IRS revoked a booster club's section 501(c)(3) exemption for private benefit and inurement

Plain-English summary

The IRS revoked a booster club's exemption under IRC § 501(c)(3), effective February 1, 20XX. The examination report found that the club was closely associated with a related for-profit dance and cheerleading business and that its fundraising and spending arrangements directed organization resources toward specific athletes, parents, and the business. The report also found inadequate documentation for scholarship selections and direct payments for the for-profit business's expenses. The IRS concluded that the organization served private interests and a substantial nonexempt commercial purpose, and required it to file Form 1120 returns.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Was the booster club operated exclusively for exempt purposes under IRC § 501(c)(3), or did its activities provide private benefit and inurement?
• Outcome: Revocation
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 170, 501(c)(3), 509(a)(2), and 7428; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a), (c), and (d); Rev. Ruls. 65-2, 69-175, and 9-215

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
1100 Commerce Street
Dallas, TX 75242
501.03-00
TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES
DIVISION
Date: May 28, 2010
Person to Contact:

Release Number: 201035034
Release Date: 9/3/10

LEGEND
ORG = Organization name
XX = Date Address = address

Badge Number:

Contact Telephone Number:
Contact Address:

Employer Identification Number:
ORG Deadline to Petition Tax Court:
ADDRESS August 26, 20XX

CERTIFIED MAIL

Dear

This is a final notice of adverse determination that your exempt status under section
501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code is revoked. Recognition of your exemption under
Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3) is revoked effective February 1, 20XX the following

reason(s):

You are not organized and operated exclusively for an exempt purpose as required by Internal
Revenue Code section 501(c)(3). You are not and have not been engaged primarily in activities
which accomplish one or more exempt purposes. You are not a charitable organization within
the meaning of Treasury Regulation 1.501(c)(3)-1(d); rather, your activities further a substantial
nonexempt commercial purpose and serve private rather than public interests.

Contributions to your organization are no longer deductible effective February 1, 20XX.

Since your exempt status has been revoked, you are required to file Form 1120, U.S.
Corporation Income Tax Return, for all years beginning on or after February 1, 20XX.

Income tax returns for subsequent years are to be filed with the appropriate Service Center
identified in the instructions for those returns.

It is further determined that your failure to file a written appeal constitutes a failure to exhaust
your available administrative remedies. However, if you decide to contest this determination in
court, you must initiate a suit for declaratory judgment in the United States Tax Court, the
United States Claims Court, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia
before the (ninety-first) 91st day after the date that this determination was mailed to you.
Contact the clerk of the appropriate court for rules for initiating suits for declaratory judgment.

To secure a petition form, write to the following address:

Please understand that filing a petition for a declaratory judgment under IRC section 7428 will
not delay the processing of subsequent income tax returns and assessment of any taxes due.

The last day for filing a petition for declaratory judgment is August 26, 20XX.

You also have the right to contact the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. However, you should
first contact the person whose name and telephone number are shown above since this person
can access your tax information and can help you get answers. You can call 1-877-777-4778,
and ask for the Taxpayer Advocate assistance or you can contact the Advocate from the site
where this issue was determined by writing to:

Taxpayer Advocate assistance cannot be used as substitute for established IRS procedures,
formal appeals processes, etc. The Taxpayer Advocate is not able to reverse legal or technically
correct tax determination, nor extend the time fixed by law that you have to file a petition in
Court. The Taxpayer Advocate can, however, see that a tax matter that may not have been
resolved through normal channels gets prompt and proper handling.

This letter should be kept within your permanent records.
If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are

shown above.

Sincerely,

Nanette M. Downing
Director, EO Examinations

Enclosures:
Publication 892

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
TE/GE EO Examinations
Examiner's Address

Examiner's Address
TAX EXEMPT AND

GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION Date: March 8, 2010

Form Number:
Tax Year Ended:
Taxpayer Identification Number:
Person to Contact:
ORG Employee Identification Number:
ADDRESS Employee Telephone Number:
(Phone)
(Fax)

CERTIFIED MAIL — RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Dear

We have enclosed a copy of our report of examination explaining why we believe
revocation of your exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code
(Code) is necessary.

