IRS revokes section 501(c)(3) status of a consumer credit counseling organization

View official IRS release (PDF)

Plain-English summary

The IRS issued a final adverse determination revoking an organization's section 501(c)(3) exemption. The determination states that the organization did not primarily conduct activities serving exempt purposes, operated for a substantial non-exempt purpose, provided private rather than public benefit, and allowed private inurement. The IRS also stated that contributions were not deductible under section 170 and directed the organization to file Form 1120 returns for open years. The determination followed an examination report focused on the organization's debt-management-plan operations, relationships with for-profit service providers, and loans to related for-profit companies.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does the organization continue to qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(3) as a consumer credit counseling organization?
• Outcome: Revocation
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(c)(3), 170, 6104(c), 7428, and 1679; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1 and 1.501(a)-1

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury

Number: 201202041
Employee Identification Number:
Release Date: 1/13/2012
Tel: ( )
Fax:( )
Date: October 6, 2011 Refer Reply to:
UIL: 9300.99-02 Employer Identification Number:
Certified Mail
Dear [redacted]:

This is a final adverse determination as to your exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Our favorable determination letter to you dated February 22,
20xx is hereby revoked and you are no longer exempt under section 501(a) effective July 1,
20xx.

If you decide to contest this determination under the declaratory judgment provisions of Code
section 7428, a petition to the United States Tax Court, the United States Court of Federal
Claims, or the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia must be filed
within 90 days from the date this determination was mailed to you. Contact the Clerk of the
appropriate court for rules for filing petitions for declaratory judgment. To secure a petition
from the United States Tax Court, write to the United States Tax Court, 400 Second Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20217.

Our adverse determination was made for the following reason:

meaning of Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3) and Treasury Regulations section
1.501(c)(3)-1(d). You did not engage primarily in activities that accomplish one or more of the
exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). You are operated for a substantial non-exempt
purpose, which is not an exempt purpose. You are operated for the benefit of private rather than
public interests and your activities resulted in substantial private benefit.

You have not demonstrated that you are operated exclusively for exempt purposes within the

Contributions to your organization are not deductible under Code section 170.

You are required to file Federal income tax returns on Form 1120 for any years which are still
open under the statute of limitations. Based on the information you furnished, it appears that
returns should be filed beginning with the year ending June 30, 20xx. You should file any
returns due for these years or later years with the Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue
Service Center, Cincinnati, OH 45999-0012 (as applicable for 1120). Processing of income tax

returns will not be delayed because you have filed a petition for a declaratory judgment under
Code section 7428.

If you have questions about this letter, you may write to or call the contact person whose name,
telephone number, and IRS address are shown on the first page of this letter. If you write, please
include your telephone number, the best time for us to call you if we need more information, and
a copy of this letter to help us identify your account. Keep the original letter for your records. If
you prefer to call and the telephone number is outside your local calling area, there will be a long
distance charge to you.

The contact person identified on the front of this letter can access your tax information and help
you get answers. You also have the right to contact the office of the Taxpayer Advocate. You
can call 1-877-777-4778 and ask for Taxpayer Advocate assistance, or you can contact the
nearest Taxpayer Advocate office by calling (312) 566-3800 or writing to Local Taxpayer
Advocate, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Room 2860, Stop 1005CHI, Chicago, IL 60604. Taxpayer
Advocate assistance is not a substitute for established IRS procedures such as the formal appeals
process. The Taxpayer Advocate is not able to reverse legally correct tax determinations, nor
extend the time fixed by law that you have to file a petition in the U.S. Tax Court. The Taxpayer
Advocate can, however, see that a tax matter that may not have been resolved through normal
channels gets prompt and proper handling.

We will notify the appropriate State officials of this action, as required by IRC section 6104(c).
You should contact your state officials if you have any questions about how this determination
may affect your state responsibilities and requirements.

If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are
shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

Appeals Team Manager

ce:

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
Exempt Organizations Examinations 7954
7850 SW 6th Court
vee mater cane Plantation, FL 33324

GOVERNMENT ENTITIES
DIVISION

September 24, 2009

Taxpayer Identification Number:

ORG
ADDRESS Form:

Tax Year(s) Ended:
Person to Contact/ID Number:

Contact Numbers:
Telephone:
Fax:

e

Certified Mail - Return Receipt Requested

Dear

We have enclosed a copy of our report of examination explaining why we believe
revocation of your exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code
(Code) is necessary.

If you accept our findings, take no further action. We will issue a final revocation letter.

