IRS revokes section 501(c)(3) exemption for a sorority housing organization

Plain-English summary

The IRS denied section 501(c)(3) exemption to an organization that owned and operated a sorority chapter house. The organization maintained the property and described historic preservation and educational support activities, but the IRS found that its primary activities supported the sorority's housing, social, and alumni operations. The organization remained exempt under section 501(c)(7), but contributions to it were not deductible under section 170. The determination explained that the organization could protest the adverse determination within 30 days and could pursue declaratory judgment under section 7428 after exhausting administrative remedies.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the organization qualify for exemption under IRC § 501(c)(3)?
• Outcome: Revocation, section 501(c)(3) exemption denied; section 501(c)(7) status retained
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(c)(3), 501(c)(7), 170, and 7428; Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1

Full text (IRS public release)

UIL 7428.00-00

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Appeals Office
1000 S. Pine Island Road, Suite 350 Person to Contact:

Plantation, FL 33324
Employee ID Number:

Tel:
Release Number: 201213036 Fax:
Release Date: 3/30/2012 Refer Reply to:
Date: January 5, 2012
In Re:
A = Name Tax Period(s) Ended:
B = Address Form Required to be Filed:

Employer Identification Number:

Certified Mail

Dear

This is a final adverse determination as to your exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of
the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). It is determined that you do not qualify as exempt

from Federal income tax under IRC Section 501(c)(3).
Our adverse determination was made for the following reason(s):

You do not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code since your
primary activity is to furnish, on a rental basis, a facility to a sorority and to carry
out the day to day operations of that sorority's alumni activities. Your historic
preservation activity is incidental to your primary purpose of supporting the
activities of the active members and alumni of the sorority. The public receives
only an incidental benefit from your ongoing maintenance and preservation of the
Sorority House which is found on the National Register of Historical Places. Your
primary purpose is serving the sorority through housing and social activities

which are not qualifying under 501(c)(3).

You do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of
the Code. Contributions to you are not deductible under section 170. You do remain

exempt under IRC section 501(c)(7).

If you decide to contest this determination under the declaratory judgment provisions of
Code section 7428, a petition to the United States Tax Court, the United States Court of
Claims, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia must be filed
within 90 days from the date this determination was mailed to you. Contact the clerk of
the appropriate court for rules for filing petitions for declaratory judgment. To secure a
petition form from the United States Tax Court, write to the United States Tax Court,
400 Second Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20217.

You also have the right to contact the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Taxpayer
Advocate assistance is not a substitute for established IRS procedures such as the
formal appeals process. The Taxpayer Advocate is not able to reverse legally correct
tax determinations, nor extend the time fixed by law that you have to file a petition in
Court. The Taxpayer Advocate can, however, see that a tax matter that may not have
been resolved through normal channels gets prompt and proper handling. If you want
Taxpayer Advocate assistance, please contact the Taxpayer Advocate by calling 1-877-
777-4778 and ask the Taxpayer Advocate for assistance or you can contact the
Taxpayer Advocate for the IRS office that issued this adverse determination by writing
to the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate, 10 West 15th Street, Suite 2319, Helena, MT
59626.

We will notify the appropriate State officials of this action, as required by Code section
6104(c). You should contact your state officials if you have any questions about how
this determination may affect your state responsibilities and requirements.

If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone
number are shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

CHARLES FISHER
TEAM MANAGER

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION

Date: August 4, 2011 Contact Person:
Identification Number:
Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:

LEGEND: VIL:

C = sorority 501.03-27

H = university 501.33.00

P = state

U = date

Dear /

We have considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax
under Internal Revenue Code section 501(a). Based on the information provided, we have
concluded that you do not qualify for exemption under Code section 501(c)(3). The basis
for our conclusion is set forth below.

issue

1. Do you meet the organizational test under 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for the
   reasons below.

2. Do you qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code? No, for the
   reasons below.

Facts

to

You are a corporation formed on (U) , and operate pursuant to the laws of the State of (P).
You are currently a 501(c)(7) organization that owns and operates property for the benefit

of the (C) sorority at the (H).