If you accept our findings, please sign and return the enclosed Form 6018, Consent to
Proposed Action - Section 7428. If you have already given us a signed Form 6018, you
need not repeat this process. We will issue a final revocation letter.

If you do not agree with our proposed revocation, you must submit to us a written
request for Appeals Office consideration within 30 days from the date of this letter to
protest our decision. Your protest should include a statement of the facts, the applicable
law, and arguments in support of your position.

An Appeals officer will review your case. The Appeals office is independent of the
Director, EO Examinations. The Appeals Office resolves most disputes informally and
promptly. The enclosed Publication 3498, The Examination Process, and Publication
892, Exempt Organizations Appeal Procedures for Unagreed Issues, explain how to
appeal an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) decision. Publication 3498 also includes
information on your rights as a taxpayer and the IRS collection process.

You may also request that we refer this matter for technical advice as explained in
Publication 892. If we issue a determination letter to you based on technical advice, no
further administrative appeal is available to you within the IRS regarding the issue that
was the subject of the technical advice

If we do not hear from you within 30 days from the date of this letter, we will process
your case based on the recommendations shown in the report of examination. If you do
not protest this proposed determination within 30 days from the date of this letter, the
IRS will consider it to be a failure to exhaust your available administrative remedies.
Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code provides, in part: "A declaratory judgment or decree
under this section shall not be issued in any proceeding unless the Tax Court, the
Claims Court, or the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia
determines that the organization involved has exhausted its administrative remedies
within the Internal Revenue Service." We will then issue a final revocation letter.

You have the right to contact the office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Taxpayer Advocate
assistance is not a substitute for established IRS procedures, such as the formal
appeals process. The Taxpayer Advocate cannot reverse a legally correct tax
determination, or extend the time fixed by law that you have to file a petition in a United
States court. The Taxpayer Advocate can, however, see that a tax matter that may not
have been resolved through normal channels gets prompt and proper handling. You
may call toll-free 1-877-777-4778 and ask for Taxpayer Advocate Assistance. If you
prefer, you may contact your local Taxpayer Advocate at:

If you have any questions, please call the contact person at the telephone number
shown in the heading of this letter. If you write, please provide a telephone number and
the most convenient time to call if we need to contact you.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Nanette M. Downing
Acting Director, EO Examinations
Enclosures:
Form 6018
Publication 892
Publication 3498
Report of Examination

in lieu of Letter 3618

Form 886-A | Schedule number or exhibit

(Rev. January 1994) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS

|
Name of taxpayer | Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG | | January 31, 20XX
LEGEND
ORG = Organization name XX = Date Address = address City = city
State = state DIR-1 = 1st Director CO-1 & CO-2 = 1st & 2nd COMPANIES
Issue:

Whether ORG is operated exclusively for exempt purposes within the scope of Internal Revenue
Code §501(c)(3).

Facts:

ORG was incorporated on January 13, 19XX, as a non-profit corporation in the State of State.
ORG is a booster club for CO-1 (also known as CO-1), a for-profit entity.

On January 25, 20XX, ORG was issued a determination letter advising the organization of
recognition of exempt status under section 501 (c)(3) of the internal revenue code (IRC), and
an advance ruling on the foundation status under IRC section 509 (a)(2). A final
determination letter issued on April 06, 20XX provided classification as a public charity
status under code section 170 (b)(1)(A)(v1).

The Articles of Incorporation purpose clause as stated reads: “To raise funds to promote
competitive athletic activities for children ages 5-18 in the field of dance and cheerleading”.
The organizing document was amended during the application process to include the
following 3 clauses:

a) The organization is organized exclusively for charitable, religious, educational, and/or
scientific purpose under sec 501 (c)(3) of the IRC.

b) No part of the net earnings of the organization shall inure to the benefit of, or be
distributable to, its members, trustees, officers or other private persons, except that the
organization shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for
the services rendered and to make payments and distributions in furtherance of the
purposes set forth in the purpose clause hereof...

c) Upon dissolution of the organization, assets shall be distributed for one or more
exempt purposes within the meaning of section 501 (c)(3) of the IRC.