If you do not agree with our proposed revocation, you must submit to us a written
request for Appeals Office consideration within 30 days from the date of this letter to
protest our decision. Your protest should include a statement of the facts, the
applicable law, and arguments in support of your position.

An Appeals officer will review your case. The Appeals office is independent of the
Director, EO Examinations. The Appeals Office resolves most disputes informally and
promptly. The enclosed Publication 3498, The Examination Process, and Publication
892, Exempt Organizations Appeal Procedures for Unagreed Issues, explain how to
appeal an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) decision. Publication 3498 also includes
information on your rights as a taxpayer and the IRS collection process.

You may also request that we refer this matter for technical advice as explained in
Publication 892. If we issue a determination letter to you based on technical advice, no
further administrative appeal is available to you within the IRS regarding the issue that
was the subject of the technical advice.

Letter 3618 (04-2002)
Catalog Number 34809F

If we do not hear from you within 30 days from the date of this letter, we will process
your case based on the recommendations shown in the report of examination. If you do
not protest this proposed determination within 30 days from the date of this letter, the
IRS will consider it to be a failure to exhaust your available administrative remedies.
Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code provides, in part: "A declaratory judgment or decree
under this section shall not be issued in any proceeding unless the Tax Court, the
Claims Court, or the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia
determines that the organization involved has exhausted its administrative remedies
within the Internal Revenue Service." We will then issue a final revocation letter. We
will also notify the appropriate state officials of the revocation in accordance with section
6104(c) of the Code.

You have the right to contact the office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Taxpayer Advocate
assistance is not a substitute for established IRS procedures, such as the formal
appeals process. The Taxpayer Advocate cannot reverse a legally correct tax
determination, or extend the time fixed by law that you have to file a petition in a United
States court. The Taxpayer Advocate can, however, see that a tax matter that may not
have been resolved through normal channels gets prompt and proper handling. You
may Call toll-free 1-877-777-4778 and ask for Taxpayer Advocate Assistance. If you
prefer, you may contact your local Taxpayer Advocate at:

If you have any questions, please call the contact person at the telephone number
shown in the heading of this letter. If you write, please provide a telephone number and
the most convenient time to call if we need to contact you.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Sunita Lough
Director, EO Examinations

Enclosures:
Publication 892
Publication 3498
Report of Examination

Letter 3618 (04-2002)
Catalog Number 34809F

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items _ Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX
LEGEND
ORG - Organization name XX - Date State - state website - website
County - county ATTN - Attorney RA-1 -— 1°%* RA DIR-1, DIR-2, DIR-3,
DIR-4, DIR-5 & DIR-6 = 157, 2™, 38>) 4™ > S™ ¢ 67 DIR CO-1 THROUGH CO-7 =
187 THROUGH 7™ COMPANIES
Issues

Does ORG continue to qualify for tax-exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code as a credit counseling organization operated for section
501(c)(3) purposes, primarily educational purposes?

Does ORG have a substantial non-exempt purpose by providing debt management
program services to the general public?

Whether ORG is operated for the purpose of serving a private benefit rather than public
interests?

Whether any part of the net earnings of ORG inured to the benefit of any private
shareholder or individual?

Facts

Background:
On July 21, 20XX, ORG filed original articles of incorporation with the State Secretary of

State. The articles of incorporation provided that its purpose was “to assist our local
community in providing a safe meeting place, positive social environment, and transition
into a drug free workplace, for the youth between the ages of twelve and eighteen.

The following individuals were listed as ORG’s directors:

DIR-1
DIR-2
DIR-3
DIR-4

On October 5, 20XX, ORG filed articles of dissolution with the State Secretary of State
effective October 4, 20XX. The articles of dissolution were signed by the
president/director, DIR-4.

On February 1, 20XX, ORG filed articles of revocation of dissolution effective January
30, 20XX. The revocation of dissolution was signed by DIR-3

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -1-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

On November 8, 20XX, ORG filed an amendment to the articles of incorporation
changing Article III - Purpose to “organized exclusively for religious, charitable,
scientific, literary, and educational within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code.”

ORG subsequently filed two amendments on March 30, 20XX and April 8, 20XX
changing its name to ORG and ORG, respectively. Both amendments were signed by
directors, DIR-5 and DIR-6.

Form 1023 Application:
On October 22, 20XX, ORG filed a Form 1023, Application for Recognition of

Exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, with the Internal
Revenue Service, hereinafter “IRS” or the “Service”. As indicated above, ORG would
later become ORG

ORG stated it the following in its 1023:

Planned Activities — The organization was formed to educate debtors, consumers and
the general public with respect to financial obligations and potential problems which
may arise from use of credit card financing and other debt.

