PLR 1034010: Data-center buildings and customary tenant services qualify for REIT treatment under section 856

Plain-English summary

The IRS considered whether proposed data-center buildings and their structural components would qualify as real property and real estate assets for purposes of section 856. The IRS ruled that the buildings and structural components were real property and real estate assets under the facts and representations submitted. It also ruled that customary services provided through the operating partnership, including utilities, humidity control, security, fire protection, maintenance, parking, and telecommunications infrastructure, would not cause tenant payments to be treated as other than rents from real property under section 856(d). The ruling did not address whether the taxpayer otherwise qualified as a REIT or whether the structural components were section 1245 or section 1250 property.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Do the buildings, structural components, and proposed tenant services satisfy the real-property and rent requirements applicable to a REIT?
• Outcome: Approved
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 856, 1245, and 1250; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.856-3, 1.856-4, and 1.512(b)-1; Rev. Ruls. 73-425 and 75-424

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201034010 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 8/27/2010 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Person To Contact:
Index Number: 856.00-00 ------------------, ID No. -------------
Telephone Number:
---------------------
------------------------------------ Refer Reply To:
-------------------------------------- CC:FIP:B03
--------------------------------- PLR-108715-10
------------- Date:
------------------------- May 12, 2010

Legend:

Taxpayer = ----------------------------------------

Building(s) = -----------------

Year 1 = -------

Date 1 = --------------------------

OP = ------------------

Current Holder = ------------------------------------

Dear -----------:

This is in reply to a letter dated February 19, 2010, requesting rulings on behalf of
Taxpayer. You have requested a ruling that the Buildings described below, including
their structural components, constitute real property for purposes of sections
856(c)(2)(C) and 856(c)(3)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code. You have also requested a
ruling that the Buildings, including their structural components, constitute real estate
assets for purposes of sections 856(c)(4)(A) and 856(c)(5)(B) of the Internal Revenue
Code. Additionally, you have requested a ruling that the services furnished by Taxpayer
through OP in connection with the leasing of the Buildings will not cause amounts
received from tenants of the Buildings to be treated as other than “rents from real
property” under section 856(d).
PLR-108715-10 2

Facts:

Taxpayer is a newly-formed domestic corporation organized in Year 1 that has elected
to be taxed as an S corporation commencing with its first taxable year. Shortly before
an initial public offering of Taxpayer’s stock, its S corporation status will be terminated
and Taxpayer will elect to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for its tax
year ending Date 1. Taxpayer intends to be a fully integrated, self-managed REIT that
conducts all of its business through OP, a newly formed limited partnership, in which it
will be the general partner and a substantial limited partner. Taxpayer intends to
conduct an initial public offering of its stock on the New York Stock exchange to be
completed in Year 1. Taxpayer expects to contribute substantially all of the proceeds of
the initial public offering to the capital of OP in exchange for its interest in OP. The
initial Buildings (and in three instances, leasehold interests in floors in larger Buildings)
are currently owned (indirectly) by Current Holder and will be acquired directly or
indirectly by OP.

OP intends to acquire, purchase, develop, and build Buildings that will be leased to
unrelated tenants. The space offered to tenants generally fall into two categories: (1)
wholesale space and (2) retail co-location space. With respect to the wholesale space,
tenants typically rent designated space pursuant to leases generally ranging from three
to ten years. With respect to retail co-location space, a customer typically is entitled to
the use of a specially identified co-location suite, cage or cabinet located in a common
shared area pursuant to a license and service agreement. Such license and service
agreements generally have terms ranging from one to three years. The tenants
generally will use the space to accommodate their telecommunications, computing and
electronic data storage equipment, including computer servers and personnel. The
leases generally provide for a fixed base rent plus, in some case, the reimbursement of
some or all operating expenses incurred by OP in operating the property or additional
payments for the provision of power. Under certain leases, if OP does not provide an
uninterruptible, stable source of power to the tenants' space or does not maintain an
environment within the tenants' space at a specified temperature and humidity range,
the tenants are entitled to an abatement of the amount that they are required to pay OP
or landlord under the leases.

