PLR 1037005: Data-center properties and tenant services qualify under REIT rules

Plain-English summary

The IRS ruled that a REIT's data-center properties, including their specialized structural components, qualified as real estate assets. The properties' electrical, HVAC, humidification, fire protection, security, telecommunications, and raised-floor features were treated as permanent building components rather than business equipment. The IRS also ruled that customary tenant services, and other services provided through taxable REIT subsidiaries or qualifying independent contractors, would not cause the related amounts to cease being rents from real property. The conclusions were based on the taxpayer's representations and did not decide whether the taxpayer otherwise qualified as a REIT.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Do the specialized data-center properties qualify as real estate assets, and do the described tenant services remain rents from real property?
• Outcome: Approved
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 856, 857, and 512; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.856-3, 1.856-4, and 1.512(b)-1

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201037005
Release Date: 9/17/2010
Index Number: 856.04-00
Person To Contact:
----------------------- -------------------------, ID No. -------------
------------------------- Telephone Number:
-------------------------------- ---------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
----------------------------------------- CC:FIP:B02
PLR-105390-10
Date:
June 14, 2010

Legend:

Taxpayer = ---------------------------------------

Properties = ------------------------------

LLC 1 = ---------------------

LLC 2 = ------------------------

LLC 3 = ---------------------------

LLC4 = -----------------------

TRS 1 = -------------------------------

TRS 2 = ----------------------------

Manager = -------------------

LLC5 = ---------------------------

a = ----

Equipment = ---------------------------------------------------------------

Dear ------------:

   This responds to a request for rulings dated January 28, 2010, submitted by your

authorized representative. You have requested rulings that the Properties, including
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their structural components, constitute real estate assets for purposes of sections
856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code; and that the services furnished to tenants of the
Properties by Taxpayer through LLC 1 and LLC 2 will not cause any amounts received
from tenants of the Properties to be treated as other than “rents from real property”
under section 856(d).

FACTS:

    Taxpayer has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (REIT) under

section 856 of the Code. The Taxpayer wholly-owns two limited liability companies,
LLC 1 and LLC 2 (the LLCs), that each own an a percent interest in the capital and
profits of a lower-tier limited liability company that is taxed as a partnership for federal
income tax purposes. LLC 1 owns an interest in LLC 3 and LLC 2 owns an interest in
LLC 4. The LLCs’ principal business is to acquire, sell, finance, improve, lease, operate
and manage real estate.

   Taxpayer also directly or indirectly owns a percent of the common stock of each

TRS 1 and TRS 2 (the TRSs). Taxpayer jointly elected with each of the TRSs under
section 856(l) for it to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary (TRS) of Taxpayer.
Taxpayer conducts the management activities for the Properties, provides certain
services to tenants, and provides the tenants access to outside service providers
through the TRSs. The TRSs contract with the LLC 5, which is represented to be an
independent contractor, to provide certain other services to tenants of the Properties.

   Tenants of the Properties generally use the Properties to house their Equipment

and associated personnel. The Properties contain certain structural components
regarding heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (“HVAC”) specifically suitable for the
tenants’ technological requirements. The Properties’ components include electrical
components designed with redundancy systems to provide uninterruptible power supply
beyond that ordinarily found in office buildings. The Properties also possess a structural
design with respect to humidification, fire protection and security systems at a level
higher than the ordinary average for office buildings. The telecommunication system
and infrastructure includes access to third-party providers. Tenant space is generally
constructed on raised flooring designed to accommodate the systems necessary for the
operation of tenants’ Equipment. Taxpayer represents that the Properties are inherently
permanent structures and that the structural components of the Properties are designed
and constructed specifically for the particular building for which they are a part and are
intended to remain permanently in place.

    Certain tenant services are currently provided to the tenants through the LLCs,

Manager, independent contractors supervised by Manager, or LLC 5, supervised by the
TRSs. Customary services performed by the Taxpayer on behalf of the tenants include
the provision of utilities (such as HVAC, water, electricity, etc.); humidification services;
fire protection; security by means of on-site staff and technology; receiving tenant
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deliveries during normal business hours in the absence of tenant personnel; unattended
and unreserved parking; and maintenance of common areas, telecommunication
infrastructure and major structural components and buildings systems. Certain of these
customary services may be provided through an independent contractor from whom the
Taxpayer neither derives nor receives any income.