(1) Primary activity will consist of a debt assistance service which is designed to
alleviate onerous interest rates and/or financing costs charged by some creditors
to consumers. This activity will allow the organization to assist such consumers
with their financial obligations. At the same time that these consumers engage
the above-described services, educational information will be supplied so that
the consumer may be apprised of how to avoid certain financial pitfalls.

(2) Secondary activity will consist of a multimedia campaign to increase general
public awareness.

The activity will be initiated on or around July 20, 20XX and will be conducted at the
corporate offices, primarily by and through the corporate directors.

The organization’s primary (80-95%) source of financial support will consist of
contributions from business organizations which deal with consumers who engage the

filing organization's services. The remaining source of financial support will consist of
private contributions.

In a letter dated February 22, 20XX, ORG was recognized by the Service as exempt
from Federal income tax as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Credit Counseling and Debt Management Program Activities:

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -2-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

During the examination years, June 30, 20XX and 20XX, on its Form 990 returns, ORG
has described its primary purpose and program achievements as follows:

20XX06

Primary Exempt Purpose: Program
To provide education to the public on the proper use of credit cards and | Service
debit cards. Provide debt management training programs to the public. | Expenses

Exempt Purpose Achievements

a. ORG provides debt management assistance which is designed to $
alleviate the onerous interest rates and/or financing costs charged by
credit card companies

b. Educate consumers on the use and misuse of credit cards

20XX06

Primary Exempt Purpose: Program
To provide education to the public on the proper use of credit cards and | Service
debit cards. Provide debt management training programs to the public. | Expenses

Exempt Purpose Achievements

a. ORG provides debt management assistance which is designed to $
alleviate the onerous interest rates and/or financing costs charged by
credit card companies

b. Educate consumers on the use and misuse of credit cards

ORG provides its credit counseling services primarily by telephone. ORG has three full-
time counselors. ORG obtains clients directly from its website and through the purchase
of leads. ORG paid $ per lead during the years under examination and there were no
written contracts.

During the examination years ORG counselors were provided a script that was to be
utilized during credit counseling sessions. The script focused on enrolling callers into a
DMP. The script was used to collect information necessary to determine if the client
has enough disposable income to enter into DMP. The script aimed at assessing the
callers’ debt situation, explaining how a DMP works, explaining the benefits of a DMP,
presenting ORG as a credible organization, and starting the DMP enrollment process.
(See Exhibit #1 for complete script.)

When placing the client on a Debt Management Program, the first thing the counselor
must do is identify the root cause of the current financial situation. At this point, a
determination would be made if enrollment in a DMP would alleviate the financial
burden. This does not happen in every case.

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -3-

Form 886 A. Department of the Treasury- Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

Also, the counselor must determine if the client’s budget can meet the creditor's criteria
for payment or if another option would be better suited for the client.

If client does not have a positive cash flow of $/month of discretionary income after
budget calculations, we will not enroll in DMP. Client must be able to afford payments
and have discretionary funds available after the payment is factored into budget.

Once ORG enrolls clients into its DMP program, their file is transferred to CO-1, a for-
profit service provider, for processing. CO-1 verifies the clients’ debt, negotiates
contracts and credit proposals, in addition too, collecting and disbursing client
payments. ORG transfers the signed paperwork from client electronically and through
fax. Upon transfer of the account to CO-1, ORG maintains the documents for six
months before they are shredded. A client can contact ORG at anytime during the
program to assist them with additional education and counseling.

EO Agent reviewed a sample service agreement provided by ORG. The agreement is
between ATTN (Attorneys), the Attorneys’ affiliate, ORG, a non-profit organization that
provides educational services related to debt management and credit counseling and
the client. The agreement states in part, “Attorneys and ORG agree to provide budget,
educational and counseling services to Client, and to evaluate Client’s debt status,
including Client’s available and projected income and the existence of other liquid
assets as well as the Client’s indebtedness to determine if it is in the best economic
interest of the Client to enter into a monthly debt repayment plan with Client’s creditors
which results in reduced interest and/or payments to creditors that participate in the
plan (the “Debt Management Plan” or “Program’).”

The service agreement also states there will be an initial fee used to cover legal and
operational costs involved in setting up and negotiating the accounts with Client's
creditors, and thereafter there is a monthly Program maintenance fee of $ which shall
commence with the second monthly payment. The service agreement also includes a
debt work sheet, EFT bank account enrollment form, and monthly budget form. (See
Exhibit #2 for complete service agreement.)

