PLR 1317013: IRS finds preferential cleanup payments jeopardize section 501(c)(4) status

Plain-English summary

The IRS ruled against a section 501(c)(4) environmental cleanup organization that proposed reducing a member's cleanup-related liability through a special fund and reimbursement agreement. The member was represented on the board of the organization's sole member, and the proposed arrangement would give that member a preferential price compared with other customers. The IRS concluded that the arrangement would provide private benefit and inurement to an insider, and would mean the organization was no longer operated exclusively for social welfare. The proposed payments would therefore adversely affect the organization's tax-exempt status.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Whether payments to a member under a proposed cleanup-cost settlement would preserve the organization's section 501(c)(4) exemption and avoid inurement or impermissible private benefit.
• Outcome: Denied. The payments would adversely affect exemption and result in inurement to the member.
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(4); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(4)-1(a)(2)(i) and 1.501(c)(4)-2(a)(i); Rev. Ruls. 66-221, 69-383, and 79-316; Contracting Plumbers Cooperative Restoration Corp. v. United States, 488 F.2d 684 (2d Cir. 1973); Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, 505 F.2d 1068 (6th Cir. 1974); United Cancer Council, Inc. v. Comm'r, 165 F.3d 1173 (7th Cir. 1999); People of God Community v. Comm'r, 75 T.C. 127 (1980); Spokane Motorcycle Club v. United States, 222 F. Supp. 151 (E.D. Wash. 1963).

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES
DIVISION

Release Number: 201317013 Contact Person:
Release Date: 4/26/2013
Date: January 28, 2013 Identification Number:

Uniform Issue List: Telephone Number:
501.04-00

Employer Identification Number:

Legend:

Parent

Industry

Company

Affiliate

Director

Incident

Agreement

Date

We have considered your ruling request dated February 11, 2011, on the federal income tax
consequences of a proposed agreement between you and Company.

FACTS:

You are exempt under § 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) as an organization
that promotes the public welfare by mitigating environmental damage. Your sole member is
Parent, a business league that is organized and operated to further the interests of Industry and
is exempt under § 501(c)(6).

The relationship between you and members of Parent with respect to your provision of cleanup
services, such as Company, is governed by a standard service agreement (SSA). The SSA
provides generally that you will provide cleanup services at designated rates, and that a member
of Parent, such as Company, will reimburse you for your out-of-pocket expenses and

pay a mark-up equal to 10-percent of all third-party service provider charges. The 10-percent
markup provision is intended to compensate you for the costs and risks associated with the
management and oversight of third-party contractors assisting in the cleanup response.

In this case, Company was responsible for the Incident. You have some of your own
equipment, which you keep on call for cleanups. The scale of the Incident, however, was
beyond your equipment capacity. Accordingly, and in compliance with the SSA, you hired third
party contractors to help with the cleanup. The 10-percent markup resulted in an obligation for
Company of approximately x1 dollars.

Company initiated the request for a reconsideration of the 10-percent markup amount because
it felt that the size of the Incident and the resulting sizeable 10-percent markup amount
produced an unexpected “windfall” to you. After considering the request, you and Company
entered into the Agreement on Date and presented it to the board of Parent.

Parent, in the interest of preserving your tax-exempt status, agreed that it was appropriate for
you to negotiate the Agreement with Company, but made the receipt of a favorable letter ruling
from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) a condition of Parent's accepting the Agreement
between you and Company.

The Agreement calls for the creation of a fund. You agreed to place in the fund 75 percent of
the dollar amount resulting from the 10-percent mark-up assessed with respect to any charges
related to the Incident where you invoiced and Company paid a 10-percent markup. Under the
Agreement, you are entitled to keep 25 percent of the amounts received from the 10-percent
markup paid by Company. The remaining 75 percent placed in the fund may be used by you
and Company for specified expenses related to the Incident. Many of the Agreement provisions
provide for reimbursement of Company by you from the fund. Once all qualifying expenses are
paid from the fund, the remainder, if any, is to be released to you.

