Pooled fund and trust interests qualify as registered-form obligations

Plain-English summary

An investment-fund sponsor planned a master partnership and a disregarded statutory trust that would hold beneficial interests in distressed commercial mortgage loans. The mortgage loans themselves were not in registered form, and the trust could vary its investments, so neither the trust nor the master fund was treated as a grantor trust under the cited regulation. Interests in both entities, however, could be transferred only through surrender and reissuance or through a qualifying book-entry system. The IRS concluded that the interests were similar evidence of interests in similar pooled funds and would be obligations in registered form if the transfer requirements were satisfied. It did not rule on whether payments would qualify as portfolio interest or whether the master fund conducted a U.S. trade or business.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Would interests in the master fund and disregarded trust be obligations in registered form despite the underlying loans not being registered?
• Outcome: Approved if the specified transfer procedures are satisfied
• Key authorities: IRC § 163(f); Temp. Treas. Reg. §§ 1.163-5T(d)(1) and 5f.103-1(c)

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201504004 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 1/23/2015 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 163.08-00
Person To Contact:
--------------------- ---------------, ID No. ----------------
----------- Telephone Number:
-------------------------- --------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Refer Reply To:
------------------------------------ CC:FIP:B02
PLR-115151-14
Date:
October 03, 2014

Legend

Taxpayer = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
US Feeder = -----------------------------------------------
Foreign Feeder = ----------------------------------------------------------
Master Fund = ----------------------------------------------
GP = -----------------------------------------
Trust = ---------------
State = ------------
Country = ---------------------

Dear ----------:

   This is in response to your letter dated April 7, 2014, requesting that certain

interests held in a disregarded entity and a partnership will be considered obligations in
registered form, if the interests in those entities are transferable according to the
procedures described in section 5f.103-1(c) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations.

                                                 FACTS

  Taxpayer is the ultimate general partner of a family of private investment funds.

Taxpayer is a corporation organized under the laws of State. Taxpayer uses the
calendar year for federal income tax reporting and the accrual method as its overall
method of accounting.

    Taxpayer will form the following five entities in connection with the transactions

described in this letter. Each entity is a distinct entity type formed under the laws of
either State or Country and is taxable for federal tax purposes as outlined below. Each
entity (except Trust) uses the calendar year for federal income tax reporting and the
accrual method as its overall method of accounting. As a disregarded entity, Trust does
PLR-115151-14 2

not possess an annual accounting period or have its own method of accounting. Each
entity (except Trust) will apply for a taxpayer identification number upon formation.

Entity Name Entity Type Formation Entity Taxable As:
US Feeder Limited partnership State Partnership
Foreign Feeder Limited partnership Country Corporation
Master Fund Limited partnership State Partnership
GP Limited liability company State Partnership
Trust Statutory trust State Disregarded entity

    The primary activity of US Feeder will be to raise money from US persons. US

Feeder will use all the funds that it raises to pay its organizational expenses and
purchase an interest in Master Fund. (US Feeder may impose an entity between it and
Master Fund. If US Feeder chooses to do so, it will own all of the participating equity
interests in this intermediate entity.) The primary activity of Foreign Feeder will be to
raise money from foreign persons. Foreign Feeder will use all the funds it raises to pay
its organizational expenses and purchase an interest in Master Fund. GP will serve,
directly or indirectly, as the general partner of Master Fund.

   Taxpayer, directly or through one or more intermediate entities, will acquire an

interest in each of US Feeder and Foreign Feeder. (Taxpayer will serve as the ultimate
general partner of US Feeder and Foreign Feeder.) As a result of Taxpayer’s interest in
each of US Feeder and Foreign Feeder, Taxpayer will share in profits and losses
allocated to US Feeder and Foreign Feeder by Master Fund. Taxpayer represents that
Foreign Feeder and Master Fund will not operate in a manner that will cause Foreign
Feeder to be engaged in the conduct of a trade or business in the United States within
the meaning of either section 871(b) or 882(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (the
“Code”).

