IRS approves cooperative grain-payment and net operating loss treatment

View official IRS release (PDF)

Plain-English summary

The IRS considered a grain cooperative’s treatment of cash payments to members and participating patrons, along with the effect of passing through the cooperative’s section 199 deduction in a year with a net operating loss. The IRS ruled that the grain payments were per-unit retain allocations paid in money because they related to products marketed for the patrons and were fixed without reference to the cooperative’s net earnings. The cooperative could disregard those payments when computing its section 199 deduction. The IRS also ruled that section 199 deductions passed through to patrons in a year when the cooperative incurred a net operating loss would not reduce the loss available for carryback or carryforward under section 172. This matters because the ruling addresses both the cooperative’s production deduction and the amount of an economic loss that remains available for other years.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Are the cooperative’s grain payments per-unit retains paid in money, and does passing through the section 199 deduction reduce its net operating loss for carryback or carryforward purposes?

• Outcome: Approved

• Key authorities: IRC §§ 1382, 1388, 199, and 172; Treas. Reg. § 1.199-6

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201115009 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 4/15/2011 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 1382.00-00, 199.06-00,
172.00-00 Person To Contact:
------------------------, ID No. -------------
-------------------------------- Telephone Number:
-------------------------------------- ---------------------
----------------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
------------------------------------- CC:PSI:B05
PLR-130149-10
Date:
January 10, 2011

Legend

Taxpayer = --------------------------------------
-----------------------

State A = -------------

State B = ----------

Dear -----------------:

   This is in response to a request for rulings dated July 16, 2010, submitted by

your authorized representative. The rulings concern the interplay of the rules in
subchapter T of the Internal Revenue Code (concerning the taxation of cooperatives
and their patrons), the calculation of the section 199 deduction for certain cooperatives
contained in section 199(d)(3), and the affect of a cooperative passing through the
cooperative’s section 199 deduction to patrons with respect to a year in which it incurs a
net operating loss on the loss available to be carried back or forward under section 172.

     Taxpayer is a farmers’ cooperative organized under State A law. Taxpayer is a

local grain marketing and farm supply cooperative. It is headquartered in State A. It
serves farmers located in a --- county area in State A and State B. Taxpayer is the
result of the consolidation in ------- of ------- State A cooperatives – ----------------------------

---

---------------------------------------------------------------------------. Since that consolidation,
Taxpayer has expanded into State B, acquiring grain elevators and farm supply
operations in that state.

    Taxpayer markets grain for its farmer members and for other patrons. During its

fiscal year ended ------------------, Taxpayer’s grain sales were approximately $--------------
PLR-130149-10 2

---------. Principal commodities marketed in its ------- fiscal year were corn and
soybeans. Taxpayer also marketed some wheat, milo, and a small amount of oats. In
addition to grain marketing, Taxpayer provides farm supplies to its farmer members and
other patrons – including principally fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, petroleum
products, feed, seed and merchandise. During its ------- fiscal year, Taxpayer’s farm
supply sales totaled approximately $-----------------.

  Taxpayer’s “members” are farmers who do business with it. Each member owns

one share of Taxpayer’s capital stock (par value $10) and is entitled to share in the net
earnings of Taxpayer in the form of patronage dividends. Taxpayer currently has
approximately -------- members.

    Other persons who wish to do business with Taxpayer on a patronage basis are

eligible to become “participating patrons” of Taxpayer. Each participating patron is
required to own a Certificate of Participation (stated dollar amount is $10) and is entitled
to share in net earnings of Taxpayer in the form of patronage dividends. Participating
patrons do not have voting rights. Taxpayer currently has approximately --------
participating patrons.

     Taxpayer is organized as a cooperative corporation pursuant to Sections ----------

------- to ----------- of the State A Statutes. These sections set for the basic requirements
for cooperative operation. To the extent not inconsistent with what is provided in these
sections, cooperative corporations are governed generally by the Business Corporation
Act of State A (Sections ---------------------).

   Section ----------- provides that cooperative corporations are formed “by the

adoption of articles of incorporation in the same manner and with like powers and duties
required of other corporations except as provided in sections ----------- to -----------.”

   Section ----------- requires that, among other things, a cooperative corporation

must include in its articles of incorporation:

   “… (2) That dividends on the capital stock shall be fixed but shall not
   exceed eight percent per annum of the amount actually paid thereon; (3)
   That the net earnings or savings of the company remaining after making
   the distribution provided in subdivision (2) of this section, if any, shall be
   distributed on the basis of or in proportion to the amount or value of
   property bought from or sold to members, or members and other patrons,
   or of labor performed or other services rendered to the corporation. … (4)
   That the articles of incorporation or the By-laws of the company shall give
   a detailed statement of the method followed in distributing earnings or
   savings…”

PLR-130149-10 3

   Section ----------- enumerates various powers that cooperative corporations may

exercise, including the power “(6) to set aside each year to a surplus fund a portion of
the savings of the company over and above all expenses and dividends or interest upon
capital stock which surplus may be used for conducting the business of the corporation.”

  The preamble to Taxpayer’s Articles of Incorporation provides that the Articles

were adopted “to further the purpose of conducting business as a cooperative
corporation” pursuant to State A law. This is repeated in Article I of Taxpayer’s Bylaws:

   “This Cooperative is an agricultural cooperative corporation formed to
   promote and provide a medium for unity of effort by farmers and
   producers of agricultural products, including livestock, in the handling and
   marketing of grain and other agricultural products and to operate as
   provided in the Agricultural Marketing Act, approved June 15, 1929, as
   amended and to do anything that is conducive to carrying out the policy of
   Congress as stated in that Act, and also the Capper-Volstead Act, as
   approved February 18, 1922, as amended.”