Specifically, the Agreement provides, in part, that:

1. Company will be reimbursed from the fund for costs it incurs in auditing third-party
   contractors who performed work in the cleanup of the Incident. The SSA is silent on
   who is responsible for paying for such auditing costs, but the standard Contractor
   Services Agreement (CSA) you use when engaging third-party contractors provides that
   you have the right to access contractors' books and records to audit them at your
   expense.

2. You will be reimbursed from the fund for costs you incur in auditing third-party
   contractors if Company directs you to do so. As noted above, the CSA provides that you
   would normally be responsible for paying for such costs. However, under the SSA or
   CSA, you would audit third-party contractors in your own discretion and Company would
   not have the power to direct you to audit such contractors.

3. Reimbursements for audit costs in (1) and (2) are capped at x3 percent of the original
   amount in the fund, approximately x4 dollars.

4. Company will be reimbursed for collections costs in pursuing collections of incorrect
   billings from third-party contractors. You state that, under the CSA, you would be liable
   to pay for collections expenses for any overcharges made by contractors discovered
   through your audits of contractors.

5. You will be reimbursed for collection costs you incur in pursuing collections of incorrect
   billings from third-party contractors. Under the CSA, you would normally be liable for
   paying collections expenses.

6. Reimbursements for collection costs in (3) and (4) are capped at the lesser of x5 percent
   of the amounts collected or x6 percent of the original amount in the fund.

7. Company will be reimbursed for any incorrect billing amounts it identifies but are
   otherwise not recoverable, in addition to the 10-percent markup on such amounts.

8. Company will be reimbursed for the 10-percent markup on any incorrect billing amounts
   Company recovers.

9. You will be reimbursed for costs related to certain personal injury claims, to the extent
   they are not covered by the SSA, payable by insurance, or payable by a third party.

10. You and Company waive the right to challenge the validity of contracts that do not
    conform to the provisions of the SSA, but were entered in good faith.

Company is represented on the board of Parent by Director, who is employed by Affiliate, an
affiliate of Company. You state that Director, while present for, and participating in discussions
relating to the original intention underlying the 10-percent markup, the unexpected magnitude of
contractor billings on which the 10-percent markup was based in the case of the Incident, and
the disproportionate gross revenues produced by the 10-percent markup compared with the
extra costs borne by you in connection with managing contractors engaged to assist with the
Incident, did not “participate in the final deliberations or decision” by Parent to approve your
negotiations with Company. You further state that “the Parent Board's decision was made
consistent with the exercise of the remaining board members' fiduciary duties, based solely on
the best interests of Parent and its sole grantee, [you].”

You maintain that the reconsideration of the amount that Company owes you under the SSA is
consistent with the original intent of the 10-percent markup, which was to cover management
and oversight costs of third-party contractors. You state that the actual management and
oversight expenses related to the Incident are much lower and are estimated to total
approximately x2 dollars. You also state that the exchange under the Agreement between you
and Company reflects the “give and take” of negotiations. Further, you state that, had Company
not been a member of Parent, you would have been equally receptive to renegotiating the 10-
percent markup liability, given the unanticipated size of that liability under the unique facts and
circumstances presented by the Incident, and the limitations on liability and other concessions
you received from Company under the Agreement.

To date, you have responded to a total of x7 calls for cleanup services, including the Incident.
You have never before discounted any of the rates you charged for cleanup. You state that
Company's status as a member of Parent does not affect the reconsideration agreement, and

that you would have been willing to make such an agreement as the Agreement for any other
organization contracting with you. You also state that you do not intend to modify the existing
service agreement with Company or any other entity. You cite the unprecedented size and
financial impact of the Incident, which produced a “windfall” for you, as the reasons you were
willing to negotiate with Company.

RULINGS REQUESTED:

You requested the following ruling:

Payments made to Company pursuant to the Agreement will not adversely affect your tax-
exempt status and will not result in inurement or impermissible private benefit directly or
indirectly to Company by you.

LAW:

Section 501(c)(4) of the Code exempts from federal income tax organizations operated
exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, provided that no part of the net earnings of such
an organization inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(4)-1(a)(2)(i) of the Treasury Regulations (“regulations”) provides that an
organization is operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare if it is primarily engaged
in promoting in some way the common good and general welfare of the people of the
community.