During the years ended June 30, 20XX and 20XX, ORG’s income was generated from
CO-3, CO-2, CO-4 withheld, CO-4 billed, and program fees. As evidenced below with
the exception of interest income, all of ORG’s income is generated from DMP activities.

Per Books — June 30, 20XX Per Books — June 30, 20XX
CO-2 - CO-1 CO-4 Billed - CO-1
CO-3 - CO-1 CO-4 Withheld - CO-1
CO-4 Withheld - CO-1 CO-2 - CO-1
CO-4 Billed - CO-1 Program Fees
Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service

Page: -4-

‘ Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX
Program Fees CO-3 - CO-1
Interest Income Electronic Form Fees
CO-3 - CO-1
Electronic Form Fees
Total Total

Educational Activities:

ORG’s educational activities consist of conducting weekly radio talk show on CO-5,
holding public forums at different venues, distributing educational texts, and maintaining
a website.

ORG’s website is located at website. The welcome page states that ORG works with
approved debt consolidation organizations that negotiate with over 50,000 creditors to
help develop a debt consolidation repayment plan or credit card management plan that
will fit the client's budget and help them reach goal of becoming DEBT FREE. The
website’s About Us section lists the following things ORG can do:

Save you THOUSANDS of dollars in interest expense
Reduce your repayment period DRAMATICALLY
Lower your total monthly payment

Avoid bankruptcy proceedings

Improve your household’s monthly budget

Preserve your Peace of Mind

End aggravating creditor calls at home or work

Enhance your credit history

Write ONE monthly payment and ALL your creditors are paid

The website also contains a Debt Consolidation & Credit Management Articles and
Resources section. This section includes articles such as: “Why We Spend”, “How to
Conquer the Money Fog’, “The Secret to Keeping your Budget on Track “, and “Money
saving: Use a Price Book”. The articles available are intended to get interested
individuals on the right track to living debt free. The rest of the website primarily focuses
on questions, case studies, and testimonials related to debt consolidation activities.

The educational material distributed by ORG included: Making Cents Educational
Booklet, Your Guide To: Household Budgets, Credit Cards & Electronic Banking and
Making Cents Financial Literacy Program. The educational materials are distributed to
individuals who attend seminars and are mailed to individuals who contact ORG for
information and/or counseling.

Form 886- Arev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -5-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

ORG provided a list of all radio appearances and seminars held during the years under
examination. Based on the list, the organization had a weekly radio appearance where
different topics relating to credit and finances were discussed. The organization also
conducted a number of seminars in County and County at different organizations. Most
of the seminars were conducted by credit counselor, RA-1. Some of the topics
discussed during the workshops included: budget skills, credit card dangers, seniors
and Credit Cards, etc. See Exhibit #3 for complete list of radio appearances and
seminars.

Service Agreements:

On December 30, 20XX, ORG (now ORG) entered into a fulfillment agreement with
CO-1, Inc, a for-profit corporation, to provide fulfillment, back-office, and customer
relations for its budget plan clients. In the fulfillment agreement, the obligations of CO-1
included:

1. Preparing a proposal to creditors reflecting the budget plan approved by the
   client;

2. Communicating the proposal to the creditors;

3. Negotiating with the creditors any necessary or appropriate changes in the
   proposal;

4. Obtaining the client’s approval to any changes to the budget plan negotiated with
   the creditors;

5. Receiving, depositing, and disbursing client budget plan payments;

6. Negotiating with clients any claims from clients for refunds and disbursing funds;

7. Responding promptly to client inquires regarding disbursements and balances.

The terms of the agreement required ORG to maintain and afford CO-1 full access to,
one or more accounts for the deposit of budget plan payments from clients,
disbursements of refunds, if any, to clients, and the disbursement of payments to
creditors. ORG may periodically transfer amounts from accounts maintained by CO-1 to
its operating accounts amounts representing contributions from clients or fair share
contributions made through the forgiveness of a portion of the client payments due.
CO-1’s compensation for services included: a one-time fee of $ per new budget plan
client; a fee of $ per budget plan client per month for each client for whose account CO-
1 received or made a budget plan payment during the course of the month; ORG shall
also cover postage, check printing, ORG letterhead and envelopes, along with all
methods of receiving and transmitting client payments. Each January 1 all fees payable
to CO-1 shall increase by 3%. The term of the agreement was for 5 years and shall
automatically be extended for an additional 5 years unless either party has given notice
to the other no less than 1 year to the end of the then-current period that the term shall
expire at the end of that period. See Exhibit #4 for complete agreement.