Within each Building, the tenant space is generally constructed on vinyl composite tile
or raised flooring to accommodate the electric, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
(“HVAC”) required by tenants. The Buildings differ from other office buildings because of
the magnitude and quality of the electrical power and air conditioning furnished to
tenants and the redundancies built into the electrical and air conditioning systems.
PLR-108715-10 3

The major structural components of the Buildings and floors are the (1) electrical
distribution and redundancy system (the “electrical components”), (2) heating ventilation
and air conditioning system (the “HVAC components”), (3) humidification system (the
“humidification components”), (4) security system (the “security components”), (5) the
fire protection system (the “fire protection components”), and (6) telecommunication
infrastructure (the “telecommunication components”). Each of these components is
designed and constructed specifically for the particular Building for which it is a part,
and is intended to remain permanently in place. The electrical components are
designed to provide an uninterrupted power supply to the property through redundancy.
The HVAC components are designed to maintain a room temperature of typically
between 70 and 72 degrees Fahrenheit. The humidification components are designed
to maintain humidity levels in the tenant's space in the range of 45-55 percent. The
security components typically include a single point of access to the Building that is
monitored (sometimes remotely) at all times (24/7) by a security firm or by an employee
of Taxpayer. The fire protection components consist of fire alarm and suppression
systems. The telecommunications components provide access for tenants to third-party
telecommunications providers. Taxpayer, through a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”),
will provide connectivity services such as facilitating a tenant’s access to other tenants’
equipment within a Building or between Buildings. Taxpayer or the tenants will
adequately compensate the TRS for such services.

Taxpayer represents that the Buildings are inherently permanent structures. Also,
Taxpayer represents that each of the structural components described above are
designed and constructed to remain permanently in place.

Taxpayer represents that services that will be provided to tenants of the Buildings
consist of ordinary, necessary, usual, and customary services that relate to the
operation or maintenance of the Buildings. They will not include personal services
rendered to a particular tenant. Any service that would constitute a personal service to a
tenant would be provided either through an independent contractor from whom
Taxpayer does not derive or receive income, or through a TRS of Taxpayer that is
owned by OP.

Services that will be provided by Taxpayer, through OP, are utilities, controlled humidity,
security (as described above), fire protection (as described above), common area
maintenance including cleaning and maintenance of public areas, landscaping, and pest
control. Additionally, through OP, Taxpayer will provide management, operation,
maintenance, and repair of the major Building systems and components of the
Buildings, including structural components; parking for tenants and their visitors,
including reserved and unreserved unattended parking; and telecommunications
infrastructure to allow tenants to connect to third-party telecommunication providers.

Taxpayer represents that it has undertaken research regarding services by other
similarly situated owners in connection with similar buildings located in the same
PLR-108715-10 4

geographic markets and it has determined that the services are customarily rendered in
connection with the rental of comparable buildings in the geographic market in which
Taxpayer's Buildings are located.

Law and Analysis:

A. Real Property Issue

Section 856(c)(5)(B) defines the term “real estate assets”, in part, to mean real property
(including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property) and
shares (or transferable certificates of beneficial interest) in other REITs. Section
856(c)(5)(C) provides that the term “interests in real property” includes fee ownership
and co-ownership of land or improvements thereon, leaseholds of land or improvements
thereon, options to acquire land or improvements thereon, and options to acquire
leaseholds of land or improvements thereon, but does not include mineral, oil, or gas
royalty interests.

Section 1.856-3(b)(1) provides that the term “real estate assets” means real property,
interests in mortgages on real property (including interests in mortgages on leaseholds
of land or other improvements thereon), and shares in other qualified REITs.

Section 1.856-3(c) provides that the term “interests in real property” includes fee
ownership and co-ownership of land or improvements thereon, leaseholds of land or
improvements thereon, options to acquire land or improvements thereon, and options to
acquire leaseholds of land or improvements thereon.

Section 1.856-3(d) provides that the term “real property” means land or improvements
thereon, such as buildings or other inherently permanent structures thereon (including
items that are structural components of those buildings or structures). In addition, real
property includes interests in real property. Local law definitions do not control for
purposes of determining the meaning of the term real property as used in section 856
and the regulations thereunder. The term includes, for example, the wiring of a building,
plumbing systems, central heating or central air-conditioning machinery, pipes or ducts,
elevators or escalators installed in the building, or other items that are structural
components of a building or other permanent structure. The term does not include
assets accessory to the operation of a business, such as machinery, printing press,
transportation equipment that is not a structural component of the building, office
equipment, refrigerators, individual air-conditioning units, grocery counters, furnishings
of a motel, hotel, or office building, etc., even though those items may be termed
fixtures under local law.