  Article IX of Taxpayer’s Articles of Incorporation provides for the sharing of

earnings on a cooperative basis:

                               “ARTICLE IX
                       Distribution of Earnings
         Section 1. After deducting all expenses which are lawfully
   deductible or excludable in determining the net margins of the
   Cooperative, the Board of Directors shall establish and deduct reasonable
   amounts for reserves, at such rates as shall be provided in the Bylaws of
   the Cooperative.

          Section 2. The remaining net margins, after providing for the
   deductions under Section 1 of this Article, shall belong to and be held for
   the stockholders and patrons and shall be apportioned among them on a
   patronage basis at the close of each fiscal year, as provided in the Bylaws
   of the Cooperative.

        Section 3. The Bylaws of the Cooperative shall establish the
   methods to be followed in distributing savings.“

    Taxpayer’s Articles of Incorporation provide that it is organized on a stock basis.

Stock may be owned only by: “… persons, including both landlords and tenants in
share tenancies, who are bona fide producers of agricultural products in the trade
territory served by the Cooperative, who patronize the Cooperative.” Article IV, Section

5. These persons are the members of Taxpayer and are referred to in this ruling as
   “members.” Each stockholder is permitted to own only one share of stock and is
   PLR-130149-10 4

entitled to only “one vote in the affairs of the Cooperative.” Article IV, Sections 3 and 4.
There are no dividends paid on stock. Article IV, Section 2.

   Persons not eligible to own capital stock, but wanting to do business with

Taxpayer on a patronage basis, are permitted to become “participating patrons” as
defined in Taxpayer’s Bylaws, Article II, Section 7, and to hold a “Certificate of
Participation.” Such persons have “all the rights and privileges of a stockholder” (i.e.,
they are entitled to share in patronage dividends), except they may not vote (Article IV,
Section 6), and are referred to in this ruling as “participating patrons.”

  Article VIII of Taxpayer’s Bylaws provides a detailed description of how Taxpayer

computes and pays patronage refunds. Section 1 begins by defining the term “net
margins,” which is the starting point for Taxpayer’s patronage dividend computation:

   “Section 1. Net Margins. The gross receipts of the Cooperative shall
   include all proceeds from commodities marketed for patrons, plus all sums
   received for supplies and equipment and services procured for patrons,
   plus all income from all other sources. From the gross receipts shall be
   deducted all costs and expenses and other charges which are lawfully
   excludable or deductible from this Cooperative’s gross income for the
   purpose of determining the amount of margins for the period.”

In determining “net margins” for this purpose, Taxpayer deducts what it pays (other than
patronage dividends) to members and other patrons for the grain that it markets for
them on a patronage basis.

    Section 2 provides that no dividends shall be paid on capital stock, and, as a

result, net margins are not reduced by dividends.

    Section 3 provides that the net margins shall be reduced by reasonable reserves

for necessary business purposes and by “the margins found to be attributable to
business done with the U.S. Government and from non-patronage sources if not
distributed to the patrons.” If the margins attributable to business with the U.S.
Government and nonpatronage sources are less than 10 percent of net margins, then
Taxpayer is also required to retain the difference. Amounts held back under Section 3
are added to retained earnings.

   Section 4 then provides: “Apportionment to Patrons. The balance of said

margins which remain shall be deemed to be patrons’ net margins. All of the patrons’
net margins shall, as received by the Cooperative, belong to and be held for the patrons
and shall be apportioned among them on a patronage basis at the close of each fiscal
year.”
PLR-130149-10 5

    Section 5 provides that allocation units may be used in determining how to

apportion net savings on a patronage basis. Taxpayer uses a single allocation unit for
its grain marketing business, allocating patronage dividends on the basis of bushels of
grain marketed through Taxpayer. Taxpayer accounts for its grain storage and drying
business in a separate allocation unit, allocating patronage dividends on the basis of
dollars of storage and drying fees paid to Taxpayer. Taxpayer accounts for its feed and
feed services business in a separate allocation, allocating patronage dividends based
on dollars of feed purchases and feed service charges. Taxpayer currently uses three
allocation units for its supplies business – (i) merchandise, (ii) agronomy products and
services, and (iii) petroleum products. The merchandise and agronomy allocation units
allocate patronage dividends based upon dollars of purchases and the petroleum
allocation unit allocates patronage dividends based on gallons.

   Section 6 requires the allocated amounts be paid to patrons, but permits the

Board to pay a portion of the patronage dividend in written notices of allocation (referred
to by Taxpayer as “Revolving Fund Credits” or “Members’ Equity Credits”).

     In the event of dissolution, Article IX of Taxpayer’s By-laws provides that assets

will first be used to pay all debts and liabilities. Remaining assets will then be
distributed to the holders of Members’ Equity Credits in an amount equal to the stated
dollar amount of the Credits. The holders of capital stock and Certificates of
Participation will then be entitled to receive what they paid for them. Any residual
assets then remaining will be shared on a patronage basis “among the equity holders
on the basis of their respective deferred patronage accounts as shown on the records of
the cooperative insofar as possible.”

   In the event that Taxpayer incurs a loss, Section 7 of Article VIII authorizes

Taxpayer (among other things) to “charge such loss against the Revolving Fund Credits
and other equity held by those stockholders and participating patrons whose patronage
gave rise to such loss.”

    This ruling relates to Taxpayer’s grain marketing activities. Taxpayer operates ---

--- grain elevators located in State A and State B with a licensed storage capacity of just
over ------------- bushels of grain. Taxpayer ships grain by both truck and rail.

  Taxpayer sells grain to livestock producers for feed, to grain processors to be

used to produce ethanol, high-fructose corn sweetener and other products, to soybean
processors to be crushed and sold as soybean meal, oil and other further refined
products, and to others for resale, both domestically and in the export market.