Rev. Rul. 69-383, 1969-2 C.B. 113, holds that an agreement for fixed-percentage compensation
of a radiologist does not result in inurement when the agreement results from arm's-length
negotiation and the radiologist has no control over, or management authority with respect to, the
hospital.

Rev. Rul. 79-316, 1979-2 C.B. 228, holds that a nonprofit organization whose purpose is to
prevent liquid spills within a city port area and to develop a program for the containment and
cleanup of liquid spills that occur is entitled to exemption as a social welfare organization under
§ 501(c)(4), provided that its services are equally available to members and nonmembers and
both members and nonmembers are charged on the same basis for cleanup services rendered.

Contracting Plumbers Cooperative Restoration Corp. v. United States, 488 F.2d 684 (2d Cir.
1973), holds that an organization that repairs damage to city streets in the course of plumbing
activities does not promote the common good, although its activities benefit the community,
because its services are available only to repair damages caused by members.

Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, 505 F.2d 1068 (6th Cir. 1974), holds that “net earnings”
is a broader term than net profits according to financial statements. If a particular individual or
limited number of individuals reaps commercial benefits from the operation of the
instrumentality, though they do not do so by direct acquisition or payment over to them of its
earnings, the earnings may nevertheless inure to their benefit.

United Cancer Council, Inc. v. Comm'r., 165 F.3d 1173 (7th Cir. 1999), holds that the inurement

prohibition requires an organization not to siphon its earnings to its founder, or the members of
its board or their families, or anyone else fairly to be described as an insider, that is, as the
equivalent of an owner or manager. The test is functional. It looks to the reality of control rather
than to the insider's place in a formal organizational chart of an organization. The insider could
be a mere employee or even a nominal outsider, such as a physician with hospital privileges in
a charitable hospital.

The prohibition on inurement denies exempt status to an organization whose founders or
controlling members have a personal stake in that organization's receipts. People of God
Community v. Comm'r., 75 T.C. 127 (1980).

The term “net earnings” may include refreshments, goods, and services furnished to members
of an exempt organization. Spokane Motorcycle Club v. United States, 222 F. Supp. 151 (E.D.
Wash. 1963).

ANALYSIS:

Section 501(c)(4) exempts from federal income tax organizations operated exclusively for the
promotion of social welfare. An organization is operated exclusively for the promotion of social
welfare if it is primarily engaged in promoting in some way the common good and general
welfare of the community. Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(4)-2(a)(i).

Revenue Ruling 79-316, 1979-2 C.B. 228, holds that preventing and cleaning up liquid spills
that endanger marine life and befoul recreational beaches and shorefront property are activities
designed to benefit all inhabitants of the community served by an organization. Furthermore,
such an organization is exempt under section 501(c)(4), provided that its services are equally
available to members and nonmembers and both members and nonmembers are charged on the
same basis for the cleanup services rendered. Similarly, Rev. Rul. 66-221, 1966-2 C.B.
220, holds that an organization engaged in fighting fires and related activities promotes the
common good and general welfare of the people of the community as a whole. However,
services provided by an organization exclusively, or at a preferential price, to its contributors or
members do not promote the common good or general welfare even though they may
incidentally benefit a community. See Contracting Plumbers Cooperative Restoration Corp. v.
United States, 468 F.2d 684 (2d Cir. 1973) (holding that an organization that repaired damage
to city streets caused in the course of plumbing activities did not promote the common good,
even though its activities benefited the community, because its activities were available only to
repair damage caused by its members).

Your historical purpose and operations are consistent with these authorities regarding
exemption under § 501(c)(4). However, the Agreement will change the basis upon which
members and nonmembers of Parent are charged. You generally have charged members and
nonmembers on the same basis. The Agreement, however, changes the basis upon which you
charge a particular member, Company, thus providing a member a better price than
nonmembers.

