Written determination 1247017: IRS denies exemption to a fee-based grant-writing organization

Plain-English summary

The IRS denied IRC § 501(c)(3) exemption to a proposed organization that would provide grant-writing and notary services from its president's home. The organization planned to charge fees, advertise broadly, compete with private grant writers, and use the president's home and services in its operations. The IRS found that the activities were commercial and that the president retained control without adequate safeguards against private benefit. Because more than an insubstantial part of the activities served nonexempt commercial purposes and private interests, the organization failed the operational test.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the grant-writing and notary organization operate exclusively for charitable or educational purposes and serve a public rather than private interest?
• Outcome: Denied
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(a), 501(c)(3), 170, 6104, 6110, and 7428; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1), 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1), 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii), and 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(2); Rev. Rul. 72-369

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES
DIVISION

Release Number: 201247017 Contact Person:
Release Date: 11/23/2012
Date: August 30, 2012 Identification Number:
UIL Code: 501.30-00
501.33-00 Contact Number:
501.36-01

Employer Identification Number:

Form Required To Be Filed:
1120

Tax Years:
All Years

Dear

This is our final determination that you do not qualify for exemption from Federal income tax as
an organization described in Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3). Recently, we sent you a
letter in response to your application that proposed an adverse determination. The letter
explained the facts, law and rationale, and gave you 30 days to file a protest. Since we did not
receive a protest within the requisite 30 days, the proposed adverse determination is now final.

Since you do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in Code section 501(c)(3),
donors may not deduct contributions to you under Code section 170. You must file Federal
income tax returns on the form and for the years listed above within 30 days of this letter, unless
you request an extension of time to file.

We will make this letter and our proposed adverse determination letter available for public
inspection under Code section 6110, after deleting certain identifying information. Please read
the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, you should follow
the instructions in Notice 437. If you agree with our deletions, you do not need to take any
further action.

In accordance with Code section 6104(c), we will notify the appropriate State officials of our
determination by sending them a copy of this final letter and the proposed adverse letter. You
should contact your State officials if you have any questions about how this determination may
affect your State responsibilities and requirements.

Letter 4038(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47632S

2

If you have any questions about this letter, please contact the person whose name and
telephone number are shown in the heading of this letter. If you have any questions about your
Federal income tax status and responsibilities, please contact IRS Customer Service at 1-800-
829-1040 or the IRS Customer Service number for businesses, 1-800-829-4933. The
IRS Customer Service number for people with hearing impairments is 1-800-829-4059.

Sincerely,

Holly O. Paz
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosure
Notice 437
Redacted Proposed Adverse Determination Letter
Redacted Final Adverse Determination Letter

Letter 4038(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 476325

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES
DIVISION

Date: July 19, 2012 Contact Person:
Identification Number:
Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:

LEGEND: UIL:

501.30-00

J = City 501.33-00
M = State 501.36-01
N = Date
T = CEO/President

Dear

We have considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax
under Internal Revenue Code section 501(a). Based on the information provided, we have
concluded that you do not qualify for exemption under Code section 501(c)(3). The basis for
our conclusion is set forth below.

Issues

Do you meet the operational test under section 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for the reasons
stated below.

Facts

You incorporated in the state of M on N. Your Articles of Incorporation state you were formed to
write grants for funds to help low income residents with food, clothing, shelter and medical
needs as well as charitable organizations that serve the uninsured and underserved.

Your by-laws state that you are organized for community and economic development purposes
which include: to promote community and economic development, to provide grant writing and
notary public services, and to meet the needs of low to medium income residents and charitable
organizations.

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

T is your Chief Executive Officer and President. At the time your application for exemption was
submitted, T was your only board member and your Articles of Incorporation listed T as the sole
incorporator. Your by-laws indicate T is responsible for your overall policy and direction. Your
by-laws also state that all officers except for T will serve two year terms. Your executive
summary indicated T’s administrative skills include preparing state and federal grants. You
initially stated T is a self-employed grant writer, but later responded T is not. Your office is
located in the home of T in J, M.