    Taxpayer’s grain business consists of buying grain from members and

participating patrons, handling and storing the grain at its elevators, and then selling the
grain to terminal grain elevators, grain processors, feed lots, grain exporters and others.
An issue in the request for rulings relates to the characterization for purposes of
PLR-130149-10 6

subchapter T of the Code and section 199 of payments (referred to in this ruling as
“grain payments”) that Taxpayer makes to members and participating patrons when it
acquires their grain for marketing on a patronage basis. For purposes of this ruling,
“grain payments” do not include any amounts paid to persons not entitled to share in
patronage dividends. During its fiscal year ended ------------------, only approximately
-- percent of Taxpayer’s grain business was done with persons not entitled to share in
patronage dividends. For purposes of this ruling, “grain payments” also do not include
patronage dividends paid to members and participating patrons with respect to grain
marketed for them.

   Taxpayer does not operate on a pooling basis. Thus, Taxpayer’s grain marketing

proceeds are not shared equally on the basis of patronage and distributed in the form of
harvest advances and progress payments with a final settlement after the pool closes
as they would be if Taxpayer pooled. Commodity price risk does not automatically shift
from Taxpayer’s members and participating patrons to a pool at the time of harvest.
Rather, that risk remains with members and participating patrons until they sell their
grain to Taxpayer for marketing.

    Taxpayer pays each member and participating patron a market price for his or

her grain. What that market price is depends upon where, when and how a member or
participating patron chooses to sell his or her grain to Taxpayer. That market price is
determined without regard to the actual net proceeds realized by Taxpayer from
marketing the grain. Payments are made in cash (by check) and occur throughout the
year as members and participating patrons sell grain to Taxpayer for marketing and are
paid pursuant to the terms of their grain contracts.

  After purchasing grain from members and participating patrons, Taxpayer then

markets each member’s and participating patron’s grain in the manner that it judges will
produce the best return. After year end, when net earnings for the year have been
determined, Taxpayer pays a patronage dividend to its members and participating
patrons with respect to the grain they market through Taxpayer.

   Grain farmers historically have retained the decision of when and how to sell their

grain and to choose whether to sell their grain to a cooperative for marketing on a
patronage basis or to a commercial grain company. Farmers have a variety of
alternatives when they sell their grain to Taxpayer (participating patrons have the same
alternatives as farmers when they sell their grain to Taxpayer). The choices are similar
to those offered farmers by commercial grain companies, though commercial grain
companies do not market grain on a patronage basis and do not pay patronage
dividends.

    The basic choices available to a farmer selling grain to Taxpayer for marketing

on a cooperative basis are: (i) to sell the grain for Taxpayer’s current cash bid price, (ii)
to sell the grain to Taxpayer using a forward contract, and (iii) to sell the grain to
PLR-130149-10 7

Taxpayer using a deferred price or a deferred payment contract. Under each of these
basic choices, there are additional options available to farmers.

    One way for a farmer to sell grain to Taxpayer for marketing is to sell the grain to

Taxpayer and be paid the cash bid price. Many farmers sell grain to Taxpayer on this
basis. Typically a country elevator’s cash bid price for a commodity is the nearby
futures price in a specified reference market where the commodity is actively traded
(e.g., the Chicago Board of Trade or the Minneapolis Grain Exchange) plus or minus a
fixed spread (referred to as the “basis”) set from time to time by the elevator based upon
local market conditions. Thus, the cash bid price at a country elevator reflects the
condition of the overall market for grain (the futures price) and the condition of the local
market for grain (the basis). An elevator’s cash bid price changes during the course of
each day as the reference futures price fluctuates. It also changes (though not as often)
as the elevator adjusts the basis.

     For the convenience of its members and participating patrons, Taxpayer

publishes two bid schedules. One shows the “flat price” bid at each delivery location,
and the other shows the “basis” at each location. Two schedules are published
because some farmers like to focus on the flat bid price (the futures price plus or minus
the basis) while others like to focus on the basis. The futures prices are shown at the
end of the basis schedule. The locations shown on the first part of each schedule are
those owned and operated by Taxpayer, and the prices at those locations are delivered
prices (i.e., the farmers are responsible for the costs of delivering the grain to those
facilities). Those shown on the second part of the schedule are plants or terminal
locations owned by customers of Taxpayer. These prices are also delivered prices.
Taxpayer’s members and participating patrons delivering grain “direct” to those plants or
terminals sell the grain to Taxpayer, who in turn resells it to the customers at those
locations.

    The bid prices are for grain of normal merchantable quality. Grain is tested when

it is delivered. There are standard price adjustments if the grain is below standard
grade, but still of acceptable quality. When a farmer delivers grain to Taxpayer for a
spot sale at the cash bid price, a grain settlement document is produced, identifying the
kind, amount and quality of the grain delivered, the price per bushel, any applicable
discounts or other charges, and the net amount owed to the member or participating
patron.

   A farmer can deliver and sell grain to Taxpayer at the cash bid price at the time

of harvest, delivering the grain directly from the field. However, it usually is not
advantageous for a farmer to sell then since prices often are lowest at harvest. Many
farmers have the capacity to store grain on their farm and so can wait until later, when
they think that the cash bid price is right, to deliver and sell their grain to Taxpayer.
Other farmers deliver grain to Taxpayer for storage, not for immediate sale. The
farmers retain ownership of the grain in the elevator and pay storage fees to Taxpayer.
PLR-130149-10 8

Later, when a farmer believes the cash bid price is right, he or she can sell the grain to
Taxpayer for marketing on a cooperative basis.

    A farmer has the option of entering into a forward contract to sell his or her grain

to Taxpayer. Forward contracts call for delivery of a specified quantity and quality of
grain, at a specified location, during a specified time period. Forward contracts can be
entered into before the grain is planted, while it is growing or after harvest while the
grain is being stored on the farm or in an elevator.