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -6-

Form 886 A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

ORG also has agreements with other for-profit organizations for referral and lead
services. There are no written contracts between ORG and these organizations. During
the years under examination, ORG paid the following in fees to aforementioned for-

profit organizations.

Per Books — June 30, 20XX

Per Books — June 30, 20XX

Legal fees

Legal Fees

Client fees - CO-1

Client Fees - CO-1

Processing fees - CO-1

Processing Fees - CO-1

RPS service fees - CO-1

RPS Service Fees - CO-1

Referral

Referral

Total Total

Loans:

In the tax year ended June 30, 20XX, ORG made a series of loans totaling $ to CO-6, a
for-profit corporation ran by directors of ORG, DIR-5 and DIR-6. There were no loan
agreements in place. The loan is still outstanding.

In the tax year ended June 30, 20XX, ORG made two loans in the amount of $ to CO-7,
a for-profit ran by DIR-5. There were no loan agreements in place. The loan is still
outstanding.

‘Law

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code exempts from federal income tax corporations organized
and operated exclusively for charitable, educational, and other purposes, provided that
no part of its net earnings inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(3)}-1(b)(1)(i) of the Code provides that an organization is organized
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if its articles of organization (referred
to in this section as its “articles”) as defined in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph:

(a) Limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes;
and

(b) Do not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an
insubstantial part of its activities, in activities which in themselves are not in
furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.

Section 1.501(c)-1(c)(1) of the regulations provides that an organization will be
regarded as “operated exclusively” for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages
primarily in activities that accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified in

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68)

Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -7-

Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

section 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more than an insubstantial
part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(2) of the regulations provides that an organization is not
operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes if its net earnings inure in whole
or in part to the benefit of private shareholders or individuals.

Form 886 A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or

Section 1.501(a)-1(c) defines the words “private shareholder or individual” in section

501 to refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the activities of the

organization.
Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the regulations provides that an organization is not
organized or operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes unless it serves a
public rather than a private interest. Thus, to meet the requirements of this subsection,
it is necessary for an organization to establish that it is not organized or operated for the
benefit of private interests, such as designated individuals, the creator or his family,
shareholders of the organization, or persons controlled, directly or indirectly, by such
private interests.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(2) of the regulations provides that the term “charitable” is used
in section 501(c)(3) of the Code in its generally accepted legal sense and includes relief
of the poor and distressed or of the underprivileged as well as the advancement of
education.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3) of the regulations provides that the term “educational” refers
to:

(a) The instruction or training of the individual for the purpose of improving or
developing his capabilities; or

(b) The instruction of the public on subjects useful to the individual and beneficial
to the community.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(e)(1) of the regulations provides that an organization may meet
the requirements of section 501(c)(3) although it operates a trade or business as a
substantial part of its activities, if the operation of such trade or business is in
furtherance of the organization’s exempt purpose or purposes and if the organization is
not organized or operated for the primary purposes of carrying on an unrelated trade or
business.

In Better Business Bureau of Washington D.C., Inc. v. United States, 326 U.S. 279
(1945), the Supreme Court held that the presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if
substantial in nature, will destroy the exemption regardless of the number or importance

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -8-

Form 886 A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

of truly exempt purposes. The Court found that the trade association had an “underlying
commercial motive” that distinguished its educational program from that carried out by a
university.

In American Institute for Economic Research v. United States, 302 F.2d 93 (Ct. Cl.
1962), the Court considered an organization that provided analyses of securities and
industries and of the economic climate in general. It sold subscriptions to various
periodicals and services providing advice for purchases of individual securities. The
court noted that education is a broad concept, and assumed arguendo that the
organization had an educational purpose. However, the totality of the organization’s
activities, which included the sale of many publications as well as the sale of advice for
a fee to individuals, was indicative of a business. Therefore, the court held that the
organization had a significant non-exempt commercial purpose that was not incidental
to the educational purpose, and was not entitled to be regarded as exempt.

in Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Alabama, Inc. v. United States, 78-2
U.S.T.C. 9660 (D.D.C. 1978), the court held that an organization that provided fee
information on budgeting, buying practices, and the sound use of consumer credit
qualified for exemption from income tax because its activities were charitable and
educational.