   Taxpayer represents that any noncustomary services rendered to any tenant are

provided by a TRS or through an independent contractor from whom Taxpayer does not
derive or receive any income. The TRSs may provide tenants technological services
and support specific to the tenants’ information technology and telecommunications
equipment located at the Properties.

     The Taxpayer represents that it has undertaken research regarding services

furnished by other similarly situated owners in connection with similar buildings located
in the same geographic markets, and it has determined that the services rendered by it
to its tenants are customarily rendered in connection with the rental of comparable
buildings in the geographic market in which the Properties are located.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

   Sections 856(c)(2) and (c)(3) provide that for a corporation to be qualified to be

taxable as a REIT for any taxable year at least 95 percent of its gross income must be
derived from certain specified sources, including rents from real property, and at least
75 percent of its gross income must be derived from real property interests. Section
856(c)(4)(A) provides that at the close of each quarter of its tax year, at least 75 percent
of the value of a REIT's total assets must be represented by real estate assets, cash
and cash items (including receivables), and Government securities. Section
856(c)(4)(B)(ii) provides that not more than 25 percent of the value of a REIT’s total
assets is represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries.

Real Property Issue

Section 856(c)(5)(B) defines the term "real estate assets", in part, to mean real

property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property)
and shares (or transferable certificates of beneficial interest) in other REITs. Section
856(c)(5)(C) provides that the term "interests in real property" includes fee ownership
and co-ownership of land or improvements thereon, leaseholds of land or improvements
thereon, options to acquire land or improvements thereon, and options to acquire
leaseholds of land or improvements thereon, but does not include mineral, oil, or gas
royalty interests.

Section 1.856-3(b)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that the term “real

estate assets” means real property, interests in mortgages on real property (including
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interests in mortgages on leaseholds of land or other improvements thereon), and
shares in other qualified REITs.

Section 1.856-3(c) provides that the term “interests in real property” includes fee

ownership and co-ownership of land or improvements thereon, leaseholds of land or
improvements thereon, options to acquire land or improvements thereon, and options to
acquire leaseholds of land or improvements thereon.

    Section 1.856-3(d) provides that the term "real property" means land or

improvements thereon, such as buildings or other inherently permanent structures
thereon (including items that are structural components of those buildings or structures).
In addition, real property includes interests in real property. Local law definitions do not
control for purposes of determining the meaning of the term real property as used in
section 856 and the regulations thereunder. The term includes, for example, the wiring
of a building, plumbing systems, central heating or central air-conditioning machinery,
pipes or ducts, elevators or escalators installed in the building, or other items that are
structural components of a building or other permanent structure. The term does not
include assets accessory to the operation of a business, such as machinery, printing
press, transportation equipment that is not a structural component of the building, office
equipment, refrigerators, individual air-conditioning units, grocery counters, furnishings
of a motel, hotel, or office building, etc., even though those items may be termed
fixtures under local law.

   Rev. Rul. 75-424, 1975-2 C.B. 270, concerns whether various components of a

microwave transmission system are real estate assets for purposes of section 856. The
system consists of transmitting and receiving towers built upon pilings or foundations,
transmitting and receiving antennae affixed to the towers, a building, equipment within
the building, and waveguides. The waveguides are transmission lines from the
receivers or transmitters to the antennae, and are metal pipes permanently bolted or
welded to the tower and never removed or replaced unless blown off by weather. The
transmitting, multiplex, and receiving equipment is housed in the building. Prewired
modular racks are installed in the building to support the equipment that is installed
upon them. The racks are completely wired in the factory and then bolted to the floor
and ceiling. They are self-supporting and do not depend upon the exterior walls for
support. The equipment provides for transmission of audio or video signals through the
waveguides to the antennae. Also installed in the building is a permanent heating and
air conditioning system. The transmission site is surrounded by chain link fencing. The
revenue ruling holds that the building, the heating and air conditioning system, the
transmitting and receiving towers, and the fence are real estate assets. The ruling
holds further that the antennae, waveguides, transmitting, receiving, and multiplex
equipment, and the prewired modular racks are assets accessory to the operation of a
business and therefore not real estate assets.