   Forward contracts can be priced in a variety of ways. Many contracts provide for

a fixed price, sometimes referred to as a “flat” price. Farmers interested in entering into
a forward contract with Taxpayer can determine the fixed price Taxpayer is willing to
pay at any time at any of its locations for delivery at various times in the future from
Taxpayer’s bid schedules for grain for future delivery.

    Typically a country elevator’s bid price for future delivery is determined in a

manner similar to the way the cash bid price is determined. However, when the bid
price is for future delivery, it is based upon the nearby futures price for the time
specified for delivery plus or minus the basis set by the country elevator for that delivery
month. The bid price for future delivery changes during the course of each day as the
specified reference price fluctuates. It also changes as the country elevator adjusts its
basis.

   Farmers also can enter into a forward contract where the pricing is left open for

future determination. For instance, the contract may fix the basis and leave the futures
price open, to be determined based upon the futures price at the time chosen by the
farmer before a specified date in the future. Alternatively, the contract may specify the
futures price and leave the basis open, to be determined based upon the elevator’s
basis for delivery during the future month at the time chosen by the farmer before a
specified date in the future.

    Farmers have the option to deliver grain to Taxpayer, leaving the determination

of the price partly or wholly open. Contracts of this sort are called by various names –
deferred price contracts, delayed price contracts, credit-sale contracts, etc. Under a
deferred price contract, ownership of the grain passes from the farmer to Taxpayer at
the time of delivery. The farmer is given the opportunity to wait until later to price the
grain. When the farmer chooses to price the contract, the cooperative’s then current bid
price is used to fill the open price term. Once the price is determined the farmer is paid.

   Some farmers prefer to sell their grain to Taxpayer on a deferred payment basis.

Grain sold on that basis might be delivered in October, the price set at that time, but
with payment to be made in January. Ownership of the grain passes to Taxpayer when
the grain is delivered. The payment date for grain purchased under these contracts is
specified by the parties.
PLR-130149-10 9

    The variety of options available to farmers for selling their grain to Taxpayer and

other grain companies provide farmers with a great deal of flexibility. Farmers can lock
in prices for their crops (even before they are planted or while they are growing) at any
time if they think that the price is right by using flat price forward contracts. Some
farmers prefer to do so after they can estimate the costs of production to lock in a
reasonable margin. If a farmer is happy with the futures price, but not the basis, the
farmer can enter into a forward contract that leaves the basis open. If a farmer is happy
with the basis, but not the futures price, the farmer can enter into a forward contract that
leaves the futures price open. If farmers think that the cash price is low at the time of
harvest, they can harvest and store their crops while waiting for the price to improve.
Alternatively, farmers can deliver the crops and enter into a deferred price contract.

    These choices are available to all farmers marketing their grain on a cooperative

basis through Taxpayer. Because of these choices, two neighbors that market the
same quantity and quality of a particular kind of grain through Taxpayer during any year
will receive different grain payments depending upon where, when and how they sell
their grain to Taxpayer. However, they will each receive the same patronage dividends.

   For the fiscal year ended ------------------, Taxpayer made grain payments to

members and participating patrons of approximately $--------------. Since Taxpayer
incurred a loss during its ------- fiscal year, it did not pay patronage dividends to
members and participating patrons with respect to their grain.

    In the past, Taxpayer has treated grain payments made in cash to members and

participating patrons as “purchases” for tax purposes and reported them on Schedule A,
Line 2 of its Form 1120-C. Taxpayer has not reported the grain payments made in cash
as “per-unit retain allocations paid in money” and therefore has not reported them on
Schedule A, Line 4b of its Form 1120-C. Taxpayer has reported the patronage
dividends paid to members and participating patrons as a patronage dividend paid in
money and qualified written notices of allocation on Schedule H, lines 3a and 3b of its
Form 1120-C.

  Because of this reporting, grain payments paid in cash have entered into the

determination for tax purposes of Taxpayer’s cost of goods sold for tax purposes. As is
customary in the grain business, Taxpayer values its grain inventories at year end at
market for financial statement and tax purposes.

   Taxpayer did not add back grain payments in its section 199 computations for

prior years. Taxpayer did not pass any portion of its section 199 deduction through to
its members or participating patrons in prior years.

    For its fiscal year ended ------------------, Taxpayer reconsidered how it should

treat its grain payments for purposes of its section 199 computation. In its calculation of
its section 199 deduction for that year, Taxpayer added back grain payments in
determining its qualified production activities income (QPAI) and taxable income
PLR-130149-10 10

limitation. Taxpayer reported a section 199 deduction of approximately $--------------, all
of which it passed through to members and participating patrons pursuant to section
199(d)(3)(A) of the Code. Taxpayer reported the section 199 deduction on line 22 of its
return, but, as required by section 199(d)(3)(B), reduced its deduction for grain
payments (reflected in its cost of goods sold) by the amount of the section 199
deduction passed through. Thus, the passed-through section 199 deduction had no net
impact on Taxpayer’s taxable income for the year.

     Taxpayer incurred a net operating loss (NOL) deduction (without regard to its

section 199 deduction) for its fiscal year ended ------------------. Taxpayer made an
election pursuant to section 172(b)(3) of the Code to forego the carryback period for that
loss. Thus, all of that loss is available for carryover to Taxpayer’s fiscal year ended -----
------------------ and later years.

     For its fiscal year ended ------------------, Taxpayer is seeking confirmation that all

grain payments to members and participating patrons that are paid in cash should be
classified as “per-unit retain allocations paid in money.” Taxpayer is also seeking
confirmation that section 172(d)(7) does not preclude it from claiming a NOL deduction
in its fiscal year ended ------------------ for the NOL incurred in the fiscal year ended -------
------------------. Taxpayer’s tax return for its fiscal year ended ------------------ has not yet
been filed.

   For its fiscal year ended ------------------, and future years, Taxpayer may retain all,

pass through all, or retain part and pass through part of its section 199 deduction.

