Exemption denied for founder inurement and private benefit

Plain-English summary

An educational-program business formerly operated as a sole proprietorship was converted into a nonprofit corporation so it could seek grants and donations. The founders continued conducting the programs, owned related intellectual property, received percentage-based compensation, and shared control of a board with another related person. The applicant also failed to provide a complete organizing document showing compliant purpose and dissolution clauses. The IRS concluded that the organization failed both the organizational and operational tests because substantial activities benefited the founders and net earnings inured to private individuals. After the applicant did not protest the proposed adverse determination within 30 days, the IRS made the denial of section 501(c)(3) status final.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does the organization qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3)?
• Outcome: Denied because it failed the organizational and operational tests and operated for founder inurement and private benefit.
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(a)-1 and 1.501(c)(3)-1.

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

P.O. Box 2508
Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date: January 13, 2015

Employer ID number:
Release Number: 201515037

Release Date: 4/10/2015 Contact person/ID number:
UIL Code: 501.32-00

Contact telephone number:

Form you must file:

Tax years:

Dear:

This letter is our final determination that you don’t qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Recently, we sent you a proposed adverse determination in response to your
application. The proposed adverse determination explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it
gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we didn’t receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed
determination is now final.

Because you don’t qualify as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, donors can’t
deduct contributions to you under Section 170 of the Code. You must file federal income tax returns for the tax
years listed at the top of this letter using the required form (also listed at the top of this letter) within 30 days of
this letter unless you request an extension of time to file.

We’ll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection (as required under Section 6110 of the Code) after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Notice
437 on how to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don’t need to take any further action.

We'll also notify the appropriate state officials of our determination by sending them a copy of this final letter
and the proposed determination letter (under Section 6104(c) of the Code). You should contact your state
officials if you have questions about how this determination will affect your state responsibilities and
requirements.

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

If you have questions about this letter, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter. If you have
questions about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at

1-800-829-1040 (TTY 1-800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at
1-800-829-4933.

Sincerely,

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosures:

Notice 437

Redacted Letter 4036, Proposed Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501 (c)(3)
Redacted Letter 4038, Final Adverse Determination Under IRC Section 501(c)(3) - No Protest

Letter 4038 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47632S

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION
Date: November 12, 2014 Contact Person:

Identification Number:
Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:

LEGEND:

B = Board Member
C = Board Member
O = State

UIL:
501.32-00
501.32-01
501.33-00

Q = Date

S = Program

d=Number

e=Number

f dollars=Amount
g dollars=Amount
h=Number
j=Number
k=Number
m=Number
n=Number
p=Number

Dear:

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax
under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Based on the
information provided, we determined that you don’t qualify for exemption under Section
501(c)(3) of the Code. This letter explains the basis for our conclusion. Please keep it
for your records.

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Issues

Do you qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for the reasons
stated below.

Facts

You previously operated as a sole proprietorship; B and C who are husband and wife
were your owners. Your primary purpose was to provide a historical portrayal that
taught history, humanity, leadership and the power of one; you accomplished this by
providing an educational program, S, in schools, libraries and theaters for a fee. B and
C conducted this program and each received e% of the gross proceeds. You wanted to
pursue funding through grants and donations so you could expand your programs. B
incorporated you as a non-profit corporation under the state law of O on Q to conduct
the same programs as the sole proprietorship as shown by your Certificate of
Incorporation. You did not submit a complete copy of your Articles of Incorporation.

You provided the following information about your activities:

• You provide programs in schools, churches, community centers, medical
facilities, workshops, health fairs, and at conventions.

• You operate a publishing company to market books and develop other products
around the books.

• You serve school aged children, college students, families, and community
groups that strive to teach humanitarian values that lead to developing great
leaders.

Your board consists of five individuals, including B, C, another related individual, and
two others.

Your compensation arrangements with board members are:

• You keep h% of the gross funds collected from S for support; j% of the net funds
are then divided e% between your two board members and founders, B and C,
as compensation for their services.

• B provides independent programs such as workshops, key note speaking and
other educational programs. You retain h% of the gross funds for overhead
costs and B receives the entire balance after the h% is deducted.

• You sell books and programs developed by B who owns the rights. B is paid j%
of the net proceeds for the sale of these items after you receive h%.

Your marketing plan shows your goals are:

Letter 4036 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

3

• To serve k students in at least m schools in the current year and expand n% for
the next few years.

