Determination 1205011: IRS denies exemption to a family-centered disability services organization

Plain-English summary

The IRS finalized its denial of exemption to an organization formed to support three children of one family with home and community services for developmental disabilities. The organization planned to operate from the family home, with the children's parent serving as a director, executive, and compensated employee. The IRS concluded that the organization was organized and operated for the private benefit of designated family members rather than for the public, and that its income would inure to insiders. It therefore failed the organizational and operational requirements of IRC § 501(c)(3), and its projected services did not establish a public charitable purpose. The organization did not protest within 30 days, so the proposed adverse determination became final.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Whether the organization qualified for exemption under IRC § 501(c)(3).
• Outcome: denied
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(a), 501(c)(3), 170, 6104(c), and 6110; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1), (c)(2), and (d)(1)(ii); Wendy L. Parker Rehabilitation Foundation, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 855-85X.

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION
Release Number: 201205011 Contact Person:
Release Date: 2/3/2012
Date: November 7, 2011 Identification Number:
UIL Code: 501.03-05
501.05-01 Contact Number:
501.33-00
504.50-00 Employer Identification Number:
Form Required To Be Filed:
Tax Years:
Dear

This is our final determination that you do not qualify for exemption from federal income
tax as an organization described in Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3). Recently,
we sent you a letter in response to your application that proposed an adverse
determination. The letter explained the facts, law and rationale, and gave you 30 days
to file a protest. Since we did not receive a protest within the requisite 30 days, the
proposed adverse determination is now final.

Since you do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in Code section
501(c)(3), donors may not deduct contributions to you under Code section 170. You
must file federal income tax returns on the form and for the years listed above within 30
days of this letter, unless you request an extension of time to file.

We will make this letter and our proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection under Code section 6110, after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the
two attached letters that show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our
proposed deletions, you should follow the instructions in Notice 437. If you agree with
our deletions, you do not need to take any further action.

Letter 4038(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47632S

2

In accordance with Code section 6104(c), we will notify the appropriate State officials of
our determination by sending them a copy of this final letter and the proposed adverse
letter. You should contact your State officials if you have any questions about how this
determination may affect your State responsibilities and requirements.

If you have any questions about this letter, please contact the person whose name and
telephone number are shown in the heading of this letter. If you have any questions
about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, please contact IRS Customer
Service at 1-800-829-1040 or the IRS Customer Service number for businesses, 1-800-
829-4933. The IRS Customer Service number for people with hearing impairments is 1-
800-829-4059.

Sincerely,

Lois Lerner
Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure
Notice 437
Redacted Proposed Adverse Determination Letter
Redacted Final Adverse Determination Letter

Letter 4038(CG) (11-2005)
Catalog Number 47632S

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION

Date: September 20, 2011 Contact Person:
Identification Number:
Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:

Legend: UIL Nos:

B = individual 501.03.05

C = individual 501.05.01

D = individual 501.33.00

E = individual 504.50.00

F =individual

G = address

H = family

J = individual

K =individual

L = state agency

M = individual

N = state agency
P = state program

Q = state

x = dollar amount
y = date

Dear

We have considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax
under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code as an organization described in section
501(c)(3). Based on the information submitted, we have concluded that you do not qualify
for exemption under that section. The basis for our conclusion is set forth below.

ISSUES

Does the presence of inurement disqualify you from exemption under section 501(c)(3) of
the Internal Revenue Code? Yes, for the reasons stated below.

Do your activities serve a substantial non-exempt purpose contrary to Section 501(c)(3) of
the Code? Yes, for the reasons stated below.

FACTS

You were formed in Q on date y. Your Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, signed by B,
C, D, E and K, indicate you are organized exclusively for charitable purposes and have
been established to negotiate, receive funds, organize and manage support for three
special needs children of the H family, later identified in your Articles as C, D and E,

Your board of directors consists of B, C, D, E, F, K, and J. The following is a description of
each:

• C, D and E serve as your Co-Chairs.

• B is your CEO, Executive Director, and the father of C, D and E.

• F and M are listed as vice chair and members at large. F is also the grandfather of
C, D and E and the father of B.

• K is listed as a Member at Large.

B has been projected to receive compensation in the amount of x dollars plus fringe
benefits such as health care, life and disability insurance, and retirement. B is your
designated co-signatory for C, D and E.

You were established to support the H family and to assist them with planning and
obtaining needed support for the three children of the H family who are C, D and E. C, D
and E are referred to as “clients”. You are further described as a single-family unit
consisting of three minor children (C, D and E).