   Taxpayer has not changed the manner it accounts for its grain inventories as a

result of adding back grain payments in its section 199 computation. Thus, the timing of
the deduction of its grain payments has not changed. Taxpayer will make certain that it
does not exclude or deduct grain payments twice on its tax return and that it does not
add back grain payments twice in its section 199 computation.

   Based on the foregoing, Taxpayer requests the following rulings:

   1. Grain payments to members and participating patrons constitute “per-unit

retain allocations paid in money” within the meaning of section 1382(b)(3) of the Code.

  2. For purposes of computing its section 199 domestic production activities

deduction, Taxpayer’s qualified production activities income and taxable income should,
pursuant to section 199(d)(3)(C) of the Code, be computed without regard to any
deduction for grain payments to members and participating patrons.

    3. Section 199 deductions which Taxpayer passes through to members and

participating patrons with respect to a year in which it incurs a net operating loss will not
affect the amount of the loss available to be carried back or forward under section 172
of the Code.
PLR-130149-10 11

    Nonexempt subchapter T cooperatives are permitted to exclude or deduct

distributions to patrons that qualify as per-unit retain allocations or patronage dividends,
provided the distributions other meet the requirements of subchapter T of the Code.

   Section 1388(f) of the Code defines the term “per-unit retain allocation” to mean

“any allocation, by an organization to which part I of [subchapter T] applies, to a patron
with respect to products marketed for him, the amount of which is fixed without
reference to net earnings of the organization pursuant to an agreement between the
organization and the patron.”

    Per-unit retain allocations may be made in money, property or certificates. Per-

unit retain allocations paid in money and in property are excludable or deductible under
section 1382(b)(3) of the Code. Per-unit retain allocations paid in certificates are
deductible under section 1382(b)(3) if the certificates are qualified. If the certificates are
nonqualified, the cooperative is permitted a deduction under section 1382(b)(4) (or a tax
benefit figured under section 1383) when the certificates are later redeemed.

   Section 1388(a)(1) of the Code provides that the term “patronage dividend”

means an amount paid to a patron by a cooperative on the basis of the quantity or value
of business done with or for such patron. Section 1388(a)(2) provides that a “patronage
dividend” is an amount paid “under an obligation” that must have existed before the
cooperative received the amount so paid. Section 1388(a)(3) provides that “patronage
dividend” means an amount paid to a patron that is determined by reference to the net
earnings of the cooperative from business done with or for its patrons. That section
further provides that a “patronage dividend” does not include any amount paid to a
patron to the extent that such amount is out of earnings other than from business done
with or for patrons. Section 1.1382-3(c)(2) of the Income Tax Regulations states that
income derived from sources other than patronage means incidental income derived
from sources not directly related to the marketing, purchasing, or service activities of the
cooperative association.

   Patronage dividends may be paid in money, property or written notices of

allocation. Patronage dividends paid in money and in property are excludable or
deductible under section 1382(b)(1) of the Code. Patronage dividends paid in written
notices of allocation are deductible under section 1382(b)(1) if the written notices of
allocation are qualified. If the notices are nonqualified, the cooperative is permitted a
deduction under section 1382(b)(2) (or a tax benefit figured under section 1383) when
the notices are later redeemed.

  Section 1388(b) of the Code provides that the term “written notice of allocation”

means any capital stock, revolving fund certificate, retain certificate, certificate of
indebtedness, letter of advice, or other written notice, which discloses to the recipient
PLR-130149-10 12

the stated dollar amount allocated to him by the organization and the portion thereof, if
any, which constitutes a patronage dividend.

   For cooperatives that use pooling, Rev. Rul. 67-333, 1967-2 C.B. 299, provides

that pool advances are treated as per-unit retain allocations and the final pool payment,
made after net earnings have been determined, is treated as a patronage dividend.

    Under section 199(d)(3) of the Code, patrons that receive a qualified payment

from a specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative are allowed a deduction for an
amount allocable to their portion of QPAI of the organization received as a qualified
patronage dividend or per-unit retain allocation which is paid in qualified per-unit retain
certificates. In particular, section 199(d)(3)(F) requires the cooperative to be engaged in
the manufacturing, production, growth, or extraction in whole or significant part of any
agricultural or horticultural product, or in the marketing of agricultural or horticultural
products. Under section 199(d)(3)(D), in the case of a cooperative engaged in the
marketing of agricultural and horticultural products, the cooperative is treated as having
manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted (MPGE) in whole or significant part any
qualifying production property marketed by the cooperative that its patrons have MPGE
(this is known in the industry as the “cooperative attribution rule”). In addition, section
199(d)(3)(A)(ii) requires the cooperative to designate the patron’s portion of the income
allocable to the QPAI of the organization in a written notice mailed by the cooperative to
its patrons no later than the 15th day of the ninth month following the close of the tax
year.

    Under section 1.199-6(c) of the regulations, for purposes of determining a

cooperative’s section 199 deduction, the cooperative’s QPAI and taxable income are
computed without taking into account any deduction allowable under section 1382(b) or
(c) of the Code (relating to patronage dividends, per-unit retain allocations, and
nonpatronage distributions).

   An agricultural or horticultural cooperative is permitted to “pass-through” to its

patrons all or any portion of its section 199 deduction for the year provided it does so in
the manner and within the time limits set by section 199(d)(3) of the Code. When a
cooperative passes-through all or any portion of the section 199 deduction, the
cooperative remains entitled to claim the entire section 199 deduction on its return, but
is required under section 199(d)(3)(B) to reduce the deduction or exclusion it would
otherwise claim under section 1382(b) for per-unit retain allocations and patronage
dividends.