• To include book sales at each event; you plan for sales of about d books in the
current year at f dollars each for a profit of g dollars. Your goal is to increase
books sales by p% in the next year. You will offer your books and other
materials developed by B at all of your events.

• To hold a workshop with a keynote presentation and a book project. This

workshop is targeted to boys and girls clubs, scouts, and technical schools. The
purpose is to instill hope and motivation. Donations will be requested from the
groups served.

• To offer a free annual full day conference to the community providing education
on healthy lifestyles that improves or maintains good health. You anticipate
community sponsors and the selling of retail vendor space to pay for the
conference.

Your office location remains the same after your conversion from sole proprietorship to
a non-profit corporation, which is the home of B and C. In addition, all existing
equipment and supplies are being transferred; you stated there was no “need of a
formal agreement or funds transfer” because there are no obligations being passed on.

Your primary source of financial support is receipts from your educational programs,
primarily S. Your secondary source of financial support is receipts from books and
other items developed by B.

Expenses are for fundraising, other salaries and wages, interest, occupancy,
depreciation and depletion, professional fees and other expenses such as program
services.

Law

Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”) provides for the
exemption from federal income tax of corporations organized and operated exclusively
for charitable and educational purposes, no part of the net earnings which inures to the
benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(a)-1(c) of the Regulations provides that the terms “private shareholder or
individual” in Section 501 refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the
activities of the organization.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Regulations states that, in order to be exempt as an
organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code, an organization must be both
organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in such
section. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the operational

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

test, it is not exempt.

Section1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i) of the Regulations provides that an organization is
organized exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if its articles of
organization:

(a) Limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes; and

(b) Do not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an
insubstantial part of its activities, in activities that in themselves are not in
furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(4) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization
is not organized exclusively for one or more exempt purposes unless its assets are
dedicated to an exempt purpose, either by an express provision in its governing
instrument or by operation of law.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization
operates exclusively for exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities that
accomplish exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3) of the Code. An
organization must not engage in substantial activities that fail to further an exempt
purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an organization
is not operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in
whole or in part to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals as defined in
Section 1.501(a)-1(c).

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that an exempt
organization must serve a public rather than a private interest. The organization must
demonstrate that it is not organized or operated to benefit private interests such as
“designated individuals, the creator or his family, shareholders of the organization, or
persons controlled, directly or indirectly, by such private interests." Thus, if an
organization is operated to benefit private interests rather than for public purposes, or is
operated so that there is prohibited inurement of earnings to the benefit of private
shareholders or individuals, it may not retain its exempt status.

Revenue Ruling 69-383, 1969-2 CB 113 describes a hospital which entered into an
agreement with a hospital-based radiologist to compensate him on the basis of a fixed
percentage of the departmental income. The radiologist did not control the hospital and
the agreement was negotiated at arm's length. The amount the radiologist received was
reasonable in terms of the responsibilities and activities that he assumed under the
contract. For these reasons, it was held that the arrangement entered into between the
hospital and the radiologist did not constitute inurement of net earnings to a private

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

5

individual within the meaning of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations and the
hospital retained its exempt status.

In Better Business Bureau of Washington D.C., Inc. v. United States, 326 U.S. 279
(1945), the Supreme Court held that the presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if
substantial in nature, will destroy the exemption Regardless of the number or
importance of truly exempt purposes. The Court found that the trade association had an
“underlying commercial motive” that distinguished its educational program from that
carried out by a university.

In Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, 505 F.2d 1068 (6th Cir. 1974),

the court held that an organization seeking a ruling as to recognition of its tax-exempt
status has the burden of proving that it satisfies the requirements of the particular
exemption statute.

In Basic Bible Church v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 846 (1980), the Sixth Circuit court
found that although the organization did serve religious and charitable purposes, it
existed to serve the private benefit of its founders, and thus failed the operational test of
section 501(c)(3). Control over financial affairs by the founder created an opportunity
for abuse and thus the need to be open and candid, which the applicant failed to do.

In KJ's Fund Raisers v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1997-424 (1997), aff'd, 166 F.3d
1200 (2d Cir. 1998), the Tax Court held, and the Second Circuit affirmed, that an
organization formed to raise funds for distribution to charitable causes did not qualify for
exemption under section 501(c)(3) because its activities resulted in a substantial private
benefit to its founders.

APPLICATION OF LAW

You are not as described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code because you are not
exclusively organized and operated for charitable or educational purposes.

You are not as described in Section 1.501(c)(3)—1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations
because you fail both the organizational and operational tests.