Your address is G, which is the home of the H family. Your day to day activities for C, D
and E will be carried out at G. Your primary function is to provide home and community
services to participants (clients) who need assistance in the retention, acquisition or
improvement of living and/or working skills to avoid institutionalization.

Your day to day routine for your clients (C, D and E) would depend on the service needs of
each. A client would receive personal, one on one assistance, in their daily activities. This
assistance would consist of being accompanied into the community to perform daily
activities similar to those of non-disabled individuals. This will include transportation
required to carry out a client's goals and objectives plan such as going to medical

appointments, shopping, outings or educational activities. In addition, this assistance
would involve personal hygiene, daily life skills and independent living training to enable
each client to live as independently as possible while maintaining a living arrangement of
their choice as opposed to residing in an institutional setting.

You have an application form for clients to complete for consideration into your program.
C, D and E did not complete this form in relation to the services they receive.

Your first full operational year you intend to implement daily activities to provide direct
home and community services to C, D and E. C, D and E are your original and first three
clients.

Your second year of operations, depending on the needs of other individuals, you may
begin to accept other clients.

Your third year of operations, you plan to implement community programs that will enable
persons with developmental disabilities and their families in having community social
resources, support groups and advocacy to enable persons with developmental disabilities
in identifying their own personal needs and finding the resources to obtain those needs.

The following are the details of your project financial support and controls:
• You expect to receive your funding through government agencies L, N and P.

• You will also obtain other funding through writing for individual grants and through
voluntary contributions.

• Your projected expenses consist primarily of salaries for B as well as client
transportation.

• Bis the approving authority for all expenses.

LAW

Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code provides for the exemption from federal
Income Tax for corporations organized and operated exclusively for charitable,
educational, and other purposes, provided that no part of the net earnings inure to the
benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that, in order to be
exempt as an organization described in section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both
organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in such

section. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the operational
test, it is not exempt.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the regulations provides an organization is not operated
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole or in part to
the benefit of private shareholders or individuals.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Income Tax Regulations states an organization must
serve a public rather than a private interest and not be organized or operated for the
benefit of private interests, such as designated individuals, the creator or his family,
shareholders of the organization, or persons controlled, directly or indirectly, by such
private interests.

Wendy L. Parker Rehabilitation Foundation, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
855-85X.-In this case, thirty percent of the petitioner's income is expected to be expended
for the benefit of Wendy L. Parker, the daughter of an officer and organizer of the
corporation. An adverse determination was made because “a child of the founder and
chief operating officer of the Foundation is a substantial beneficiary of the services
contemplated by the organization. This constitutes inurement which is prohibited under
Code Section 501(c)(3) and the Regulations there under.” To qualify under 501(c)(3), an
organization, inter alia, must operate exclusively for exempt purposes, and no part of its
net earnings can inure to the benefit of any private individual.

Application of Law:

Based on our analysis you do not satisfy the organizational or operational requirements to
be recognized as exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Code. You have not established
that your income will not inure to insiders and you have not shown that your operations will
serve public rather then private purposes.

Your Articles of Incorporation failed to limit your purposes to those described in Section
501(c)(3) of the Code. Your Articles indicate you were formed for the purpose of three
special needs children of the H family, who are C, D and E. These purposes describe the
provision of services to private individuals rather then serving public purposes and are
contrary to those described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code and you fail the organizational
test.

To meet the operational test it must be shown you are furthering a 501(c)(3) exempt
purpose. You are formed to provide personal care for members of your governing body
which include family members. You will operate out of the family home of your governing
body while providing these services. Your services are not advertised to the general public
and will be available only to three named individuals, all of the same family. For these
reasons you are not furthering an exempt purpose as you are formed to serve the private
interests of one family rather then the interests of the general public. As you have failed

both the organizational and operational tests you do not qualify per section 1.501(c)(3)-
1(a)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the Regulations state that an organization is not operated
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure to individuals. Your
activities consist of providing services directly for the benefit of B’s children, C, D and E. As
these services are paid through you for these individuals you are supplementing expenses
that would otherwise need to be paid for by the H family resulting in excessive personal
benefit and inurement.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(iii) of the Regulations states an organization must serve a
public rather than a private interest and not be organized for the benefit of designated
individuals. As your services are available only to three related individuals, and your
organizing documents indicate you were formed for this purpose, you are serving private
rather then public interests. Further, B is the parent of C, D and E, your clients. Therefore,
B has a personal and private interest in your activities. Your activities will serve the private
interests of your insiders B, C, D and E and you have been formed to benefit designated
individuals. For these reasons you do not serve a public good and do not qualify.