During the application process for exemption, the IRS Determination Specialist inquired
regarding the relationship with CO-1, the organization answered was, “The organization
conducts its practice at the CO-1 located at Address, City, State.

In its description to the department for recognition of exemption, the following details are
provided: The organization is not a member organization; all fundraising dollars are to be
used for the benefit of all athletes; it is not mandatory for all athletes to participate in
fundraising activities, it is voluntary; the organization will provide financial assistance for
those children that their parents cannot provide; it is determined based on the need of the
individual athlete on a case by case approach. (See Exhibit-1)

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish no irs. gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A Schedule number or exhibit —
Se EEE) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS

Name of taxpayer | Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended

ORG January 31, 20XX

The organization’s sources of financial support are fundraising activities through individual or
business members and corporate donations as stated on its application for exemption form
1023, part II, Q2. (Exhibit-2).

Fund raising activities are conducted entirely by the athletes and volunteers from the
membership, and include car washes , sales of concessions, yard sales, and oral solicitation of
community business support (Form 1023, part II, Q3). (Exhibit-2).

ORG filed Form 990 return for the year ending January 31, 20XX. Within Part III, of form
990, the organization stated that their primary exempt purpose is to “provide with
cheerleading instructions paid for by grants”.

Question 3a, Part III, ask if the organization make grants for scholarship... the answer
provided was checked as “No”.

Questions 22b, Part II, Form 990, Grants and allocations, list $ on cash contributions for
program expenses.

ORG primary income source is derived from fundraising events, public contributions,
donations (individual and corporate). The organization expenses are primarily cash
contributions to CO-1 (for-profit entity) and CO-1 related expenses. (See Exhibit-3).

The examination revealed that a substantial part of its total income came from corporate and
individual donations (75%). Donation forms give Donors the option to write how they would
like to applied their donations. A reviewed of copies of donated checks and bank deposit slips
show individual names as the recipients of the donations; in some instances, family owned
business donations to their sons or daughters. (see Exhibit-4). This has raised concerns and
complaints from students’ parents who believe they are raising funds for their sons or
daughters but do not receive a scholarship. These allegations are supported based on copies
of CO-1 website comments asking parents that they can make or request a tax deductible
donation from family and friends even the company they work for to their child’s account.
(see Pg-11 Exhibit-4).

During the year under audit, ORG, was closely associated with a privately owned for-profit,
CO-1 (CO-1), Fully owned by DIR-1 who is also a controlling Officer and Register Agent for
ORG (non-for-profit). CO-2 students participate in various state and national competitions.
The competitive teams (or individuals) that ORG claims to sponsor are members/students of
the all-star program at CO-2. The All-Stars competitive teams compete at various skill levels
and they are selected for scholarships based on their talent and financial needs. When
Revenue Agent requested information on selection criteria and documentation, there was only
a list of individual names provided who supposedly received the funds.

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish.no.irs gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A | Schedule number or exhibit

(Rev. January 1994) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS
— |
Name of taxpayer Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG oe = January 31,20XX

A reviewed of ORG’s bank statements, cancel checks, and General Ledger (Program
Expenses), show that 85% of total expenses were checks written to CO-1 (for-profit). When
DIR-1 (Director of EO and owner of CO-1) was asked about how ORG exempt purpose is
accomplished through cash donations to CO-1? She responded that program expenses and
grants to CO-1 include training, uniforms, shoes, travel expenses to regional and national
competitions for the all-stars teams. But again, there was no substantiation for individual
scholarships received and criteria used (See exhibit-5).

Additionally, some fund raising activities like the “domino’s Fundraiser” required Athletes to
sell a certain quota to received a prize and a minimum for an entire team to receive free camp
outfits and free cards for everyone; contrary to information submitted to Determination
Specialist (see Pg-4 of Exhibit-1).

Article III of the Articles of Incorporation, state that Directors will be appointed initially from
the community followed by yearly elections. There were no meeting minutes of Officers
available to determine if elections have ever taken place. But, documents from the initial
application for exemption, and State Division of Corporations Website show DIR-1 as the
Director and Register Agent since March, 20XX to present. (exhibit-6).