Your Amended Articles of Incorporation state your purposes in part as:

(1) To acquire by lease, purchase, construction, acceptance of gift or otherwise a proper

and suitable house or home for (C) at (H); and to acquire by lease, purchase,
construction, acceptance of gift or otherwise proper and suitable houses or homes
for any Chapter of the sorority, and to acquire by lease, purchase, construction,
acceptance of gift or otherwise, all proper and suitable rooms, quarters, house or
homes for the use of sorority alumnae.

(2) To purchase own lease or rent, use construct, accept gifts of, occupy and maintain

rooms, buildings, houses, homes and premises for the purposes herein mentioned,
either for or on behalf of the corporation itself, or for hire.

The Articles of Incorporation also state you are formed exclusively for charitable, religious,
educational, and scientific purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal
Revenue Code, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code.

Your Bylaws state:

The purposes of this corporation shall be as stated in the Articles of Incorporation of
the corporation, as amended, and to acquire, hold, lease and convey such real
and/or personal property for the purpose of furnishing financial aid and assistance in
the education of students at the (H) with (C); to preserve the real property that is the
chapter house owned by the corporation, a “Certified Historic Structure”; to cultivate
fraternal relations among alumnae, professors and active members of (C); to
advance and promote the general interests of (C); to assist with the need for
education support of (C) members as they pursue college degrees at the (H).

You state the specific purposes and description of activities for which you were formed are
as follows:

First, to acquire, hold, lease and convey such real and/or personal property for the
purpose of furnishing financial aid and assistance in the education of students at the
(H) with (C). Access to study facilities includes a library and study rooms.

Second, a very significant purpose of yours is to preserve the real property that is
the chapter house owned by the corporation. The property owned is on the National
Register of Historic Places.

Third, to cultivate fraternal relations among alumnae, professors and the active
members of (C).

Fourth, to advance and promote the general interests of (C).

Fifth, we determined that there was a need for educational support of members of
(C) as they pursue college degrees at the (H). As the members of the sorority
struggle to balance the need to work with the amount of time that must be devoted to
educational pursuits, it has become increasingly difficult to focus the required
attention to studies and to achieve academic excellence. Educational support from
our group will allow members to focus more time on academics

Your initial activity description was as follows:

Capital Campaign -- This is being conducted by alumnae members of (C).
The capital campaign is centered in (P) but will reach across the country to all
living members of (C) and family of deceased members. This capital
campaign will further our tax-exempt purpose in that the money we raise will
be given to members of (C) for scholarships, educational improvements to the
chapter facility and the betterment and long term preservation and
maintenance of the historically registered facility. Initially about % of our
total time will be dedicated to preparing for and executing the capital
campaign, and post campaign activities. Very little funds will be used to
support the capital campaign. Necessary expenditures are covered by funds
that are budgeted for this purpose.

Your “info for Potential Members" is the same information provided to all prospective
members of (C).

Your Mission Statement: (C) is an organization of women, which seeks for every member
throughout her life bonds of friendship, mutual support, opportunities for self-growth,
respect for intellectual development, and an understanding of and an allegiance to positive

ethical principles. Ten Reasons to Join:

• (C) embraces ancient Greek values of goodness, truth, beauty and ethical living.
• (C) stresses social responsibility and philanthropy as integral to citizenship

• (C) is a single sex oasis in a mainly coed campus environment.

• (C)is a “family” away from home, breaking down campus-size and impersonality.
• (C) provides sisterhood support via alumnae organizations in hundreds of cities.

• (C) sustains members in bad times, celebrates good times and shares all times.

• (C) offers a surprising diversity of background and interest among its members.
• (C) focuses on academics and helping its members to appreciate learning.

• (C) provides leadership and organizational management opportunities.

• (C) helps members in personal growth, self-awareness, esteem and confidence.

• (C) emphasizes the importance of inter-personal cooperation despite different
viewpoints

Your financial data for years 20. through 20 shows that over % of total revenue was
used to directly support the day to day operations of (C).

Rent from (C) was only % of your income while over 1% came from various fees from
members of (C) to cover the cost of the day-to-day operations of (C).

Some of these fees were described as follows:

• Maintenance Fee: (C) is paying you for routine maintenance of facility and contacts and
insurance premiums for the academic year;

• Regular Board Fee: (C) is paying you for operating costs of the facility, including
kitchen, meals, house upkeep, salaries and wages for the academic year;

• Transient Board Fee: (C) is paying you for some meals for live-out members of (D) as
well as operating costs of facility, including kitchen, meals, house upkeep, salaries and
wages for the academic year;

• House Fee: (C) is paying you to ensure operating costs of facility are covered, including
kitchen, meals, house upkeep, salaries and wages for the academic year.