    Section 199(d)(3)(A) of the Code provides that a cooperative passes through an

amount of its section 199 deduction by “identifying” such amount in a written notice
mailed to such person during the payment period described in section 1382(d).
Section 1382(d) provides that the payment period for a year is the period beginning with
the first day of such taxable year and ending with the fifteenth day of the ninth month
following the close of such year.
PLR-130149-10 13

    Section 1.199-6(g) of the regulations provides that in order for a patron to qualify

for the section 199 deduction, section 1.199-6(a) requires that the cooperative identify in
a written notice the patron's portion of the section 199 deduction that is attributable to
the portion of the cooperative's QPAI for which the cooperative is allowed a section 199
deduction. This written notice must be mailed by the cooperative to its patrons no later
than the 15th day of the ninth month following the close of the taxable year. The
cooperative may use the same written notice, if any, that it uses to notify patrons of their
respective allocations of patronage dividends, or may use a separate timely written
notice(s) to comply with this section. The cooperative must report the amount of the
patron's section 199 deduction on Form 1099-PATR, “Taxable Distributions Received
From Cooperatives,” issued to the patron.

  While a cooperative is permitted to disregard per-unit retain allocations and

patronage dividends in its section 199 deduction, section 1.199-6(l) of the regulations
provide that a qualified payment received by a patron of a cooperative is not taken into
account by the patron for purposes of section 199.

    Section 1.199-6(e) of the regulations defines the term “qualified payment” to

mean any amount of a patronage dividend or per-unit retain allocation, as described in
section 1385(a)(1) or (3) of the Code received by the patron from a cooperative, that is
attributable to the portion of the cooperative’s QPAI, for which the cooperative is
allowed a section 199 deduction. For this purpose, patronage dividends and per-unit
retain allocations include any advances on patronage and per-unit retains paid in money
during the taxable year.

   Taxpayer is a “specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative” within the

meaning of section 199(d)(3)(F) of the Code and section 1.199-6(f) of the regulations. It
is an organization “to which part I of subchapter T applies” (i.e., it is a nonexempt
cooperative to which subchapter T applies). It is engaged “in the marketing of
agricultural or horticultural products” (i.e., grain).

    As a specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative, Taxpayer is entitled to the

benefit of section 199(d)(3)(C) of the Code and section 1.199-6(c) of the regulations,
which permit such cooperatives to disregard deductions under section 1382(b) and (c)
for purposes of computing QPAI and taxable income for purposes of section 199.
Section 1382(b) provides deductions for per-unit retain allocations paid in money,
property and qualified per-unit retain certificates as well as for patronage dividends paid
in money, property and qualified written notices of allocation. It also provides for
deductions when nonqualified per-unit retain certificates and nonqualified written notices
of allocation are redeemed. As a specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative,
Taxpayer is entitled to the benefit of section 199(d)(3)(C) and section 1.199-6(c), which
permit such cooperatives to disregard deductions under section 1382(b) and (c) for
purposes of computing QPAI and taxable income for purposes of section 199. Section
1382(b) provides deductions for per-unit retain allocations paid in money, property and
qualified per-unit retain certificates as well as for patronage dividends paid in money,
PLR-130149-10 14

property and qualified written notices of allocation. It also provides for deductions when
nonqualified per-unit retain certificates and nonqualified written notices of allocation are
redeemed.

    Taxpayer does not operate on a pooling basis. Taxpayer purchases grain from

members and participating patrons and markets that grain. The amount that each
member and participating patron receives when he or she sells grain to Taxpayer for
marketing depends upon where, how, and when the member or participating patron
chooses to sell that grain to Taxpayer. Members and participating patrons are not
required to deliver their grain to Taxpayer. They are free to sell as little or as much of
their grain to Taxpayer as they choose.

   Members and participating patrons have a number of options for determining

how and when sales are made. As a result, two neighbors delivering the same amount
of grain to Taxpayer during any year will be paid different amounts for that grain
depending upon where, when and how they sell the grain to Taxpayer. However, all
members and participating patrons share in Taxpayer’s net earnings from grain
operations in proportion to the number of bushels of grain they market through
Taxpayer. Those net earnings are distributed after the end of each year in the form of
patronage dividends paid in cash and qualified written notices of allocation (Revolving
Fund Credits).

    An issue presented in Taxpayer’s request for rulings is whether the grain

payments made by Taxpayer during its fiscal year ended ------------------, to members
and participating patrons for grain qualify as per-unit retain allocations paid in money
within the meaning of section 1388(f) of the Code.

    Under section 199 of the Code and section 1.199-6 of the regulations, the

answer to this issue determines who gets to include the grain payments in the section
199 computation. If the grain payments to members and participating patrons are per-
unit retain allocations paid in money, then they should be added-back in Taxpayer’s
section 199 computation and not included in the members’ and participating patrons’
section 199 computations. If the grain payments to members and participating patrons
are not per-unit retain allocations paid in money, then they should not be added-back in
Taxpayer’s section 199 computation, but should be included in the members’ and
participating patrons’ section 199 computations. These results are the same whether
Taxpayer decides to keep or to pass-through all or a portion of its section 199
deduction.

  Grain marketing cooperatives like Taxpayer have never thought of their grain

payments as per-unit retain allocations paid in money. However, Taxpayer’s grain
payments appear to meet the definition of “per-unit retain allocations paid in money”
which are excludible or deductible under section 1382(b)(3) of the Code. The grain
payments are made in cash so the “paid in money” requirement is met.
PLR-130149-10 15

     Taxpayer’s grain payments also meet all the requirements of the definition of

“per-unit retain allocation” contained in section 1388(f) of the Code, which defines the
term “per-unit retain allocation” to mean “any allocation, by an organization to which part
I of this subchapter applies, to a patron with respect to products marketed for him, the
amount of which is fixed without reference to the net earnings of the organization
pursuant to an agreement between the organization and the patron.”