The Consumer Credit Counsel Service of Alabama is an umbrella organization made
up of numerous credit counseling service agencies. The agencies provided information
to the general public through the use of speakers, films, and publications on the
subjects of budgeting, buying practices, and the sound use of consumer credit. They
also provided counseling on budgeting and the appropriate use of consumer credit to
debt-distressed individuals and families. They did not limit these services to low-
income individuals and families, but they did provide such services free of charge. As
an adjunct to the counseling function, they offered a debt management plan.
Approximately 12 percent a professional counselor's time was applied to the debt
management plan as opposed to education. The agencies charged a nominal fee of up
to $10 per month for the debt management plan. This fee was waived in instances
when payment of the fee would cause a financial hardship. The agencies received the
bulk of their support from government and private foundation grants, contributions, and
assistance from labor agencies and the United Way. An incidental amount of their
revenue was from service fees.

The court found the organization exempt under section 501(c)(3) because providing
information to the public regarding the sound use of consumer credit is charitable in that
it advances and promotes education and social welfare. These programs were also
educational because they instructed the public on subjects useful to the individual and
beneficial to the community. The counseling assistance programs were likewise

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -9-

Form 886 A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

charitable and educational in nature. Because the community education and counseling
assistance programs were the agencies’ primary activities, the agencies were organized
and operated for charitable and educational purposes. The court also concluded that
the limited debt management services were an integral part of the agencies’ counseling
function, and thus charitable, but stated further that even if this were not the case,
these activities were incidental to the agencies’ principal functions.

Finally, the court found that the law did not require that an organization must perform its
exempt functions solely for the benefit of low-income individuals to qualify under section
501(c)(3) or to provide its services solely without charge. Nonetheless, these agencies
did not charge a fee for the programs that constituted their principal activities. They
charged nominal fees for services that were incidental. Moreover, even this nominal fee
was waived when payment would cause a financial hardship.

In Easter House v. U.S., 12 Ct. Cl. 476 (1987), aff'd 846 F.2d 78 (Fed. Cir. 1988), the
court found that adoption services were the primary activity of the organization. In
deciding that the organization conducted adoption services for a business purpose
rather than a charitable purpose, the court considered the manner in which the
organization operated. The record established a number of factors that characterize a
commercial activity and which were evident in the operations of Easter House also. The
court determined that the organization competed with other commercial organizations
providing similar services; fees were the only source of revenue; it accumulated very
substantial profits, because it set its fees in order to generate a profit; the accumulated
capital was substantially greater than the amounts spent on charitable and educational
activity; and the organization did not solicit and did not plan to solicit contributions. The
court also found a corporate-type structure in the classes of memberships (including a
single life member having inherent power that the holder could transfer like stock), and
dependence on paid employees.

In International Postgraduate Medical Foundation v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1989-
36, (January, 1989) the court found an organization that ran tours aimed at doctors and
their families was operated to benefit the private interests of both an individual who
controlled the organization and a for-profit travel agency (H&C Tours) that handled all of
its tour arrangements.

The organization used the H&C Tours exclusively for all travel arrangements. There
was no evidence that the organization solicited competitive bids from any travel agency
for travel arrangements for its tours other than H&C Tours. The organization physically
located its office within the offices of H&C Tours, which provided it secretarial, clerical,
and administrative personnel for a fee equal to H&C Tours’ costs. The organization
spent 90 percent of its revenue on travel brochures prepared to solicit customers for
tours arranged by the travel agency. The brochures emphasized the sightseeing and

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: - 10-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury- Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

recreational component of the tours, but did not describe the medical curriculum for the
seminars and symposia that was the basis for exemption. Educational activities
occurred on less than one-half of the days on a typical tour.

The court found that a substantial purpose of the organization’s operations was to
increase the income of H&C Tours. The president of H&C Tours controlled the
organization and exercised that control for the benefit of H&C Tours. Moreover, the
administrative record supported the finding that the organization was formed to obtain
customers for H&C Tours.

in Airlie Foundation v. Commissioner, 283 F. Supp. 2d 58 (D.D.C., 20XX), the court
concluded that an alleged exempt organization was operated for a substantial non-
exempt purpose. It based this conclusion on the manner in which the organization
conducted the operation of its conference center. “Among the major factors courts
have considered in assessing commerciality are competition with for profit commercial
entities; extent and degree of below cost services provided; pricing policies; and
reasonableness of financial reserves. Additional factors include, inter alia, whether the
organization uses commercial promotional methods (e.g. advertising) and the extent to
which the organization receives charitable donations.” Thus, the court looked at the
business methods of the organization as a way to infer whether its purpose was to
serve the public or whether there was a substantial non-exempt purpose of operating a
business for profit. See section 1.501(c)(3)-1(e), of the regulations.