These fees are paid to you directly support the day-to-day activities of (C) which is a
501(c)(7) organization.

Your financial data for years 20 through 20: also shows % of total expenses were
used to directly support the day to day operations of (C).

Some of these expense accounts were described as follows:
• House Department Account: Used for salaries, food, supplies, utilities and minor repairs.

Any excess at end of year is to be used for maintenance and upkeep of house for the
academic year;

5

• Insurance Account: Used for property and content insurance of the facility as well as
Directors’ and Officers’ insurance.

• Routine Upkeep/Repairs Account: Used for building repairs, computer repairs, summer
cleaning, summer lawn care, equipment repairs, painting and other routine
upkeep/repairs.

• Major Repairs/Redecorating Account: Used for redecorating and major improvements
that are not designated or restricted in any way for historical restoration or historical

preservation.

Minutes from meeting agendas show along with reports on the Chapter house that you also
discuss events among current and former students that belong to (C). This includes bids for
potential new members, fundraising events and activities for alumni such as brunches,
balls, conventions and payments of dues. E-mail correspondence shows discussions
relating to certain events for fundraising of the alumni association of (C) and the recruitment
of new members into that alumni association including events such as homecoming,
banquets and various fundraisers. You included with your application information forms for
new alumni members and how their dues would be used.

A chart of your activities shows along with multiple fundraisers supporting the house you
conduct brunches, celebrations, dinners, parties and various other social functions to
further the purposes of serving your alumni. You have indicated interactions with parents
and family members, the school football team, school professors and social functions for
members and guests as activities. You open your building for photo shoots, weddings and
related services, and for school related celebrations in addition to renting the house to

current members of (C).

Law

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code provides for the exemption from federal income tax of
corporations organized and operated exclusively for charitable or educational purposes,
provided no part of the net earnings inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or

individual.

Section 501(c) (7) of the Code Clubs provides for the exemption from federal income tax of
corporations organized for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofit purposes, substantially
all of the activities of which are for such purposes and no part of the net earnings of which
inures to the benefit of any private shareholder.

Section 1.501(c) (3) -1(a) (1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that in order to be
exempt as an organization described in section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both
organized and operated exclusively for one or more purposes specified in such section. If
an organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the operational test, it is not

exempt.

Section 1.501 (c)(3) - 1(b)(1)(i) of the Regulations state that an organization is organized
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if its articles of organization: (a) Limit the
purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes (b) Do not expressly
empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an insubstantial part of its
activities, in activities which in themselves are not in furtherance of one or more exempt

purposes.

Section 1.501(c) (3) -1(c) (1) of the regulations provides that an organization operates
exclusively for exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities that accomplish
exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3) of the Code. An organization must not
engage in substantial activities that fail to further an exempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c) (3) -1(d) (1) (ii) of the regulations provides that an organization is not
organized or operated exclusively for exempt purposes unless it serves a public rather than
a private interest. To meet this requirement, it is necessary for an organization to establish
that it is not organized or operated for the benefit of private interests.

Rev. Rul. 64-118, 1964-1 C.B. 182, An organization does not qualify for exemption from
federal income taxation under section 501(c)(3) of the Code where its primary activity is to
furnish, on a rental basis, a chapter house to a fraternity which is composed of students. A
corporation, fund, or foundation so organized may, however, under proper circumstances,
be classified as a club organized and operated exclusively for pleasure, recreation and
other nonprofit purposes and exempt from federal income tax under the provisions of

section 501(c)(7) of the Code.

Rev. Rul. 67-391, 1967-2 C.B. 190. A nonprofit organization formed to develop and
distribute a community land-use plan may be exempt from tax. §1.501(c)(3)-1. (Sec. 501,

‘86 Code.)