You do not meet the requirements in Section 1.501(c)(3)—1(b)(I)(i) and Section
1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(4) of the Income Tax Regulations. You did not provide a copy of your
organizing document showing that your purpose and dissolution clause meet the
requirements in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code; therefore, you fail the organizational test.

You do not meet the provisions of Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the Regulations
because more than an insubstantial part of your activities is not in furtherance of an
exempt purpose; you took over B and C’s sole proprietorship to obtain grant money to
conduct the same activities as well as provide similar compensation to B and C after
taking a small percentage for your operations. These facts show you are operating for
substantial non-exempt private purposes.

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

You are not described in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations because you are
not operated exclusively for exempt purposes since your net earnings inure to the
benefit of private shareholders or individuals as defined in Section 1.501(a)-1(c). For
example:

• You were formed by B and C to obtain grant money to provide the same services as the
sole-proprietorship.

• Three of your five board members are related.

• Your compensation arrangements with B and C indicate inurement; for example they
each receive e% of the proceeds from S after you receive h%; B receives j% of the
proceeds from your other programs and items she developed that are sold at your
programs.

You are not defined in Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Regulations because you are
operating to confer the advantages of tax-exempt status to B and C as shown by the fact
that your tax exemption will enable them to apply for grants to expand their business.
Moreover, the facts show a more than insubstantial part of your operations is the selling
of intellectual property for the benefit of your creators. You further the personal interests
of the board members, B and C.

You are not like the organization in Revenue Ruling 69-383, 1969-2 CB 113. Your
compensation arrangements are with individuals who control you and were not
negotiated at arm’s length. These arrangements indicate inurement of net earnings to a
private individual within the meaning of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations
and disqualify you from exemption.

You are like the organization in Better Business Bureau v. Commissioner. Although you
may have some educational purposes, the presence of non-exempt private purposes
precludes exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Similar to the organization in Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, you have the
burden of proving that you satisfy the requirements for tax exemption. You have failed
to prove that you are not operating for the benefit of B and C.

Although some of your activities fulfill an educational purpose like Basic Bible Church v.
Commissioner, supra, you have existed to serve the private benefit of your founders
and thus fail the operational test of section 501(c)(3). Because your activities result in a
substantial private benefit to your founders, you do not qualify for exemption as outlined
in KJ's Fund Raisers v. Commissioner, supra.

Conclusion

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

7

Based on the facts presented, you do not meet the organizational and operational tests
in Section 1.501(c)(3)—1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations; a substantial part of your
activities inure to the benefit of B and C and do not further an exempt purpose.
Accordingly, you do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in section
501(c)(3) of the Code.

If you don’t agree

You have a right to file a protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse
determination. To do so, you must send a statement to us within 30 days of the date of
this letter. The statement must include:

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN),
and a daytime phone number

• A copy of this letter highlighting the findings you disagree
with

• An explanation of why you disagree, including any
supporting documents

• The law or authority, if any, you are relying on

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is
authorized to sign for the organization, or your authorized representative

• One of the following declarations:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign
for the organization:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I examined this protest

statement, including accompanying documents, and to the best of my
knowledge and belief, the statement contains all relevant facts and such

facts are true, correct, and complete.

For authorized representatives:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I prepared this protest statement,
including accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and
belief, the statement contains all relevant facts and such facts are true,
correct, and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to
practice before the IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of
Representative, with us if he or she hasn't already done so. You can find more

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

8

information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the IRS and Power
of Attorney.

We'll review your protest statement and decide if you provided a basis for us to
reconsider our determination. If so, we'll continue to process your case considering the
information you provided. If you haven't provided a basis for reconsideration, we'll
forward your case to the Office of Appeals and notify you. You can find more
information about the role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, How to Appeal an
IRS Decision on Tax-Exempt Status.

If you don't file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court
at a later date because the law requires that you use the IRS administrative process first
(Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code).

Where to send your protest
Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, if needed, and any supporting
documents to the applicable address:

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:
Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service

EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008

P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your statement and supporting documents to the fax number listed at
the top of this letter. If you fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the
top of this letter to confirm that he or she received it.

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If
we don't hear from you within 30 days, we'll issue a final adverse determination letter.
That letter will provide information on your income tax filing requirements.

You can find all forms and publications mentioned in this letter on our website at
www.irs.gov/formspubs. If you have questions, you can contact the person listed at the
top of this letter.

Sincerely,

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W

Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure:
Publication 892

Letter 4036 (Rev.7-2014)
Catalog Number 47630W