Your primary activity will be providing grant writing services for a fee to low to medium income
individuals for small business grants for entrepreneurship, economic development programs or
business opportunities and community-based initiative grants for social programs. You will also
assist local charitable organizations in raising funds for emergency housing, food pantries, free
medical clinics, prescription drug assistance, and utility assistance. Finally, you indicated you
will provide notary services to your customers.

The vision statement in your business plan states that you hope to be a highly successful
business that is recognized for its excellent grant writing services. The company overview
states that your services will be offered at affordable costs and your operations will be home-
based.

The business goals and objectives section of your business plan provides further detail about
your operations. It explains you chose to become a home-based business due to low start-up
costs and minimal financial risk. Therefore, profitability can be realized because of low
operating costs. The plan states being a minority nonprofit small business owner is one of your
strengths as well as having the corporate officer reside in the service delivery area. You plan to
have an aggressive advertising campaign and will try to attract customers by word of mouth,
business cards, postcards, flyers, pamphlets, radio announcements, television commercials,
telephone calls, personal contacts and the internet. You will begin your operations by providing
grant writing services to low to medium income residents and charitable organizations. You will
also offer notary public services to your customers. To expand your services, you plan to hire a
multi-media specialist in the future for public relations and a paralegal to assist customers with
the preparation of legal documents. Individuals and organizations not represented in the
market segment or who reside outside the target market can retain services based upon a
retainer fee for time required to write the grant and the size of the grant. You estimated that 90
percent of your customers will be from your target market and at least 10 percent will be from
outside of the target market.

Your fee schedule is complex and varies depending on whether or not your customer is inside
or outside your target market. It also varies depending on the size of the grant. However,
regardless of where the customer lives or the size of the grant, all of your revenue will come
from fees for services in the form of an hourly charge, a retainer fee, or a percentage of the
grant. You anticipate charging an average percentage of 13% of the grant through the
administrative cost ceilings (percentage of grant) of various combinations of grants. This
income was included on your financial data page of Form 1023 as gifts, grants, and
contributions received. Even though you consider this revenue as a grant, it is actually a fee
charged for performing the grant writing service. It is not a voluntary contribution to your

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

3

organization. Your fee amounts were determined based on the fees charged by a private grant
writer.

You submitted a list of start-up costs with your application that includes professional fees,
insurance, deposits, supplies, utilities, trash, telephone, internet, postage and advertising. Your
rent and utilities were calculated based on the percentage use of T’s home.

Law

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code provides that corporations may be exempted from tax if they are
organized and operated exclusively for charitable or educational purposes and no part of their
net earnings inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the regulations states that, in order to be exempt as an
organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code, an organization must be both
organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in such section.
If an organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the operational test, it is not
exempt.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the regulations provides that an organization will be regarded as
operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities
that accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). An
organization will not be so regarded if more than an insubstantial part of its activities is not in
furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the regulations provides that an applicant organization must
establish that it serves a public rather than a private interest and specifically that it is not
organized or operated for the benefit of private interests, such as designated individuals, the
creator or his family, shareholders of the organization, or persons controlled, directly or
indirectly, by such private interests.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(2) of the regulations defines the term “charitable” as including the relief
of the poor and distressed or of the underprivileged, and the promotion of social welfare by
organizations designed to lessen neighborhood tensions, to eliminate prejudice and
discrimination, or to combat community deterioration. The term “charitable” also includes the
lessening of the burdens of government.

In Revenue Ruling 72-369, 1972-2 C.B. 245, it is stated that an organization formed to provide
managerial and consulting services at cost to unrelated exempt organizations does not qualify
for exemption. Providing managerial and consulting services on a regular basis for a fee is a
trade or business ordinarily carried on for profit. The fact that the services in this case are
provided at cost and solely for exempt organizations is not sufficient to characterize this activity
as charitable within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Code. Furnishing the services at
cost lacks the donative element necessary to establish this activity as charitable.