   Taxpayer represents that interests in Master Fund will be transferable only

pursuant to procedures described in section 5f.103-1(c)(1) of the Temporary Income
Tax Regulations and therefore are in registered form within the meaning of this
regulation. Specifically, interests in Master Fund will be transferable only by surrender
of the old interest and either reissuance by Master Fund of the old interest or through
issuance by Master Fund of a new instrument to the new holder. Alternatively, the right
to receive distributions of principal and interest on the assets held by Master Fund will
be transferable only through a book entry system maintained by Master Fund. If a book
entry system is employed, such system will meet the requirements of section 5f.103-
1(c)(2). Taxpayer further represents that Master Fund has no trustees, will be managed
by GP, and has a profit-making activity as one of its purposes.

 Master Fund will use the amounts received as capital contributions from US

Feeder and Foreign Feeder to acquire beneficial interests in “scratch & dent”
commercial mortgage loans (each, an “S&D Loan”). As applied to mortgage loans, the
PLR-115151-14 3

term, “scratch & dent” refers to mortgage loans with incurable defects. Such loans, for
example, may have higher loan-to-value ratios, lower debt service coverage ratios, or
missed payments. S&D Loans often require modifications in order for the loans to
continue payments or become re-performing. Taxpayer represents that S&D Loans
secured by mortgages are not in registered form within the meaning of section 5f.103-
1(c) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations.

    Master Fund will contribute its interest in the S&D Loan portfolios to Trust.

Similar to interests in Master Fund, interests in Trust will be transferable only pursuant
to procedures described in section 5f.103-1(c) of the Temporary Income Tax
Regulations. Taxpayer anticipates that the independent servicers engaged by Trust to
service the S&D Loans will be required to negotiate modifications to certain of the S&D
Loans in order for the mortgagors to make regular payments on their respective loans.
The modifications on these certain S&D Loans would constitute “significant
modifications” within the meaning of section 1.1001-3(b) of the Income Tax Regulations.
Taxpayer expects that significant modifications will be made to the mortgage loans after
the initial 60-day period following Trust formation. Trust will have the right to acquire
S&D Loans more than 60 days after its formation, as well as the ability to dispose of the
S&D Loans at any time. The parties expect that the S&D Loans will be acquired by the
Trust after such 60-day period, either by purchase or by contribution. Thus, Taxpayer
represents that Trust has the power to vary its investments.

   Taxpayer’s business reasons for the transaction include providing investors in

US Feeder and Foreign Feeder with a return on their investment that is above-market
on a risk-adjusted basis. The business reasons also include enabling the Taxpayer to
earn income from the overall performance of the S&D Loans.

                                         LAW

    Section 163(f)(1) of the Code disallows a deduction for interest on any

registration-required obligation unless such obligation is in registered form. Section
163(f)(2) defines the term, “registration-required obligation” as an obligation (including
any obligation issued by a governmental entity) other than an obligation which (i) is
issued by a natural person, (ii) is not of a type offered to the public, or (iii) has a maturity
(at issue) of not more than one year.

    Section 1.163-5T(d)(1) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations provides that a

pass-through or participation certificate evidencing an interest in a pool of mortgage
loans which under Subpart E of Subchapter J of the Code is treated as a trust of which
the grantor is the owner (or similar evidence of interest in a similar pooled fund or
pooled trust treated as a grantor trust) (“pass-through certificate”) is considered to be a
“registration-required obligation” under section 163(f)(2)(A) and section 1.163-5(c) if the
pass-through certificate is described in section 163(f)(2)(A) and section 1.163-5(c)
PLR-115151-14 4

without regard to whether any obligation held by the fund or trust to which the pass-
through certificate relates is described in section 163(f)(2)(A) and section 1.163-5(c).

   Section 1.871-14(a) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that no tax shall be

imposed under section 871(a)(1)(A), 871(a)(1)(C), 881(a)(1) or 881(a)(3) of the Code on
any portfolio interest as defined in sections 871(h)(2) and 881(c)(2) received by a
foreign person. Under sections 871(h)(2) and 881(c)(2), interest must be paid on an
obligation that is in registered form to qualify as portfolio interest. The term “registered
form” has the same meaning given such term by section 163(f). Sections 871(h)(7) and
881(c)(7). Section 1.871-14(c)(1)(i) provides that the conditions for an obligation to be
considered in registered form are identical to the conditions described in section
5f.103-1 of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations.