Rev. Rul. 75-424, 1975-2 C.B. 270, concerns whether various components of a
microwave transmission system are real estate assets for purposes of section 856. The
system consists of transmitting and receiving towers built upon pilings or foundations,
PLR-108715-10 5

transmitting and receiving antennae affixed to the towers, a building, equipment within
the building, and waveguides. The waveguides are transmission lines from the receivers
or transmitters to the antennae, and are metal pipes permanently bolted or welded to
the tower and never removed or replaced unless blown off by weather. The transmitting,
multiplex, and receiving equipment is housed in the building. Prewired modular racks
are installed in the building to support the equipment that is installed upon them. The
racks are completely wired in the factory and then bolted to the floor and ceiling. They
are self-supporting and do not depend upon the exterior walls for support. The
equipment provides for transmission of audio or video signals through the waveguides
to the antennae. Also installed in the building is a permanent heating and air
conditioning system. The transmission site is surrounded by chain link fencing. The
revenue ruling holds that the building, the heating and air conditioning system, the
transmitting and receiving towers, and the fence are real estate assets. The ruling holds
further that the antennae, waveguides, transmitting, receiving, and multiplex equipment,
and the prewired modular racks are assets accessory to the operation of a business
and therefore not real estate assets.

Rev. Rul. 73-425, 1973-2 C.B. 222, considers whether a mortgage secured by a
shopping center and its total energy system is an obligation secured by real property. A
total energy system is a self-contained facility for the production of all the electricity,
steam or hot water, and refrigeration needs of associated commercial or industrial
buildings, building complexes, shopping centers, apartment complexes, and community
developments. The system may be permanently installed in the building, attached to the
building, or it may be a separate structure nearby. The principal components consist of
electric generators powered by turbines or reciprocating engines, waste heat boilers,
heat exchangers, gas-fired boilers, and cooling units. In addition, each facility includes
fuel storage tanks, control and sensor equipment, electrical substations, and air
handling equipment for heat, hot water, and ventilation. It also includes ducts, pipes,
conduits, wiring, and other associated parts, machinery and equipment. The revenue
ruling holds, in part, that a mortgage secured by the building and the system is a real
estate asset, regardless of whether the system is housed in the building it serves or is
housed in a separate structure apart from the building it serves. This is because the
interest in a structural component is included with an interest held in a building or
inherently permanent structure to which the structural component is functionally related.

Similar to the properties or structural components described in Rev. Rul. 75-424 and
Rev. Rul. 73-425 that qualify as real property for purposes of section 856, the Buildings
and the structural components described above are inherently permanent structures.
Although the Buildings and structures help to facilitate the technology businesses of
tenants that occupy such buildings, the buildings and structural components themselves
are not assets accessory to the operation of a business like the examples set forth in
section 1.856-3(d). Accordingly, based on the information submitted and
representations made, we conclude that Taxpayer's Buildings, including the structural
components, as described above, constitute real property for purposes of sections
PLR-108715-10 6

856(c)(2)(C) and 856(c)(3)(A). In addition, because the Buildings and the structural
components are real property, they constitute real estate assets for purposes of
sections 856(c)(4)(A) and 856(c)(5)(B).

B. Tenant Services Issue

Section 856(c)(2) provides that at least 95 percent of a REIT's gross income must be
derived from, among other sources, “rents from real property.”

Section 856(c)(3) provides that at least 75 percent of a REIT's gross income must be
derived from, among other sources, “rents from real property.”

Section 856(d)(1) provides that “rents from real property” include (subject to exclusions
provided in section 856(d)(2)): (A) rents from interests in real property; (B) charges for
services customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of real property,
whether or not such charges are separately stated; and (C) rent attributable to personal
property leased under, or in connection with, a lease of real property, but only if the rent
attributable to the personal property for the taxable year does not exceed 15 percent of
the total rent for the tax year attributable to both the real and personal property leased
under, or in connection with, the lease.

Section 1.856-4(b)(1) provides that, for purposes of sections 856(c)(2) and (c)(3), the
term “rents from real property” includes charges for services customarily furnished or
rendered in connection with the rental of real property, whether or not the charges are
separately stated. Services rendered to tenants of a particular building will be
considered customary if, in the geographic market in which the building is located,
tenants in buildings of a similar class are customarily provided with the service. In
particular geographic areas where it is customary to furnish electricity or other utilities to
tenants in buildings of a particular class, the submetering of those utilities to tenants in
the buildings will be considered a customary service.