Government Position:

Based on the facts of the examination, it is our position that your organization is not operated
exclusively for purposes within the scope of §501(c)(3) and as a result, your organization does
not qualify for exemption under §501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code provides exemption from federal income tax for organization's
organized and operated exclusively for educational, charitable or religious purposes, or to foster
national or international amateur sports competition (but only if no part of its activities involve
the provision of athletic facilities or equipment), no part of the net earnings of which inures to
the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

In addition, Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) of the Regulations states that an organization is not
operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes unless it serves a public rather than a
private interest. It must not be operated for the benefit of designated individuals or the persons
who created it.

It is the government's position that DIR-1, owner of CO-2 (For-profit entity), controls the booster
club, as the primary Officer. Fund raising event flyers urge parent-members to participate in the
various fundraising activities for the benefit of all Athlete members on the competitive teams.
ORG serves as a tool to raised funds for individual team members and for parents to pay for their
own child fees at CO-1 with tax free dollars.

ORG is not supporting the promotion of youth athletic competition but is primarily supporting
the children and parents based upon their participation in the organizations fundraising events.

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish no.irs gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A | Schedule number or exhibit

|
(ASexF datiTg; oN EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS |
Name of taxpayer Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG | January 31, 20XX

ORG requires parents-team members to participate in some fundraising activities (Classic Coolie
Dough, Domino’s Pizza Card) for the benefit of all team members. Donors can make tax free
donations to their own child accounts at CO-1 through ORG, and corporate sponsors can
designate their donations to specific individual or to a general fund account. Child Accounts are
proportionally credited based upon participation and donations received.

The parent-athletes and DIR-1, EO Officer, are considered insiders of the organization because
they are in position to have control or influence over the activities of the exempt organization
and the for-profit. The requirement that team members participate in the fundraising activities
and the call to parents to make tax free donations to their child’s training at CO-1 causes a direct
benefit to athlete parents and to DIR-1 who controls both organizations. Consequently, the
earnings of the exempt organization are being used directly by CO-2 to pay for benefits to
specific individuals and for CO-2 expenses rather than to a class of competitive athletes who
cannot afford to pay. The organization is allowing the earnings of the exempt organization to
inure to the benefit of specific insiders (Parents and Officer/Owner).

Inurement of income is prohibited under IRC 501(c)(3) without regard to the amount involved.
Like the organization in Better Business Bureau of City State, Inc. v. United States, 326 U.S.
279, 283 (1945), the presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will
destroy the exemption regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes.

ORG activities are similar to the organization described in Rev. Rul. 69-175, 1969-1 C.B. 149, in
which a group of parents got together and provided bus transportation for their own school
children to and from the school their children attended. The organization was found to serve a
private rather than a public interest and was not exempt under section 501(c)(3).

The examination revealed that 75% of total ORG expenses are direct cash donations to CO-2.
There was no documentation provided that shows how, who, and any criteria used for athletes
selection to received scholarship donations. When requested, the exempt organization provided
a list of 10 individual athletes who supposed to have received scholarship donations but no
documentation as to how they were selected was received. Additionally, some CO-2 expenses
show direct payments from the exempt organization account.

ORG’ use of CO-2 private facility and direct cash donations resulted in a substantial private
benefit to its owner and accordingly benefiting a commercial enterprise. ORG operations are not
exclusively charitable within the meaning of section 501 (c)(3).

LAW:

Section 501(c)(3) of the Code describes certain organizations exempt from taxation under section
501(a) of the Code and reads as follows:

Corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively
for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish no irs gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A | Schedule number or exhibit

(Rev. January 1994) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS
Name of taxpayer ' Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG ; | January 31, 20XX

for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to
the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, no substantial part of the activities of which
is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation, and which does not
participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distributing of statements), any
political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office.