    Section 1.871-14(d)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that interest

received on a pass-through certificate qualifies as portfolio interest if the interest
satisfies the conditions in section 1.871-14(c)(1) without regard to whether any
obligation held by the fund or trust to which the pass-through certificate relates is
described in section 1.871-14(c)(1)(ii). This paragraph only applies to payments made
to the holder of the pass-through certificate from the trustee of the pass-through trust
and does not apply to payments made to the trustee of the pass-through trust.

   Section 5f.103-1(c)(1) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations provides

generally that an obligation is in registered form if (i) the obligation is registered as to
both principal and any stated interest with the issuer (or its agent) and transfer of the
obligation may be effected only by surrender of the old instrument and either the
reissuance by the issuer of the old instrument to the new holder or the issuance by the
issuer of a new instrument to the new holder, (ii) the right to the principal of, and stated
interest on, the obligation may be transferred only through a book entry system
maintained by the issuer (or its agent) as described in section 5f.103-1(c)(2), or (iii) the
obligation is registered as to both principal and stated interest with the issuer (or its
agent) and may be transferred through most of the methods described in (i) and (ii)
above.

    Section 5f.103-1(c)(2) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations provides that

an obligation will be considered transferable through a book entry system if the
ownership of an interest in the obligation is required to be reflected in a book entry,
whether or not physical securities are issued. A book entry is record of ownership that
identifies the owner of an interest in the obligation.

   Section 301.7701-4(c)(1) of the Procedure and Administration Regulations

provides that, an investment trust with a single class of undivided beneficial interest in
the trust assets is classified as a trust if there is no power under the trust agreement to
vary the investment of the certificate holders.
PLR-115151-14 5

                                    ANALYSIS

   The purpose of the registration requirement for certain obligations is to prevent

the underreporting of tax on gains on sales on both taxable and tax-exempt securities
and to ensure that securities will be sold (or resold in connection with the original issue)
only to persons who are not United States persons. See section 1.163-5(c)(1)(i) of the
Income Tax Regulations.

    Taxpayer has represented that such S&D Loans are not in registered form.

Section 1.163-5T(d)(1) provides that an interest (a “pass-through certificate”) in a trust
that is treated as a grantor trust is considered to be an obligation in registered form if
the pass-through certificate is in registered form “without regard to whether any
obligation held by the fund or trust to which the pass-through certificate relates” is in
registered form. Neither Trust nor Master Fund is treated as a grantor trust under
section 301.7701-4(c)(1) of the Procedure and Administration Regulations. Section
1.163-5T(d)(1) of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations does not specify what type of
arrangements may qualify as similar pooled funds.

   In this case, the interests in Trust and Master Fund each will be transferable only

pursuant to the procedures described in section 5f.103-1(c)(1). Interests in Trust and
Master Fund each will be transferred in accordance with section 5f.103-1(c)(1)(i).
Alternatively, Trust and Master Fund will maintain a book entry system (as described in
section 5f.103-1(c)(2)), and the right to receive distributions of principal and interest on
the S&D Loans will be transferable only by such book entry system.

                                  CONCLUSION

   We conclude, based on the facts of this case, that the interests in Trust and

Master Fund each are similar evidences of interest in a similar pooled fund within the
meaning of section 1.163-5T(d)(1), and that if the requirements of section 5f.103-1(c)(1)
are satisfied, the interests in Trust and Master Fund will be considered obligations in
registered form.

    Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied

concerning the tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or
referenced in this letter. In particular, no opinion is expressed or implied regarding
whether any payment of interest on the interests in Trust and Master Fund will qualify as
portfolio interest for purposes of sections 871 and 881 of the Code. Furthermore, no
opinion is expressed or implied as to whether Master Fund is engaged in a trade or
business within the United States or whether the interest in Master Fund is effectively
connected with that trade or business.

  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of

the Code provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.
PLR-115151-14 6

     In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this

letter is being sent to your authorized representative.

                                   Sincerely,


                                   Susan Thompson Baker
                                   Susan Thompson Baker
                                   Senior Technician Reviewer, Branch 2
                                   Office of Associate Chief Counsel
                                   (Financial Institutions & Products)