Section 1.856-4(b)(5)(ii) of the regulations provides that the trustees or directors of a
REIT are not required to delegate or contract out their fiduciary duty to manage the trust
itself, as distinguished from rendering or furnishing services to the tenants of its property
or managing or operating the property. Thus, the trustees or directors may do all those
things necessary, in their fiduciary capacities, to manage and conduct the affairs of the
trust itself.

Section 856(d)(2)(C) provides that any impermissible tenant service income is excluded
from the definition of “rents from real property.” Section 856(d)(7)(A) defines
“impermissible tenant service income” to mean, with respect to any real or personal
property, any amount received or accrued directly or indirectly by the REIT for services
furnished or rendered by the REIT to tenants at the property, or for managing or
operating the property.
PLR-108715-10 7

Section 856(d)(7)(B) provides that if the amount of impermissible tenant service income
exceeds one percent of all amounts received or accrued during the tax year directly or
indirectly by the REIT with respect to the property, the impermissible tenant service
income of the REIT will include all of the amounts received or accrued with respect to
the property. Section 856(d)(7)(D) provides that the amounts treated as received by a
REIT for any impermissible tenant service shall not be less than 150 percent of the
direct cost of the REIT in furnishing or rendering the service.

Section 856(d)(7)(C) provides certain exclusions from impermissible tenant service
income. Section 856(d)(7)(C) provides that for purposes of section 856(d)(7)(A),
services furnished or rendered, or management or operation provided, through an
independent contractor from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income
shall not be treated as furnished, rendered, or provided by the REIT, and there shall not
be taken into account any amount which would be excluded from unrelated business
taxable income under section 512(b)(3) if received by an organization described in
section 511(a)(2).

Section 512(b)(3) provides, in part, that there shall be excluded from the computation of
unrelated business taxable income all rents from real property and all rents from
personal property leased with such real property, if the rents attributable to such
personal property are an incidental amount of the total rents received or accrued under
the lease, determined at the time the personal property is placed in service.

Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5) provides that payments for the use or occupancy of rooms and
other space where services are also rendered to the occupant, such as for the use or
occupancy of rooms or other quarters in hotels, boarding houses, or apartment houses
furnishing hotel services, or in tourist camps or tourist homes, motor courts or motels, or
for the use or occupancy of space in parking lots, warehouses, or storage garages, do
not constitute rent from real property. Generally, services are considered rendered to
the occupant if they are primarily for his convenience and are other than those usually
or customarily rendered in connection with the rental of rooms or other space for
occupancy only. The supplying of maid service, for example, constitutes such service;
whereas the furnishing of heat and light, the cleaning of public entrances, exits,
stairways and lobbies, and the collection of trash are not considered as services
rendered to the occupant.

Many of the services described above are usual or customary services that are
rendered in connection with the operation or maintenance of the properties and are not
rendered primarily for the convenience of tenants. Other services that may constitute
personal services to a tenant will be provided through independent contractors from
whom Taxpayer will not receive or derive any income, or through a TRS owned by OP.
Accordingly, the services furnished by Taxpayer through OP in connection with the
PLR-108715-10 8

leasing of the Buildings will not cause any amounts received from tenants of the
Buildings to be treated as other than “rents from real property” under section 856(d).

No opinion is expressed or implied as to the federal tax consequences of this
transaction under any provision not specifically addressed herein. Specifically, no
opinion is expressed or implied whether the structural components of Taxpayer's
Buildings constitute real property under any section of the Internal Revenue Code other
than section 856. For example, no opinion is expressed or implied regarding whether
the structural components at issue constitute section 1245 property or section 1250
property. Furthermore, no opinion is expressed concerning whether Taxpayer otherwise
qualifies as a REIT under subchapter M, part II of Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue
Code.

This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer who requested it. Section 6110(k)(3) provides
that it may not be used or cited as precedent. In accordance with the Power of Attorney
on file with this office, a copy of this letter is being sent to your authorized
representative.

                                  Sincerely,

                                                       /S/
                                  ________________________________________
                                  Alice M. Bennett
                                  Branch Chief, Branch 3
                                  Office of Associate Chief Counsel
                                  (Financial Institutions & Products)

Enclosures:
Copy of this letter
Copy for section 6110 purposes