The court determined that, if private individuals or for-profit entities have either formal or
effective control of a non-profit organization, it is presumed that the organization
furthers the profit-seeking motivations of those private individuals or entities. This is the
case, even when the organization is a partnership between a non-profit and a for-profit
entity. (citing Redlands Surgical Services v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. 47 (1999)).

Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3) specifies that an exempt organization
described therein is one in which “no part of the net of earnings inures to the benefit of
any private shareholder or individual.“ The words “private shareholder or individual” in
section 501 to refer to persons having a personal and private interest in the activities of
the organization. Treas. Reg. § 1.501(a)-1(c). The inurement prohibition provision “is
designed to prevent the siphoning of charitable receipts to insiders of the charity... .”
United Cancer Council v. Commissioner, 165 F.3d 1173 (7th Cir. 1999). Reasonable
compensation does not constitute inurement. Birmingham Business College v.
Commissioner, 276 F.2d 476, 480 5th Cir. 1960).

Where an organization provided a source of credit to companies of which a private
shareholder was either an employee or an owner, the court found that a portion of the
organization’s net earnings inured to the benefit of that private shareholder. Easter

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -11-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

House v. United States, 12 Cl. Ct. 476 (1987). That such loans were made showed
that the companies controlled by the private shareholder had a “source of loan credit” in
the organization.

The Credit Repair Organizations Act (CROA), 15 U.S.C. § 1679 et seq., effective April
1, 1997, imposes restrictions on credit repair organizations, including forbidding the
making of untrue or misleading statements and forbidding advance payment, before
services are fully performed. 15 U.S.C. § 1679b. Significantly, section 501(c)(3)
organizations are excluded from regulation under the CROA.

The CROA defines a credit repair organization as:

(A) any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails
to sell, provide, or perform (or represent that such person can or will sell,
provide, or perform) any service, in return for the payment of money or other
valuable consideration, for the express or implied purpose of—

(i) improving any consumer's credit record, credit history, or credit rating,
or

(ii) providing advice or assistance to any consumer with regard to any
activity or service described in clause (i).

15 U.S.C. § 1679a(3). The courts have interpreted this definition broadly to apply to
credit counseling agencies. The Federal Trade Commission’s policy is that if an entity
communicates with consumers in any way about the consumers’ credit situation, it is
providing a service covered by the CROA. In re National Credit Management Group,
LLC, 21 F. Supp. 2d 424, 458 (N.D.N.J. 1998).

Businesses are prohibited from cold-calling consumers who have put their phone
numbers on the National Do-Not-Call Registry, which is maintained by the Federal
Trade Commission. 16 C.F.R. § 310.4(b)(1)(iii)(B); 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(c)(2). Section
501(c)(3) organizations are not subject to this rule against cold-calling. Because
501(c)(3) organizations are exempt from regulation under the CROA and the cold-
calling restrictions, organizations that are involved in credit repair have added
incentives to be recognized as section 501(c)(3) organizations even if they do not
intend to operate primarily for exempt purposes.

Government’s Position

Based on the examination conducted, it has been concluded that ORG does not
continue to qualify for tax-exempt status as an organization described in section

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: -12-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

501(c)(3) of the Code. ORG does not operate exclusively for section 501(c)(3)
purposes, rather it has a substantial non-exempt purpose. ORG’s primary activity
consists of providing DMP services and such services are in furtherance of a
substantial non-exempt purpose. Our conclusion is based on the totality of factors that
are noted above and discussed below.

What ORG deems to be credit counseling activities are primarily DMP enrollment
activities. ORG receives all of its all clients through purchased leads or from their
website. The counseling sessions are held to determine if the client has enough
disposable income to enter a DMP. ORG does not retain client files or have any further
contact with them once their files are transferred to CO-1 for processing.

The material posted on ORG’s website is both very general and inspirational, or
promotes its debt management plan (DMP). The website contains a few articles relating
to debt consolidation and credit management. It does not provide readers with useful
information about credit-related topics, such as how credit is established or impaired,
how credit reports are maintained, or how individuals can protect or improve their credit
through budgeting, financial planning, and other conscientious measures. It does not
help individuals or the public at large to enhance their knowledge or improve their skills.
Under the applicable legal standards, the content of the website does not qualify as
public education.