Rev. Rul. 69-573, 1969-2 C.B. 125, holds that a college fraternity that maintains a chapter
house for active student members is exempt from federal taxation under section 501(c)(7),
rather than section 501(c)(3). Therefore, contributions to the fraternity are not deductible
under section 170. Rev. Rul. 69-573, citing Phinney v. Dougherty, 307 F.2d 357 (5th Cir.
1962), and Davison v. Commissioner, 60 F.2d 50 (2d Cir. 1932), states that although the
typical college fraternity does in some degree contribute to the cultural and educational
growth of its members during their student years, that is not its primary purpose. Such an
organization is primarily a social club in that its major functions are to provide a meeting
place for its members, living quarters, and the headquarters for their entertainment.

Rev. Rul. 75-470, 1975-2 C.B. 207 Preservation of buildings having historical or
architectural significance. A nonprofit organization formed to promote an appreciation of
history through the acquisition, restoration, and preservation of homes, churches, and
public buildings having special historical or architectural significance and to open the
structures for viewing by the general public qualifies for exemption. §1.501(c)(3)-1. (Sec.

501, '86 Code.)

Rev. Rul. 86-49, 1986-1 C.B. 243.
Preservation of properties having historical or architectural significance.

‘An organization formed for the purposes of preserving the historic or architectural character
of a community through the acquisition and occasional restoration of historically or
architecturally significant properties, and subsequent disposition of these properties
qualifies for exemption under section 501(c)(3). §1.501(c)(3)-1. (Sec. 501, '86 Code.)

In Better Business Bureau of Washington, D.C.., Inc. v. United States, 326

U.S. 279 (1945), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an organization which engaged in
some educational activities, but pursued non-profit goals outside the scope of the statute,
was not exempt under IRC section 501(c)(3). The Supreme Court held that the presence of
a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will destroy a claim for exemption
regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes.

Application of Law

Based on the information you provided in your application and supporting documentation,
we conclude that you are not operated for exempt purposes under section 501(c)(3) of the
Code. You have a mix of charitable and social/recreational activities therefore you are not

serving exclusively 501(c)(3) purposes.

Per Section 1.501 (c)(3) - 1(b)(1)(i) of the Regulations you fail the organizational test as
your Articles of Incorporation do not limit your purposes to those compliant under 501(c)(3).
Your organizing document lists acquiring a suitable home for (C), any Chapter of (C), or any
alumnae of (C), as one of your purposes. This does not further an exclusively 501(c)(3)

purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the regulations provides that an organization operates
exclusively for exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities that accomplish
exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3) of the Code. You engage in substantial
non-exempt activities by supporting the social and recreational activities of (C). This is done
by promoting the general purposes of (C) and in the recruitment of new members. For this
reason you fail the operational test.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that in order to be
exempt as an organization described in section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both
organized and operated exclusively for one or more purposes specified in such section. As
shown above, you fail both the organizational and operational tests and therefore do not
qualify for exemption under 501(c)(3).

You are not organized or operated exclusively for exempt purposes unless you serve a
public, rather than a private interest per section 1.501(c) (3) -1(d) (1) (ii) of the Regulations.
While one of your purposes is to maintain the house, which constitutes a 501(c)(3) activity
for historical preservation, this is not an exclusive purpose or activity. You also serve social
and recreational purposes in a more then substantial manner by supporting the alumni

functions of C which are consistent with your designation as a social club under 501(c)(7).
Since you are not serving exclusive 501(c)(3) purposes you do not meet the qualifications
for exemption under the Section.

You are very similar to Rev. Rul. 64-118, where your primary activity is to furnish, on a
rental basis, a chapter house to a fraternity composed of students. Your given activities are
to acquire, hold, lease and convey such real and/or personal property for the purpose of
furnishing financial aid and assistance in the education of students at (H) with (C). Second,
to preserve the real property that is the chapter house. For this reason you do not meet the
qualification for exemption under 501 (c)(3).

Similar to Rev. Rul. 69-573, you are a college sorority alumnae association that maintains
a chapter house for active student members and are exempt from federal taxation under
section 501(c)(7), rather than 501(c)(3). Although the typical college sorority does in some
degree contribute to the cultural and educational growth of its members during their student
years that is not its primary purpose. Such an organization is primarily a social club in that
its major functions are to provide a meeting place for its members, living quarters, and the
headquarters for their entertainment. Your given activities include various alumni social
gatherings and events and documents provided with your application show your intent on
increasing and maintaining alumni members. Your given purposes also are not limited to
those that are exclusively 501(c)(3) and include cultivating fraternal relations among
alumnae, professors and the active members of (C). While you have indicated your
intention to maintain a building on the historical register as a qualifying activity as separate
from the existing alumni activities details given with your application (e mails, agendas, the
membership materials) show that you remain one in the same.