In Easter House v. U.S., 12 Cl. Ct. 476, 486 (1987), aff’d, 846 F.2d 78 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
488 U.S. 907 (1988), the court found an organization that operated an adoption agency was not
exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Code because a substantial purpose of the agency was a

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

4

nonexempt commercial purpose. The court concluded that the organization did not qualify for
exemption under section 501(c)(3) because its primary activity was placing children for adoption
in a manner indistinguishable from that of a commercial adoption agency. The court rejected
the organization’s argument that the adoption services merely complemented the health-related
services to unwed mothers and their children. Rather, the court found that the health-related
services were merely incident to the organization’s operation of an adoption service, which, in
and of itself, did not serve an exempt purpose. The organization’s sole source of support was
the fees it charged adoptive parents, rather than contributions from the public. The court also
found that the organization competed with for-profit adoption agencies, engaged in substantial
advertising, and accumulated substantial profits. Accordingly, the court found that the “business
purpose, and not the advancement of educational and charitable activities purpose, of plaintiff's
adoption service is its primary goal” and held that the organization was not operated exclusively
for purposes described in section 501(c)(3). Easter House, 12 Cl. Ct. at 485-486.

In Living Faith Inc. v. Commissioner, 60 T.C.M. 710, 713 (1990), aff’d, 950 F.2d 365 (7th Cir.
1991), the court wrote that the activities were conducted as a business and the organization was
in direct competition with other restaurants and health food stores; thus it did not qualify for
exemption under Section 501(c)(3). The appellate court stated the factors that the court relied
on to find commerciality and thus offered the best contemporary explanation of the
commerciality doctrine. These factors include:

1) The organization sold goods and services to the public.

2) The organization was in direct competition with for-profit businesses (food stores and
restaurants).

3) The prices set by the organization were based on pricing formulas common in retail
food businesses.

4) The organization utilized promotional materials and “commercial catch phrases” to
enhance sales.

5) The organization advertised its services and food.

6) The organization did not receive any charitable contributions.

In Better Business Bureau of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. United States, 326 U.S. 179 (1945), the
Supreme Court held that the presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature,
will destroy a claim for exemption regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt
purposes.

Application of Law

You are not described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code because you are not operated
exclusively for charitable or educational purposes. Grant writing and notary services are not
exempt activities.

Although you meet the organizational test, you do not meet the requirements of section
1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the regulations because you fail the operational test.

You are not as described in section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the regulations because more than an
insubstantial part of your activities are not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Letter 4036 (CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

Contrary to section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the regulations, you have not established that you
serve public, rather than private interests. T has total control over your operations as evidenced
in your by-laws. You operate out of T’s home and T will provide professional grant writing
services to individuals and organizations that seek such services from you. You have no
governance provisions with respect to transactions with or services provided by T. Accordingly,
you have not established that your operations will not inure to the benefit of T.

You are not formed exclusively for charitable purposes as defined in section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(2)
of the Regulations. Although you have stated you will serve low income individuals, you will
also make your services available to medium income individuals. No other qualifiers were
provided for medium income individuals. Even if you did provide your services only to low-
income individuals, the manner in which your services are provided is not charitable.

You are similar to the organization described in Revenue Ruling 72-369. Like the organization
in this ruling, you are providing services for a fee. The fees charged cover all costs associated
with your operations, including professional fees, salaries, rent, utilities, and other expenses. As
in the ruling, furnishing your services at cost lacks the donative element necessary to establish
your activity as charitable. Therefore, even though some of your services are provided to
charities and low-income individuals, furnishing services at cost lacks the donative element
necessary to establish the activity as charitable. As stated in the revenue ruling, providing
managerial and consulting services on a regular basis for a fee is a trade or business ordinarily
carried on for profit. Your grant writing service is also a trade or business ordinarily carried on
for profit.

Similar to the organization described in Easter House v. U.S., your activities are conducted in a
commercial manner indistinguishable from your for-profit counterparts. All of your revenue is
derived from fees for services either in the form of taking a percentage of the grant or charging
an hourly rate. No contributions are received from the public. You are in direct competition with
for-profit grant writers and will engage in advertising in order to secure clients.

You are like the organization described in Living Faith Inc. v. Commissioner because you are
operating as a business and are in direct competition with all other private grant writers. Your
prices were based on pricing formulas provided to you from a private grant writer. You will have
an ongoing advertising campaign and have no plans to solicit charitable contributions. In fact,
every aspect of your business plan is similar to a commercial for-profit grant writer.

The presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will destroy a claim for
exemption regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes as stated in Better
Business Bureau of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. United States, supra. Because more than an
insubstantial part of your activities are conducted in a commercial manner, you are precluded
from recognition of tax exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code per section
1.501(c)(3)-1(e) of the regulations.

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

Applicant’s Position

You state that you are different from a commercial enterprise because you operate for the good
of the public, not to make a profit. You serve the needs of low-to-medium income residents.

In response to the rates charged for your services you indicated the retainer revenue fee is
adjusted to cover costs. You predict that as the grants increase, the retainer revenue will
decrease. You stated the hourly rate can easily be readjusted to ensure fees are substantially
below cost.

Service’s Response to Applicant’s Position

As explained above, performing services for a fee is not a charitable activity. The fact that fees
charged cover all expenses proves your commercial nature. Your rates are similar to private
grant writers, and several other factors indicate you are in direct competition with and
indistinguishable from your for-profit counterparts. As explained above, the amounts received
by you as a percentage of the grant are also considered fees for services. Therefore, the facts
show all of your revenue is received from fees for services. The fact you can easily adjust your
rates to change the amount of revenue you receive from each of your three sources further
shows you operate in a commercial manner and not to benefit the public. Even though the
public may benefit from the services you provide, the facts show a more than insubstantial non-
exempt purpose of operating in a commercial manner.

Conclusion

Based on the facts and applicable law, your activities are conducted in a commercial manner
causing you to fail the operational test. Furthermore, you have failed to establish your
operations will not inure to the benefit of T. Accordingly, you do not qualify for exemption as an
organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

You have the right to file a protest if you believe this determination is incorrect. To protest, you
must submit a statement of your views and fully explain your reasoning. You must submit the
statement, signed by one of your officers, within 30 days from the date of this letter. We will
consider your statement and decide if the information affects our determination. If your
statement does not provide a basis to reconsider our determination, we will forward your case to
our Appeals Office. You can find more information about the role of the Appeals Office in
Publication 892, Exempt Organization Appeal Procedures for Unagreed Issues.

Types of information that should be included in your appeal can be found on page 2 of
Publication 892, under the heading “Regional Office Appeal”. The statement of facts (item 4)
must be accompanied by the following declaration:

“Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined the statement of facts presented in
this appeal and in any accompanying schedules and statements and, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete.”

The declaration must be signed by an officer or trustee of the organization who has personal
knowledge of the facts.

Your appeal will be considered incomplete without this statement.

If an organization’s representative submits the appeal, a substitute declaration must be included
stating that the representative prepared the appeal and accompanying documents; and whether
the representative knows personally that the statements of facts contained in the appeal and
accompanying documents are true and correct.

An attorney, certified public accountant, or an individual enrolled to practice before the Internal
Revenue Service may represent you during the appeal process. If you want representation during
the appeal process, you must file a proper power of attorney, Form 2848, Power of Attorney and
Declaration of Representative, if you have not already done so. You can find more information
about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the IRS and Power of Attorney. All
forms and publications mentioned in this letter can be found at www.irs.gov, Forms and
Publications.

If you do not file a protest within 30 days, you will not be able to file a suit for declaratory
judgment in court because the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will consider the failure to appeal
as a failure to exhaust available administrative remedies. Code section 7428(b)(2) provides, in
part, that a declaratory judgment or decree shall not be issued in any proceeding unless the Tax
Court, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or the District Court of the United States for
the District of Columbia determines that the organization involved has exhausted all of the
administrative remedies available to it within the IRS.

If you do not intend to protest this determination, you do not need to take any further action. If
we do not hear from you within 30 days, we will issue a final adverse determination letter. That
letter will provide information about filing tax returns and other matters.

Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, and any supporting documents to the
applicable address:

Mail to: Deliver to:
Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service
EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008
P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You may fax your statement using the fax number shown in the heading of this letter. If you fax
your statement, please call the person identified in the heading of this letter to confirm that he
or she received your fax.

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W

If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are
shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

Holly Paz
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosure, Publication 892

Letter 4036(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47630W