Treasury Regulations

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) of the regulations provides that in order to be exempt as an
organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code, the

organization must be one that is both organized and operated exclusively for one or more of the
purposes specified in that section. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational or
operational test, it is not exempt.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) of the regulations provides that an organization will not be regarded
as operated exclusively for exempt purposes if more than an insubstantial part of its activities is
not in furtherance of exempt purposes. Thus, to qualify for exemption, the organization must
show that it engaged “primarily” in activities which accomplished that exempt purpose. The
organization will not qualify for exemption if a nonexempt activity is more than an insubstantial
part of its activities, or if an activity of the organization has more than an insubstantial
nonexempt purpose.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1 (d)(ii) of the regulations provides that an organization is not organized or
operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes unless it serves a public rather than a
private interest. Thus, it is necessary for an organization to establish that it is not organized or
operated for the benefit of private interests such as designated individuals, the creator or his
family, shareholders of the organization, or persons controlled, directly or indirectly, by such
private interests.

Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(2) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that the term “charitable” is
used in section 501(c)(3) of the Code in its generally accepted legal sense and includes the
advancement of education and the promotion of social welfare by organizations designed to
combat juvenile delinquency.

Section 1.501(c)-1(d)(3) of the regulations defines the term “educational” as including the
instruction or training of the individual for the purpose of

improving or developing his capabilities, or the instruction of the public on subjects useful to the
individual and beneficial to the community.

REVENUE RULINGS

Revenue Ruling 69-175, 1969-1 C.B. 149 states that when a group of individuals associate to
provide a cooperative service for themselves, they are serving a private interest. By providing

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish no irs gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A | | Schedule number or exhibit

(Rev. January 1994) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS
Name of taxpayer | Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG | January 31, 20XX

bus transportation for school children the organization is enabling the participating parents to
fulfill their individual responsibility of transporting their children to school. Thus, the
organization serves a private rather than a public interest. Accordingly, it is not exempt from
Federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Revenue Ruling 65-2, 1965-1 CB 227, (Jan. 01, 1965) describes an organization which is
organized and operated exclusively for the purpose of teaching a particular sport to the children
of a community by providing free instruction, free equipment, and facilities. The foundation was
formed to provide educational and character building programs for the children of the
community. Its activities consist of conducting clinics for student players at playgrounds and at
parks, coaching clinics for instructors of the student players, provide free instruction in schools,
playgrounds, and parks and furnish free equipment to those children who are unable to afford
such equipment, stimulates interest in its program through the use of film and other instructional
devices. Its program and facilities are available to any child in the community who desires to
participate, is physically able, and has reached the qualifying age level.

The ruling concludes that the organization's activities of instructing individuals to develop heir
capabilities are educational. Further, its furnishing of free instruction, equipment, and facilities to
children of the community is accomplishing the charitable purpose of combating juvenile
delinquency. Accordingly, the organization qualifies for exemption under IRC 501(c)(3).

Revenue Ruling 9-215, 1980-2 C.B. 174, describes an organization which is organized and
operated to develop, promote, and regulate a sport for junior players, and to promote
sportsmanlike competition for junior players in a particular state. The organization is comprised
of affiliated individual associations, clubs, leagues, and teams. Each club may be comprised of
any number of teams. The organization organizes local and state-wide competition for
individuals under 18 years of age; promulgates rules; organizes officials; and presents seminars
for players, coaches, and referees. The organization provides a framework for protests, appeals,
and procedures. It also distributes a newsletter, and otherwise encourages the growth of the sport
throughout the state. This ruling holds that the organization's activities combat juvenile
delinquency and promote the education of children. Therefore, the organization qualifies for
exemption under IRC 501(c)(3).

Court Cases

Better Business Bureau of City State, Inc. v. United States, 326 U.S. 279, 283 (1945), the
presence of a single non-exempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will destroy the exemption
regardless of the number or importance of truly exempt purposes.

Taxpayer’s Position:

A draft report of examination was provided to the organization. The organization has not
provided any information as to their position at this time.

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish no irs gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service

Form 886-A | Schedule number or exhibit

(Rev. January 1994) EXPLANATIONS OF ITEMS |

Name of taxpayer | Tax Identification Number | Year/Period ended
ORG | January 31, 20XX
Conclusion:

Based on the facts presented above, the method in which ORG operates results in the inurement
of its income to its parent-members and to the owner of CO-1 (CO-2).

ORG exemption should be revoked effective February 01, 20XX.

Form 1120 returns should be filed for the tax periods after February 01, 20XX.

Form 886-A (1-1994) Catalog Number 20810W Page publish.no.irs.gov Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service