   Rev. Rul. 73-425, 1973-2 C.B. 222, considers whether a mortgage secured by a

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shopping center and its total energy system is an obligation secured by real property.
A total energy system is a self-contained facility for the production of all the electricity,
steam or hot water, and refrigeration needs of associated commercial or industrial
buildings, building complexes, shopping centers, apartment complexes, and community
developments. The system may be permanently installed in the building, attached to
the building, or it may be a separate structure nearby. The principal components
consist of electric generators powered by turbines or reciprocating engines, waste heat
boilers, heat exchangers, gas-fired boilers, and cooling units. In addition, each facility
includes fuel storage tanks, control and sensor equipment, electrical substations, and
air handling equipment for heat, hot water, and ventilation. It also includes ducts, pipes,
conduits, wiring, and other associated parts, machinery and equipment. The revenue
ruling holds, in part, that a mortgage secured by the building and the system is a real
estate asset, regardless of whether the system is housed in the building it serves or is
housed in a separate structure apart from the building it serves. This is because the
interest in a structural component is included with an interest held in a building or
inherently permanent structure to which the structural component is functionally related.

   Similar to the properties or structural components described in Rev. Rul. 75-424

and Rev. Rul. 73-425 that qualify as real property for purposes of section 856, the
Properties and the structural components described above are inherently permanent
structures. Although the Properties and structures help to facilitate the technology
businesses of tenants that occupy such buildings, the buildings and structural
components themselves are not assets accessory to the operation of a business like the
examples set forth in section 1.856-3(d). Accordingly, based on the information
submitted and representations made, we conclude that the Properties, including their
structural components, as described above, constitute real property for purposes of
sections 856(c)(2)(C) and 856(c)(3)(A). In addition, because the Properties and their
structural components are real property, they constitute real estate assets for purposes
of sections 856(c)(4)(A) and 856(c)(5)(B).

Tenant Services Issue

   Section 856(d)(1) provides that, subject to section 856(d)(2), the term rents from

real property includes, inter alia, rents from interests in real property and charges for
services customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of real property,
whether or not such charges are separately stated.

  Section 1.856-(4)(a) provides that the term “rents from real property” means,

generally, the gross amounts received for the use of, or the right to use, real property of
the REIT.

   Section 1.856-4(b)(1) explains that services furnished to the tenants of a

particular building will be considered to be customary if, in the geographic market in
which the building is located, tenants in similar buildings are customarily provided with
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the service. The regulation goes on to provide that furnishing of water, heat, light, air
conditioning, the cleaning of windows, public entrances, exits, and lobbies, the
performance of general maintenance, janitorial, and cleaning services, the collection of
trash and the furnishing of elevator services, telephone answering services, incidental
storage space, laundry equipment, watchman or guard services, parking facilities, and
swimming pool facilities are examples of services that are customarily furnished to
tenants in many geographic marketing areas.

   Section 856(d)(2)(C) excludes from the term rents from real property any

impermissible tenant service income. Section 857(d)(7)(A) provides that impermissible
tenant service income includes, with respect to any real or personal property, any
amount received or accrued directly or indirectly by the REIT for (i) services furnished or
rendered by the REIT to the tenants of such property, or (ii) managing or operating such
property.

   Section 856(d)(7)(C)(i) provides that services, management, or operations

provided through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive
or receive any income or through a taxable REIT subsidiary of the REIT will not be
treated as provided by the REIT. Section 856(d)(7)(C)(ii) provides that any amount
which would be excluded from unrelated business taxable income under section
512(b)(3) if received by an organization described in section 511(a)(2) will not constitute
impermissible tenant services income.

   Section 856(d)(7)(B) provides that if the amount of impermissible tenant service

income received or accrued directly or indirectly by a REIT with respect to a property for
any taxable year exceeds one percent of all amounts received or accrued directly or
indirectly by the REIT with respect to such property, the impermissible tenant service
income of the REIT with respect to the property shall include all such amounts.

