Determination 1025077: IRS denied exemption to an insurer that lacked sufficient risk distribution

Plain-English summary

The IRS denied exemption under IRC § 501(c)(15) to an insurance company that primarily insured a related corporation. The determination found that the organization had too few insureds and too much risk concentrated in one insured to establish adequate risk distribution. The IRS also examined the organization’s direct-written policies and reinsurance arrangements, but concluded that the related corporation accounted for more than half of the total risks. Because the organization did not qualify as an insurance company for federal tax purposes, it did not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(15).

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the organization qualify as an insurance company eligible for exemption under IRC § 501(c)(15)?
• Outcome: Denied
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(a), 501(c)(15), 816(a), and 953(d); Treas. Reg. § 1.801-3; Rev. Ruls. 60-275, 89-96, 2002-89, 2002-90, 2005-40, and 2007-47.

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION

Release Number: 201025077 Contact Person:

Release Date: 6/25/10

Date: March 29, 2010 Identification Number:

XXXXXKX

XXXKXKX Contact Number:

XXXXXKXX

XXKXKX Employer Identification Number:

UIL Code: 501.15-00
Form Required To Be Filed:

Tax Years:

Dear

This is our final determination that you do not qualify for exemption from Federal income tax
under Internal Revenue Code section 501(a) as an organization described in Code section
501(c)(15).

We made this determination for the following reason(s):

There is an insufficient number of insureds to provide for an adequate premium-pooling base. In
addition, your risk is too heavily concentrated in one insured. As a result, your business lacks
one of the principal elements of insurance, risk distribution. Thus, because you do not qualify as
an insurance company, you do not meet the statutory requirement for exemption under section
501(c)(15) of the Code.

You must file Federal income tax returns on the form and for the years listed above within 30
days of this letter, unless you request an extension of time to file. File the returns in accordance
with their instructions, and do not send them to this office. Failure to file the returns timely may
result in a penalty.

We will make this letter and our proposed adverse determination letter available for public
inspection under Code section 6110, after deleting certain identifying information. Please read
the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the
instructions in Notice 437. If you agree with our deletions, you do not need to take any further
action.

If youI have any questions about this letter, please contact the person whose name and
telephone number are shown in the heading of this letter. If youI have any questions about your
Federal income tax status and responsibilities, please contact IRS Customer Service at

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1-800-829-1040 or the IRS Customer Service number for businesses, 1-800-829-4933.
IRS Customer Service number for people with hearing impairments is 1-800-829-4059.

Sincerely,

Robert Choi
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings & Agreements

Enclosure
Notice 437
Redacted Proposed Adverse Determination Letter
Redacted Final Adverse Determination Letter

The

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION
Date: November 19, 2009 Contact Person:
Identification Number:
XXXXXX Contact Number:
XXKXXXX
XKXXXXKX
XXXXXKX

Employer Identification Number: XXXXXX

Uniform Issue List:
501.15-00

Dear

WeI have considered your application for recognition of exemption from Federal income tax
under Internal Revenue Code section 501(a). Based on the information provided, weI have

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concluded that you do not qualify for exemption under section 501(c)(15) of the Internal
Revenue Code. The basis for our conclusion is set forth below.

FACTS:

You were incorporated on Date 1, in F, a foreign country. You are in the business of providing
certain commercial casualty and property insurance-type services. You also “reinsure” certain
contracts as described below. Your main source of income is “premiums” from the above-
described activities. In addition, you receive some investment proceeds.

You are a calendar year taxpayer. For your Year 1 tax year, you filed a Form 1120-PC, U.S.
Property and Casualty Insurance Company Income Tax Return.

You are wholly owned by C and D. YouI have only one class of stock—50,000 of no par value
shares. Out of these 50,000 shares, you issued 1,000 shares in equal amounts to C and D. C
and D also serve as your only corporate officers and directors. C serves as your chairman of
the board, corporate executive officer (CEO), president, treasurer, and assistant secretary. D
serves as your vice president, secretary, and assistant treasurer. Neither C nor D holds
financial interests in any other insurance companies. Moreover, neither C nor D has any
agreement or relationship with any of the shareholders of the insurance companies that you
conduct business.

You are a controlled foreign corporation as C and D are both U.S. citizens. You are not a
member of a controlled group of corporations. Pursuant to section 953(d) of the Code, you are
treated as a domestic U.S. corporation for federal income tax purposes.

YouI have employed E as your manager for an annual compensation of $a.

You operate primarily to provide casualty and property “insurance” coverage to A. A is a U.S.
corporation. A is also wholly owned by C and D. C serves as A’s president. D serves as A’s
vice president. You and A operate independently of one another. A provides G services on a
contract basis to companies in the H business.

In Year 2, you wrote five direct-written “insurance” contracts to A titled: (1) Special Risk -
Expense Reimbursement Insurance Policy; (2) Excess Employment Practices Liability
Insurance Policy; (3) Special Risk — Regulatory Changes Insurance Policy; (4) Excess Directors
& Officers Liability Insurance Policy; and (5) Special Risk — Tax Liability Insurance Policy. Each
of the above-named policies is described in detail below.

The Special Risk — