT: April 16, 2015

CERTIFIED MAIL – Return Receipt Requested
Dear

This is a Final Adverse Determination Letter as to your exempt status under section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Your exemption from Federal income tax under
section 501(c)(3) of the code is hereby revoked effective January 1, 20XX.

Our adverse determination was made for the following reasons:

Organizations described in I.R.C. § 501(c)(3) and exempt under section
501(a) must be both organized and operated exclusively for exempt purposes.
You have failed to produce documents or otherwise establish that you are
operated exclusively for exempt purposes and that no part of your net earnings
inures to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals. Further, your
activities more than insubstantially further non-exempt purposes, and you
operate primarily for the benefit of private rather than public interests. And
you failed to respond to repeated reasonable requests to allow the Internal
Revenue Service to examine your records regarding your receipts,
expenditures, or activities as required by I.R.C. § 6001, 6033(a)(1) and the
regulations thereunder.

Contributions to your organization are no longer deductible under section 170 of the
Internal Revenue Code.

You are required to file Federal income tax returns on Form 1120. These returns should be
filed with the appropriate Service Center for the year ending December 31, 20XX, and for all
years thereafter.

Processing of income tax returns and assessment of any taxes due will not be delayed should
a petition for declaratory judgment be filed under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue
Code. -1-

If you decide to contest this determination in court, you must initiate a suit for declaratory
judgment in the United States Tax Court, the United States Claim Court or the District
Court of the United States for the District of Columbia before the 91st day after the date this
determination was mailed to you. Contact the clerk of the appropriate court for the rules for
initiating suits for declaratory judgment.

You also have the right to contact the office of the Taxpayer Advocate. However, you
should first contact the person whose name and telephone number are shown above since
this person can access your tax information and can help you get answers.

You can call 1-877-777-4778 and ask for Taxpayer Advocate assistance. Or you can contact
the Taxpayer Advocate from the site where the tax deficiency was determined by calling,
Tel: , or write:

Local Taxpayer Advocate

Taxpayer Advocate assistance cannot be used as a substitute for established IRS procedures,
formal appeals processes, etc. The Taxpayer Advocate is not able to reverse legal or
technically correct tax determinations, nor extend the time fixed by law that you have to file
a petition in the United States Tax Court. The Taxpayer Advocate can, however, see that a
tax matter that may not have been resolved through normal channels gets prompt and

proper handling.

We will notify the appropriate State Officials of this action, as required by section 6104(c) of
the Internal Revenue Code.

If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are
shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely yours,

Margaret Von Lienen

Director, EO Examinations

Enclosures:
Publication 892

D t t of the Trea - Internal Revenue
Form 886-A epartmen e sury Schedule No. or

Service ty
. Exhibit
Explanation of Items

Name of Taxpayer Year/Period
Ended

December 31,20XX and
December 31, 20XX

ISSUE(S):

Whether , hereafter “the organization” continues to qualify for exemption under
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

FACTS:
The organization was granted exemption under 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code per a determination letter
issued June 16, 20XX. The organization also terminated in September 20XX. The organization was founded and
operated by , who serves as its President. Based on its Articles of Incorporation, the
organization’s purposes are to:

a) Visit those hospitalized in Veterans Administration hospitals.

b) Furnish personal items and services to hospitalized veterans.

c) Assist homeless veterans with food baskets, blankets, temporary housing, job placement, and transportation

services.

Article IV of the Articles of Incorporation states in part:

“The Corporation is organized exclusively for charitable, religious, educational and scientific purposes, including for
such purposes, making distributions to organizations that qualify as exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal
Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code.

The property of this corporation is irrevocably dedicated to charitable purposes and no part of the net income or
assets of this corporation shall inure to the benefit of any director, officer or member thereof, or to the benefit of any
private person.

The manner of distribution of assets in this Corporation’s winding up is as follows:

Upon dissolution of the Corporation, assets shall be distributed for one or more exempt purposes within the meaning
of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code....or shall be distributed to the federal government, or state or
local government for public purpose. Any such assets not so disposed of shall be disposed of by the court of
competent jurisdiction of the county in which the principal office of the corporation is then located, exclusively for
such purpose, or to such organizations as said Court shall determine which are organized and operated exclusively
for such purposes.”

The organization’s 20XX 990 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax lists on page 7 its Board of
Directors as:
— President
— Secretary
— Treasurer

retained the services of a CPA to act as his Power-of-Attorney (POA) to conduct the examination.
During the initial interview, the POA related that is mother, and
is another relative.

The organization’s largest independent contractor, a fundraising business named , is
owned by one of brothers.

On the organization’s form 1023 — Application for Recognition of Exemption, the org answered a number of
questions in Part V related to business and family relationships.

Question 2a: Are any of your officers, directors, or trustees related to each other through family or business
relationships? The organization answered ‘No’ to this question.

Form 886-A (Rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -1l-

Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue
Form 886-A P y Schedule No. or

Service sys
: Exhibit
Explanation of Items

Name of Taxpayer Year/Period
Ended

December 31,20XX and
December 31, 20XX

Question 2c: Are any of your officers, directors, or trustees related to your highest compensated employees or
highest compensated independent contractors. ..through family or business relationships? The firm answered “No’ to
this question.

Question 7a: Do you or will you purchase any goods, services, or assets from any of your...highest compensated
independent contractors...the firm answered ‘No’ to this question.

Part VIII, question 4b: Do you or will you have written or oral contracts with any individuals or organizations to
raise money for you? The firm answered ‘No’ to this question.

, president, stated through his Power-of-Attorney, , all his accounting records were on
computer, that the computer contracted a virus, and all records were lost. recently moved, and any paper
copies of business transactions have been misplaced. There were no Bylaws, or Board meeting minutes. The years
under exam were 20XX and 20XX, the only two years the org was in existence. POA obtained copies of bank
statements for the two years, and had a member of her staff code and categorize all activity; I reviewed the
transactions for correctness.

There were a number of disbursements the Revenue Agent questioned as to the exempt nature of the transaction. In
addition, assets were purchased in both years, such as office equipment and furniture, and vehicles, which if owned
by the organization, would need to be distributed to similar 501(c)(3) entities when terminated and dissolved in
late summer 20XX; there was no evidence the organization properly distributed such assets.

The examination turned up issues in other accounting and tax areas, so related cases were opened. Due to client
issues, the POA informed us she is no longer working with , and we should work with the taxpayer directly.
We sent a letter asking to come in for an interview and have a chance to show the questionable
expenditures were not for his personal benefit; he never responded. We sent statute extensions with cover letters; he
never responded.

LAW:

§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)_ In order to be exempt as an organization described in section 501(c)(3), entities must be both
organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or
educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals. If an organization fails to meet either
the organizational test or the operational test, it is not exempt.

Operational Test:

1) Primary activities. An organization will be regarded as operated exclusively for one or more
exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of such
exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more
than an insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

2) Distribution of earnings. An organization is not operated exclusively for one or more exempt
purposes if its net earnings inure in whole or in part to the benefit of private shareholders or
individuals.

Treasury Regulation section 1.6001-1(c) Exempt Organizations. “In addition to such permanent books and
records as are required by paragraph (a) of this section with respect to the tax imposed by section 511 on unrelated
business income of certain exempt organizations, every organization exempt from tax under section 501(a) shall

Form 886-A (Rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service

Page: -2-

Form 886-A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Schedule No. or
<7 Exhibit

Explanation of Items

Name of Taxpayer Year/Period
; Ended

December 31,20XX and
December 31, 20XX

keep such permanent books of accounts or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to show specifically the
items of gross income, receipts and disbursements. Such organizations shall also keep such books and records as are
required to substantiate the information required by section 6033.

Treasury Regulation section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c). Operational Test. (2) Distribution of Earnings. An organization is
not operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole or in part to the benefit of
private shareholders or individuals.

Treasury Regulation section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d). Exempt purposes. (1)(ii) An organization is not organized or
operated exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in subdivision (i) of this subdivision unless it serves a
public rather than a private interest. Thus to meet the requirement of this subdivision, it is necessary for an
organization to establish that it is not organized or operated for the benefit of private interests such as designated
individuals, the creator or his family, shareholders of the org, or persons controlled, directly or indirectly, by such
private interests.

Arlie Foundation v. IRS 283 F Supp 2d 58 (D.D.C 2003) the district court found that the operational test requires
both an organization engage “primarily” in activities that accomplish its exempt purpose and that not more than an
“insubstantial part of its activities” further a non-exempt purpose. Though an incidental non-exempt purpose will not
automatically disqualify an organization, the “presence of a single nonexempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will
destroy the exemption, regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes.”

GOVERNMENT POSITION:

In accordance with the above-cited provisions of the Code and Regulations under 501(c)(3), Treasury Regulation
§1.501(c)(3), and court cases listed above, the Organization is not the type of an organization for which an
exemption from tax was intended.

1. Operational Test - § 1.501(c)(3)-1 For an organization to be exempt as an organization described in
   section 501(c)(3) it has to meet the operational test. An organization will not be so regarded if more than an
   insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose. In both of its years of
   operations, had questionable expenditures that appear to be for the benefit of the founder, for which the
   organization provided no substantiation that the disbursements were for charitable purposes.

2. Lack of Adequate Records — 1.274-5T(2)(c)(i). stated he had the organization’s accounting system
   on a computer, the computer was infected by a virus, and that all information was lost. Also, in a move of
   residences, all paper records were misplaced or lost. His POA was able to obtain bank statements which
   showed revenues and disbursements, but could not or would not, provide explanations for the
   business or charitable purpose of the transactions. Since the taxpayer was non-communicative, the IRS
   presumed all questionable transactions were not business or charity related (thus personal in nature) and
   were disallowed.

3. Distribution of earnings - An organization is not operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if
   its net earnings inure in whole or in part to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals. Regs.
   1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) states that the burden of proof is upon the organization to establish that it is not
   organized or operated for the benefit of private interests. This requirement applies equally to inurement and
   private benefit issues. In this case, the Agent identified questionable transactions from the business bank
   account that were not substantiated for an exempt purpose. These transactions appear to be personal and for

the benefit of . Also, upon dissolution of the organization in 20XX, remaining assets should have
been distributed to other 501(c)(3) entities, or to the federal government, or to state or local government for
public purposes. provided no documentation that the remaining assets were distributed as they

should have been. The Service thus presumes he retained them for his own use.

Form 886-A (Rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -3-

Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue
Form 886-A P Y Schedule No. or

Service Exhibit
Explanation of Items

Name of Taxpayer Year/Period
Ended

December 31,20XX and
December 31,20XX

TAX PAYER POSITION: .
Taxpayer has not communicated with the Service.

CONCLUSION:
The organization has several violations that jeopardize its exempt status: 1) the organization is not operated
exclusively for exempt purposes, 2) inadequate records to support exempt activities, and 3) inurement to

. All of these issues are in violation of 501(c)(3).

1) Questionable disbursements totaling $ in 20XX, and $ in 20XX were identified and presented to
to explain the business or charitable purpose of the transactions. He did not respond. This is inurement,
which is prohibited, and as such is a basis for revocation.

2) The taxpayer was unable to provide any books, records, or other documentation of the business and/or
charitable transactions of the organization, as required by Treasury Regulation 1.6001-1(c). The POA was
able to obtain bank statements, and compile lists of revenues and disbursements, but could not or
would not, provide explanations of the transactions. The lack of the required adequate books and records is
a basis for revocation.

3) In addition to the questionable disbursements that appear to be for the benefit of the taxpayer, the
organization provided no evidence that remaining assets to distributed to similar 501(c)(3) organizations or
to the federal government, or to state or local governments upon dissolution of , thus the value of the
assets are considered to have inured to the private benefit of

The Government concludes that the Exempt Organization does not meet the requirements to be recognized as
exempt from federal income tax under 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Accordingly, the organization's
exempt status should be revoked effective January 1, 20XX.

Form 886-A (Rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -4-