Your activities are similar to those described in Wendy L. Parker Rehabilitation
Foundation, Inc. v. Commissioner. The government funding and donations you expect to
receive will pay directly for the care of B’s three children, C, D and E, and will to allow
them to remain in the H family home and receive living expenses associated with that
care. As a result, your expenses for the first year of operations inure directly to the
benefit of B, C, D and E.

Applicant's Position
You have indicated you will be serving the public in that you have plans to provide

services to other needy children besides those of the H family.

Service Response to Applicant’s Position
Although you have indicated that there exists the possibility that you may take on other

children your statement to this effect has been inconsistent. In a letter provided with your
application you initially indicated you would care for one child, which then became three
children, which you have now indicated could be other children. As your Articles
demonstrate you were formed not to benefit the community and children of the general
public but rather three specifically designated children, all of the same family, all related to
your creator. It was only in your success that you have indicated you might consider
opening up your services; overall, you have been formed for private interests to benefit
one family and for this reason you do not qualify.

Conclusion:

You do not meet the requirements under section 501(c)(3) because you fail the
organizational and operational test. Your primary purpose is to privately benefit B, C, D
and E who are insiders. We have determined that you have failed to establish that your
activities further a tax-exempt purpose within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) and
therefore you do not qualify for exemption as an organization described in section
501(c)(3) of the Code.

Consideration was given to whether you qualify for exemption under other subsections of
section 501(c) of the Code. However, based on the information that you have submitted,
we find you are not entitled to exempt status under section 501(c) of the Code because
you are operated for a significant non-exempt private benefit, rather than exclusively for
exempt purposes.

You have the right to file a protest if you believe this determination is incorrect. To protest,
you must submit a statement of your views and fully explain your reasoning. You must
submit the statement, signed by one of your officers, within 30 days from the date of this
letter. We will consider your statement and decide if the information affects our
determination. If your statement does not provide a basis to reconsider our determination,
we will forward your case to our Appeals Office. You can find more information about the
role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892; Exempt Organization Appeal Procedures for
Unagreed Issues.

Types of information that should be included in your appeal can be found on page 2 of
Publication 892, under the heading “Regional Office Appeal”. These items include:

1. The organization’s name, address, and employer identification number;
2. A statement that the organization wants to appeal the determination;
3. The date and symbols on the determination letter;
4. A statement of facts supporting the organization's position in any contested factual
   issue;
5. A statement outlining the law or other authority the organization is relying on; and
6. A statement as to whether a hearing is desired.

The statement of facts (item 4) must be declared true under penalties of perjury. This may
be done by adding to the appeal the following signed declaration:

“Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined the statement of facts
presented in this appeal and in any accompanying schedules and statements and, to the
best of my knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete.”

Your appeal will be considered incomplete without this statement.

If an organization's representative submits the appeal, a substitute declaration must be
included stating that the representative prepared the appeal and accompanying
documents; and whether the representative knows personally that the statements of facts
contained in the appeal and accompanying documents are true and correct.

An attorney, certified public accountant, or an individual enrolled to practice before the
Internal Revenue Service may represent you during the appeal process. If you want
representation during the appeal process, you must file a proper power of attorney, Form
2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, if you have not already done
so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice
before the IRS and Power of Attorney. All forms and publications mentioned in this letter
can be found at www.irs.gov, Forms and Publications.

If you do not file a protest within 30 days, you will not be able to file a suit for declaratory
judgment in court because the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will consider the failure to
appeal as a failure to exhaust available administrative remedies. Code section 7428(b)(2)
provides, in part, that a declaratory judgment or decree shall not be issued in any
proceeding unless the Tax Court, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or the District
Court of the United States for the District of Columbia determines that the organization
involved has exhausted all of the administrative remedies available to it within the IRS.

If you do not intend to protest this determination, you do not need to take any further
action. If we do not hear from you within 30 days, we will issue a final adverse
determination letter. That letter will provide information about filing tax returns and other
matters.

Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, and any supporting documents to the
applicable address:

Mail to: Deliver to:
Internal Revenue Service internal Revenue Service
EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008
P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You may fax your statement using the fax number shown in the heading of this letter. If
you fax your statement, please call the person identified in the heading of this letter to
confirm that he or she received your fax.

If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number
are shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

Lois Lerner
Director, Exempt Organizations

Enclosure
Publication 892