   First, Taxpayer’s grain payments to a member or participating patron are paid

“pursuant to an agreement,” namely the particular agreement applicable to the method
the member or participating patron uses to determine how and when his or her grain is
sold to Taxpayer.

    Second, Taxpayer’s grain payments to a member or participating patron are

made “with respect to products marketed for him,” namely, the grain delivered by the
member or participating patron for marketing by Taxpayer. As described above,
Taxpayer markets the grain it acquires from members and participating patrons, and
members and participating patrons share in Taxpayer’s net earnings from its marketing
activities in the form of patronage dividends.

    Third, the amount of the grain payments to each member and participating patron

“is fixed without reference to the net earnings” of Taxpayer since, at the time the
payments are made, Taxpayer’s actual net earnings for the year are neither known nor
determinable.

   While per-unit retains are often made on the basis of a specified amount per unit

of product marketed, what is important is that they not be made with respect to net
earnings. Rev. Rul. 68-236, 1968-2 C.B. 236, provides that “to constitute a per-unit
retain allocation, the allocation need not be made strictly on the basis of a specified
amount per-unit of product marketed provided it is made with respect to products
marketed for the patron and not with respect to the net earnings of the organization.
Whether an allocation meets the foregoing description will be a question of fact.”

    The fact that all members and participating patrons do not receive the same

payments for their grain (i.e., that Taxpayer does not pool) does not mean that grain
payments should not be treated as per-unit retain allocations paid in money. In Farm
Service Cooperative v. Commissioner, 619 F.2d 718 (8th Cir. 1980), the Eighth Circuit
Court of Appeals characterized payments to Farm Service’s poultry growers as per-unit
retain allocations paid in money, even though they were determined under a formula
that resulted in some poultry growers receiving more than others depending upon the
efficiency of their operations and the market price of chickens when they delivered their
chickens to Farm Service. The Tax Court in Farm Service Cooperative v.
Commissioner, 70 T.C. 145, 147-148 (1978), described the formula as follows:
PLR-130149-10 16

   “The grower was paid by petitioner for growing chickens based on the
   delivery weight to the processing plant, less the weight of chickens
   condemned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The formula under
   which the grower was paid also took into account variable market rates for
   full grown chickens, and an efficiency factor that related the number of
   pounds of feed to the pounds of chickens produced. The efficiency factor
   was figured into the grower's compensation because Farm Service
   supplied all chicken feed. Under the contract provisions established with
   each of the growers, there was also a guaranteed minimum amount the
   grower would receive from the cooperative irrespective of wholesale
   market variations. For example, the contract in effect on July 1, 1968,
   provided that ‘In no event will the Grower Member receive less than 1.25
   cents per pound less U.S.D.A. condemnation.’ On its books, petitioner
   treated payments to its growers as a cost of production.”

    Taxpayer has treated its grain payments as “purchases,” not as “per-unit retain

allocations paid in money.” However, how the payments have been reported by
Taxpayer in prior years does not determine how the payments are treated prospectively
in this ruling.

  Whether or not Taxpayer is pooling is a moot issue for purpose of this ruling

because its grain payments meet the definition of “per-unit retain allocations paid in
money” in any event. Nothing in subchapter T of the Code limits the exclusion or
deduction for per-unit retain allocations to cooperatives with pools.

   Section 1.199-6(k) of the regulations provides that section 1.199-6 is the

exclusive method for the cooperative and its patrons to compute the amount of the
section 199 deduction.

    The effect of these sections is that a cooperative such as Taxpayer will compute

the entire section 199 deduction at the cooperative level and that none of the
distributions whether patronage dividends or per-unit retain allocations received from
the cooperative will be eligible for section 199 in the patron’s hands. That is, the patron
may not count the qualified payment received from the cooperative in the patron’s own
section 199 computation whether or not the cooperative keeps or passes through the
section 199 deduction. Accordingly, the only way that a patron can claim a section 199
deduction for a qualified payment received from a cooperative is for the cooperative to
pass-through the section 199 amount in accordance with the provisions of section
199(d)(3) of the Code and the regulations thereunder.

   We note that to prevent a cooperative from deducting the per-unit retain

allocations made in money or qualified certificates for the second time when the
associated grain is sold, the cost of goods sold mechanism associated with inventory
must be adjusted to reflect the deductions allowable under subchapter T of the Code.
PLR-130149-10 17

Specifically, cooperatives need to include the per-unit retain allocations in inventory cost
for purposes of making inventory and section 263A of the Code computations and then
adjust the ending inventory and cost of goods sold to prevent double deduction of the
per-unit retain allocations. The adjustments can be made to either the inventory or the
line item deduction for the per-unit retain allocations. In other words, if the per-unit
retain allocations are deducted on a deduction line in the cooperative's tax return, they
should be removed entirely from the ending inventory and cost of goods sold computed
for the tax year. Alternatively, if the per-unit retain allocations are not deducted on a
deduction line in the tax return, the per-unit retain allocations reflected in the ending
inventory should be removed and included in the cost of goods sold amount for that tax
year. This procedure will allow the cooperative to deduct the per-unit retain allocations
once while also preserving the integrity of its section 263A calculation.

    For the reasons described above, Taxpayer’s grain payments to members and

participating patrons meet the definition of “per-unit retain allocations paid in money.”
The per-unit retains must be treated as such for all purposes of the Code and are
reported in box 3 of Form 1099-PATR, “Taxable Distributions Received From
Cooperatives.” If properly treated as per-unit retain allocations paid in money, then
Taxpayer will be entitled to disregard such payments in determining the amount of its
section 199 deduction.

    Another issue presented in Taxpayer’s request for rulings is whether section 199

deductions which Taxpayer passes through to members and participating patrons with
respect to a year in which it incurs a net operating loss will or will not affect the amount
of the loss available to be carried back or forward under section 172 of the Code.