The ruling in Better Business Bureau held that the presence of a single non-exempt
purpose, if substantial in nature, will destroy a claim for exemption regardless of the
number or importance of truly exempt purposes. Though the maintenance of a historical
building furthers a 501(c)(3) purpose this is not your only activity nor is it an exclusive
activity. You have listed various events that demonstrate a social purpose for the benefit of
and to further the existence of the alumni association. While your given purpose is to
maintain the house the facts show that you are still conducting the ongoing activities of a
membership and alumni chapter and any 501(c)(3) purposes are incidental.

Applicants Position

You are preserving a “certified historic structure” (on the National Historic Registry) under
IRC Section 170(h) (4) (C) (iv) and IRC Section 170(h) (4) (C) (ii), and just renting that
structure to a sorority chapter. You support this position by citing Revenue Rulings 86-49,
75-470 and 67-391. You state the key differences between Revenue Ruling 64-118 and
you is that preservation of a historical structure has come into play between 1964 and
today. Public policy has changed to consider saving and preserving historical structures as
conservation and conservation is considered a charitable purpose as a part of that broad
public policy. You also cited several Private Letter Rulings that cannot be used as

precedent here.

Service Response to Applicant’s Position

You do not qualify for exemption under section 501 (c)(3) of the Code since your primary
activity is to furnish, on a rental basis, a facility to a sorority and to carry out the day to day
operations of that sorority's alumni activities. Your preservation activity is incidental to your
primary purpose of supporting the activities of the active members and alumni of the
sorority. The public receives only an incidental benefit from your ongoing maintenance
activities. Your primary purpose is serving the sorority through housing and alumni activities
which are not qualifying under 501(c)(3).

You differ from RR 75-470 and 86-49 in that you are not maintaining the house for the
benefit or education of the general public but rather to allow for members of sorority to have
a residence. While you have indicated the house is on occasion opened for tours this was
only done during parents and homecoming weekend and for events such as weddings and
school related celebrations. The organization in RR 67-319 formed to provide land use
plans and on rare occasions would acquire land. The plan would eliminate future blight and
provide education to the general public and was therefore serving 501(c)(3) purposes. You
own and maintain one building in addition to other activities not serving exclusive 501(c)(3)
purposes and are therefore dissimilar to the organization in that ruling.

Conclusion

Based on the facts and information provided, you fail the organizational test as you are not
organized or operated exclusively for 501(c)(3) exempt purposes. You conduct more then
an incidental amount of social and recreational activities and exist to serve members rather
then the general public. Therefore, you are not described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

You do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the
Code and you must file federal income tax returns. Contributions to you are not deductible
under section 170. You do remain exempt under IRC section 501(c)(7).

You have the right to file a protest if you believe this determination is incorrect. To protest,
you must submit a statement of your views and fully explain your reasoning. You must
submit the statement, signed by one of your officers, within 30 days from the date of this
letter. We will consider your statement and decide if the information affects our
determination. If your statement does not provide a basis to reconsider our determination,
we will forward your case to our Appeals Office. You can find more information about the
role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, Exempt Organization Appeal Procedures for
Unagreed Issues.

Types of information that should be included in your appeal can be found on page 2 of
Publication 892, under the heading “Regional Office Appeal”. The statement of facts (item
4) must be accompanied by the following declaration:

10

“Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined the statement of facts presented
in this appeal and in any accompanying schedules and statements and, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete.”

The declaration must be signed by an officer or trustee of the organization who has
personal knowledge of the facts.

Your appeal will be considered incomplete without this statement.

If an organization’s representative submits the appeal, a substitute declaration must be
included stating that the representative prepared the appeal and accompanying
documents; and whether the representative knows personally that the statements of facts
contained in the appeal and accompanying documents are true and correct.

An attorney, certified public accountant, or an individual enrolled to practice before the
Internal Revenue Service may represent you during the appeal process. If you want
representation during the appeal process, you must file a proper power of attorney, Form
2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, if you have not already done
so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before