ORG is similar to the organization in American Institute for Economic Research that the
court concluded had a significant non-exempt commercial purpose. In that case the
organization sold periodicals and provided services to individuals relating to the
purchase of securities. ORG is providing services to individuals relating to the
repayment of their debts. Like the organization in American Institute for Economic
Research, ORG is providing services to individuals for a fee. While ORG may provide
some educational services, the manner in which it operates is indicative of a business,
rather than an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

ORG is not like the organization in Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Alabama,
Inc. The Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Alabama is an umbrella organization
made up of numerous credit counseling service agencies. In that case, the agencies:

e Provided information to the general public through the use of speakers, films,
and publications on the subjects of budgeting, buying practices, and the
sound use of consumer credit;

e Provided counseling on budgeting and the appropriate use of consumer
credit to debt-distressed individuals and families;

e Did not limit these services to low-income individuals and families, but they
did provide such services free of charge;

Form 886- AcRrev.+68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: - 13-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

e Asan adjunct to the counseling function, they offered a debt management
plan. Approximately 12 percent of a professional counselor's time was
applied to the debt management plan as opposed to education; and

e Received the bulk of their support from government and private foundation
grants, contributions, and assistance from labor agencies and the United
Way. An incidental amount of their revenue was from service fees.

During the years under examination ORG provided limited information for educational
seminars and outreach activities conducted.

While ORG does provide some educational activities, they are incidental when weighed
against its DMP services. As provided in Better Business Bureau of Washington, D.C.,
Inc. the presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will destroy
the exemption regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes.

The reason ORG is organized as an exempt organization is to avoid the regulatory
scheme of the Credit Repair Organization Act (CROA), 15 U.S.C. section 1679, et seq.
CROA was enacted to protect consumers by banning certain deceptive practices in the
credit counseling industry. If ORG was a for-profit company, the CROA would prohibit it
from charging fees in advance of fully providing services. In addition, if ORG were for-
profit, federal law would prohibit it from purchasing leads, similar to its agreements with
for-profit entities to acquire DMP clients. Because section 501(c)(3) organizations are
exempted from the provisions of CROA, ORG is able to engage in deceptive business
practices that Congress intended to prohibit when it passed the CROA law. As such,
ORG is operated for a substantial non-exempt purpose that of carrying on a business
while avoiding federal regulation. In addition, ORG could not collect “CO-4” payments
from creditors if it did not have exempt status. The entire DMP business depends on an
organization having tax-exempt status.

Substantially all of ORG’s activities revolve around its DMP operations. In describing its
primary purpose and program achievements in its Form 990 return for the examination
years, ORG stated that it provided education to the public on the proper use of credit
cards and debit cards, in addition too, debt management training programs to the
public. What ORG deems to be credit counseling is merely a process to determine if
potential clients qualify fora DMP and can afford the monthly payments required of a
DMP. All of ORG’s income is derived from DMP-related activities.

The facts in ORG’s case also show that its activities serve to promote the private
business interest of CO-1, rather than promote the public interest. ORG’s agreement
with CO-1 allows it to perform all services related to its debt management program
other than intake and counseling services. Under the agreement, CO-1 has the
authority to prepare, present, and negotiate with creditors on behalf of all clients, once

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: - 14-

Form 886A Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service Schedule No. or
Explanation of Items Exhibit
Name of Taxpayer Year/Period Ended
ORG (ORG) June 30, 20XX and
June 30, 20XX

they are enrolled in a DMP. The agreement also authorizes CO-1 to solicit and
distribute fair share payment from creditors to you. Thus, as in Est of Hawaii, 71 T.C.
1067 (1979), certain aspects of your business operation are controlled to a certain
extent by a for-profit company. The essence of the agreement with CO-1 allows it to
dictate charges and methods of operation, and assures long-term financial support for
CO-1. For example, if the agreement with CO-1 should be terminated, CO-1 will have
the option to continue servicing existing customers, at the established fees. Moreover,
the agreement gives CO-1 full access to one or more accounts for deposit of payments

from clients and disbursement of payments to creditors.

ORG provided a series of loans to CO-6 and CO-7 during the years under examination.
The for-profit organizations were run by DIR-6 and DIR-5, directors of ORG. There were
no formal written agreements and the loans are still outstanding. These loans constitute

inurement in contravention of section 501(c)(3).

Taxpayer’s Position

The exempt organization's position has not been determined.

Conclusion

In summary, ORG is not operated exclusively for exempt purposes, because it does not
engage primarily in activities that accomplish an exempt purpose, more than an
insubstantial part of ORG’s activities are in furtherance of non-exempt purposes, ORG
was operated for the purpose of serving a private benefit rather than public interests,
and a part of the net earnings of ORG inured to the benefit of a private shareholder or

individual.

It is recommended that ORG’s tax-exempt status be revoked effective July 1, 20XX.

Form 886-A (rev. 4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service

Page: -15-