    Taxpayer is a “specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative” described in

section 199(d)(3)(F) of the Code. Taxpayer’s activities generate QPAI within the
meaning of section 199(a). Taxpayer represents that it will provide its members and
participating patrons with written notice of the amount deductible under section 199
within the time and in the manner required by section 199(d)(3)(A)(ii). Therefore, under
section 199(d)(3)(A), Taxpayer’s section 199 deductions will be passed-through to its
members and participating patrons, and the members and participating patrons will be
allowed a portion of the Taxpayer’s deduction allowed under section 199(a).

   Section 199(d)(3)(B) of the Code provides that the taxable income of a specified

agricultural or horticultural cooperative shall not be reduced under section 1382 by
reason of that portion of any qualified payment as does not exceed the deduction
allowable under section 199(d)(3)(A) with respect to such payment.

  In general, section 1382(c) of the Code allows a cooperative a deduction for

patronage dividends and certain retain allowances, in addition to other deductions
allowable under Chapter 1 of the Code.
PLR-130149-10 18

   Section 172(a) of the Code allows a deduction for (1) the NOL carryovers to the

taxable year and (2) the NOL carrybacks to the year. Section 172(c) provides that the
term “net operating loss” means the excess of the deductions allowed by Chapter 1 of
the Code over the gross income, computed with the modifications specified in
section 172(d). Section 172(d)(7) states that the deduction under section 199 is not
allowed.

    If the section 199 deduction is passed through to the members and participating

patrons, then the members and participating patrons are allowed an allocable portion of
such deduction. Section 172(d)(7) of the Code will apply to each member and
participating patron, and the section 199 deduction is not allowed in computing the
member or participating patron’s NOL for the taxable year. However, if the cooperative
passes through the section 199 deduction to members and participating patrons, then
the cooperative still must report the section 199 deduction on its return. To prevent the
double deduction of the section 199 amount (i.e., by the cooperative as well as the
members and participating patrons), section 199(d)(3)(B) requires the cooperative to
reduce its deduction under section 1382 by the amount of the section 199 deduction
passed-through.

   Taxpayer argues that its NOL for the year should be computed without regard to

the reduction required by section 199(d)(3)(B) of the Code. Because of the offset
required by section 199(d)(3)(B), Taxpayer argues that it obtains no benefit (i.e., taxable
income is not reduced) by the amount of the section 199 deduction. Unless
section 199(d)(3)(B) is ignored for purposes of section 172, the taxpayer’s NOL for the
year will be less than its true economic loss for the year.

   The legislative history under section 172(d)(7) of the Code is limited but supports

ignoring section 199(d)(3)(B) for purposes of section 172. The Joint Committee on
Taxation report states:

   “[Section 172(d)(7)] clarifies that the manufacturing deduction is not taken into
   account in computing any net operating loss or the amount of any net operating
   loss carryback or carryover. Thus, the deduction under section 199 cannot
   create, or increase, the amount of a net operating loss deduction.”

Joint Committee on Taxation, Technical Explanation of the Revenue Provisions of H.R.
4440, the “Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005,” as Passed by the House of
Representatives and the Senate. (JCX-88-05), December 16, 2005.

   The purpose of section 172 of the Code is to ameliorate the potentially dramatic

effects that the annual accounting system may have on taxpayers with fluctuating, as
opposed to stable, income and loss. See U.S. v. Foster Lumber Co, Inc., 429 U.S. 32
(1976). The section 172 deduction is limited to losses incurred in the conduct of a trade
or business. The legislative history above indicates that Congress in enacting
PLR-130149-10 19

section 172(d)(7) was concerned with prohibiting a noneconomic loss such as the
section 199 deduction from reducing, through the operation of the NOL provisions,
taxable income in a taxable year subsequent or prior to the year the section 199
deduction is allowed. There is nothing to suggest that Congress intended to penalize
cooperatives and their patrons by reducing the amount of a cooperative’s economic
losses that may be carried forward or back as provided in section 172 when the
cooperative passes through its section 199 deduction to patrons.

    In Taxpayer’s case, Taxpayer’s members and participating patrons in computing

their NOL for the taxable year will not be allowed the section 199 deduction under
section 172(d)(7) of the Code. This result is consistent with the policy underlying that
section. Section 172(d)(7) will also apply to Taxpayer and Taxpayer will disregard the
section 199 amount passed through to members and participating patrons in computing
Taxpayer’s NOL. Unless section 199(d)(3)(B) is similarly disregarded in computing
Taxpayer’s NOL, Taxpayer’s economic loss for the year will not be fully available to
offset income in future or past taxable years. This result would be inconsistent with
section 172.

   Accordingly, we rule as requested that:

   1. Grain payments to members and participating patrons constitute “per-unit

retain allocations paid in money” within the meaning of section 1382(b)(3) of the Code.

  2. For purposes of computing its section 199 domestic production activities

deduction, Taxpayer’s qualified production activities income and taxable income should,
pursuant to section 199(d)(3)(C) of the Code, be computed without regard to any
deduction for grain payments to members and participating patrons.

    3. Section 199 deductions which Taxpayer passes through to members and

participating patrons with respect to a year in which it incurs a net operating loss will not
affect the amount of the loss available to be carried back or forward under section 172
of the Code.

   The conclusions set forth in this ruling address only purchases that are per-unit

retain allocations paid in money as they relate to grain marketed by the cooperative
during the taxable year and does not apply to purchases of grain that remain in
inventory at year end. No opinion is expressed or implied regarding the application of
any other provision in the Code or regulations.
PLR-130149-10 20

   This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer that requested it. Under section

6110(k)(3) of the Code it may not be used or cited as precedent. In accordance with a
power of attorney filed with the request, a copy of the ruling is being sent to your
authorized representative.

                                       Sincerely yours,

                                       Paul F. Handleman

                                       Paul F. Handleman
                                       Chief, Branch 5
                                       Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                       (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

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