Under the Agreement, you will reimburse Company for audit costs for which you would normally
be liable under the SSA and CSA. As a result of auditing third-party contractors, Company will
be reimbursed for any incorrect billing amounts it identifies, in addition to the associated 10-

percent markup for such amounts. Because Company will be reimbursed for audit costs, it is
incentivized to audit third-party contractors to identify incorrect billings, and is reimbursed for
both the audit costs and incorrect billings. Although Company would normally be reimbursed for
incorrect billings and the associated 10-percent markup under the SSA and CSA, the
subsidization of Company's auditing is likely to identify more incorrect billings than under the
SSA and CSA. This is because, under the SSA and CSA, you are responsible for auditing and
have less incentive to audit third parties. Therefore, Company stands to benefit under the
Agreement from the subsidized auditing activity. You cite the cap on audit costs as a benefit to
you under the Agreement. The cap for reimbursements for audit costs is capped at x3 percent
of the original fund amount. Given that the cap allows for approximately x4 dollars in audit
costs, however, the cap is so high that it is not meaningful.

Under the Agreement, you will also reimburse Company for collection costs for which you would
normally be liable under the SSA and CSA. Company will be reimbursed for collection costs in
recovering incorrect billings and for the 10-percent markup on the amount it recovers. Because
Company will be reimbursed for collection costs, it is incentivized to undertake collection
activities so that it can be reimbursed for the 10-percent markup on such amounts. Although
Company would normally be reimbursed for the recovered incorrect billing amounts under the
SSA and CSA, the subsidization of Company's collection activity is likely to cause Company to
recover more incorrect billings and be reimbursed for more 10-percent markups on such
amounts. This is because, under the SSA and CSA, you are responsible for collections and
have less incentive to collect amounts from third parties. You cite the cap on collection costs as
a benefit to you under the Agreement. The cap for reimbursements for collection costs is the
lesser of x5 percent of amounts collected or x6 percent of the original fund amount. Given that
the cap allows for reimbursement of millions of dollars in collection costs, this cap, like the cap
on audit costs, is also not particularly meaningful.

As described above, the Agreement reduces the amount Company is required to pay under the
SSA and CSA, changing the basis upon which you charge Company, a member of Parent, for
your services. You have never reduced the amounts you charge for cleanup services in
hundreds of service calls, either for members or nonmembers of Parent. Now, however, you
propose to discount the amounts you charge for cleanup services for a member of Parent that is
represented on the Board of Parent. Because you will charge a member of Parent (i.e.,
Company) on a different basis from nonmembers, and at a preferential price, you are not like the
organization in Rev. Rul. 79-316, supra. Accordingly, upon making such payments pursuant to the
Agreement, you may not be operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare under
§ 501(c)(4). See Rev. Rul. 79-316, supra, and Contracting Plumbers Cooperative Restoration
Corp. v. United States, 468 F.2d 684 (2d Cir. 1973). As a result, you may jeopardize your
exemption under § 501(c)(4).

No part of the net earnings of an organization exempt under § 501(c)(4) may inure to the benefit
of any private shareholder or individual. The inurement prohibition requires an organization not
to pass its earnings to its founder, or the members of its board or their families, or anyone else
fairly to be described as an insider, that is, as the equivalent of an owner or manager. United
Cancer Council, Inc. v. Comm'r., 165 F.3d 1173 (7th Cir. 1999). The test is functional: it looks
to the reality of control rather than to the insider's place in a formal table of organization. The
insider could be a mere employee or even a nominal outsider, such as a physician with hospital
privileges in a charitable hospital. Similarly, the prohibition on inurement denies exempt status

to an organization whose founders or controlling members have a personal stake in that
organization's receipts. People of God Community v. Comm'r., 75 T.C. 127 (1980).

“Net earnings,” in the context of the prohibition on inurement, is a broader term than net profits
according to financial statements. If a particular individual or limited number of individuals reaps
commercial benefits from the operation of an instrumentality, though they do not do so by direct
acquisition or payment over to them of its earnings, the earnings may nevertheless inure to their
benefit. Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, 505 F.2d 1068 (6th Cir. 1974). The term “net
earnings” may even include refreshments, goods, and services furnished to members of an
exempt organization. Spokane Motorcycle Club v. United States, 222 F. Supp. 151 (E.D. Wash.
1963).