    Section 856(d)(3) provides that an independent contractor is any person (A) who

does not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35 percent of the shares or certificates of
beneficial interest in the REIT; and (B) if the person is a corporation, not more than 35
percent of the voting power or total number of shares of whose stock; or if the person is
not a corporation, not more than 35 percent of the interest in whose assets or net
profits, is owned, directly or indirectly, by one or more persons owning 35 percent or
more of the shares or certificates of beneficial interest in the REIT.

     Section 1.856-4(b)(5) provides that no amount received or accrued, directly or

indirectly, with respect to any real property qualifies as rents from real property if the
REIT furnishes or renders services to the tenants of the property or manages or
operates the property, other than through an independent contractor from whom the
trust itself does not derive or receive any income. This section provides further that the
requirement that the trust not receive any income from an independent contractor
requires that the relationship between the two be an arm’s-length relationship. To the
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extent that services (other than those customarily furnished or rendered in connection
with the rental of real property) are rendered to the tenants of a property by an
independent contractor, the cost of the services must be borne by the independent
contractor, a separate charge must be made for the services, the amount of the
separate charge must be received and retained by the independent contractor, and the
independent contractor must be adequately compensated for the services.

    Section 512(b)(3) provides, inter alia, that there shall be excluded from the

computation of unrelated business taxable income all rents from real property and all
rents from personal property leased with such real property, if the rents attributable to
such personal property are an incidental amount of the total rents received or accrued
under the lease, determined at the time the personal property is placed in service.

   Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5) explains, however, that payments for the occupancy of

rooms and other space where services are also rendered to the occupant, such as
payments for the use of a hotel room, are not rents from real property. Generally,
services are considered rendered to the occupant if they are primarily for his
convenience and are other than those usually or customarily rendered in connection
with the rental of rooms or other space for occupancy only. The supplying of maid
services, for example, constitutes such service; whereas the furnishing of heat and light,
the cleaning of public entrances, exits, stairways, and lobbies, and the collection of
trash are not considered as services rendered to the occupant. Payments for the use or
occupancy of entire private residences or living quarters in duplex or multiple housing
units, or offices in any office building, are generally treated as rents from real property.

   Many of the services described above are usual or customary services that are

rendered in connection with the operation or maintenance of the Properties and are not
rendered primarily for the convenience of tenants. Other services that may constitute
personal services to a tenant will be provided through independent contractors from
whom Taxpayer will not receive or derive any income, or through a TRS. Accordingly,
the services furnished by Taxpayer in connection with the leasing of the Properties will
not cause any amounts received from tenants of the Properties to be treated as other
than “rents from real property” under section 856(d).

CONCLUSION

   Based on the information submitted and representations made, we conclude that

the Properties, including their structural components as represented, constitute real
estate assets for purposes of sections 856(c)(4)(A) and 856(c)(5)(B). Accordingly, we
conclude that income derived from leasing the Properties qualifies as rents from real
property under section 856(c)(3).

   Also, the customary activities that the Taxpayer undertakes directly with respect

to the Taxpayer’s Properties will not cause the gross income received or accrued by the
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Taxpayer with respect to those Properties to be treated as something other than rents
from real property for purposes of section 856(c)(2) and (3). The activities undertaken
by an independent contractor and/or the TRSs described above will not cause any
amounts received by the Taxpayer to be treated as other than rents from real property
under section 856(d). Further, the customary activities undertaken by the Taxpayer
through the LLCs will not cause any amounts received by the Taxpayer to be treated as
other than rents from real property under section 856(d).

   No opinion is expressed or implied as to the federal tax consequences of this

transaction under any provision not specifically addressed herein. Furthermore, no
opinion is expressed concerning whether Taxpayer otherwise qualifies as a REIT under
subchapter M, part II of Chapter 1 of the Code.

  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of

the Code provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

    In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, copies of this

letter are being sent to your authorized representatives.

                                   Sincerely,


                              By: _David B. Silber__________
                                   David B. Silber
                                   Chief, Branch 2
                                   Office of Associate Chief Counsel
                                   (Financial Institutions & Products)