An agreement for fixed-percentage compensation of a radiologist does not result in inurement
when the agreement results from arm's-length negotiation and the radiologist has no control
over, or management authority with respect to, the hospital. Rev. Rul. 69-383, 1969-2 C.B. 113.

Here, Company can fairly be described as an insider with respect to you. See United Cancer
Council v. Comm'r, 165 F.3d 1173 (7th Cir. 1999). Company is the equivalent of an owner or
manager with respect to you, given that it has a voice in the control of Parent through its

representative on Parent's board. Parent is your sole member, its board has control over you
and, by virtue of its representation on Parent's board, Company has a voice in controlling you.
As a member of Parent that stands to benefit from the Agreement, Company has a personal
stake in your receipts. See People of God Community v. Comm'r, 75 T.C. 127 (1980).

You state that Company's representative, Director, recused himself from Parent's board
meetings during deliberations and voting on the Agreement. He was, however, present for
discussions of the Agreement. As described, the transaction appears to be at arm's-length.
Nonetheless, you are different from the radiologist in Revenue Ruling 69-383, supra, because
Company has a degree of control over you by virtue of its representation on the board of Parent,
which is the sole and controlling member of you. Company is therefore distinguishable from the
radiologist in the revenue ruling and can be described as an insider with respect to you.

You cite the unprecedented size of the Incident as the main reason you were willing to negotiate
with Company, but you have never reduced the amount you charge for cleanup services for any
member or nonmember of Parent. Neither do you propose to make any changes to the SSA to
address the problem of similar cleanup situations in the future. The only instance in which you
have been willing to reduce the fees you charge is with a member of Parent that is also an
insider with respect to you. Because you have not reduced your standard cleanup charges and
you state that you do not plan to change the SSA going forward, it appears that Company's
status as an insider may have influenced your willingness to negotiate with Company.
Regardless of whether Company's status as an insider influenced your willingness to negotiate,
the Agreement you have negotiated with Company, in fact, benefits Company by relieving it of
amounts it owes you under the SSA in return for illusory benefits in your favor. Also, regardless
of whether Company's status as an insider actually influenced your decision to accept the
Agreement, the Agreement does, in fact, benefit an insider with respect to you.

Given that Company is an insider with respect to you, the reduction of Company's liability under
the SSA, pursuant to the Agreement, effectively reduces the price Company pays for your

services. Such a reduction in liability, or in price for services, qualifies as “net earnings” within
the meaning of section 501(c)(4). See Harding Hospital, Inc. v. United States, 505 F.2d 1068
(6th Cir. 1974). The reimbursement of Company for expenses for which it is liable to you under
the SSA from the Agreement fund will cause your net earnings to inure to the benefit of
Company. As a result of your providing services at a preferential price to Company, you will no
longer be operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare and accordingly, your status
under § 501(c)(4) will be adversely affected.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the foregoing, we rule as follows:

Payments made to Company pursuant to the Agreement will adversely affect your tax-
exempt status under § 501(c)(4) and will result in inurement to Company by you.

This ruling will be made available for public inspection under § 6110 of the Code after certain
deletions of identifying information are made. For details, see enclosed Notice 437, Notice of
Intention to Disclose. A copy of this ruling with deletions that we intend to make available for
public inspection is attached to Notice 437. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, you
should follow the instructions in Notice 437.

This ruling is directed only to the organization that requested it. Section 6110(k)(3) of the Code
provides that it may not be used or cited by others as precedent.

This ruling is based on the facts as they were presented and on the understanding that there will
be no material changes in these facts. This ruling does not address the applicability of any
section of the Code or regulations to the facts submitted other than with respect to the sections
described. Because it could help resolve questions concerning your federal income tax status,
this ruling should be kept in your permanent records. If you have any questions about this
ruling, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are shown in the heading
of this letter.

In accordance with the Power of Attorney currently on file with the Internal Revenue Service, we
are sending a copy of this letter to your authorized representative.

Sincerely,

Theodore R. Lieber
Manager, Exempt Organizations
Technical Group 3

Enclosure
Notice 437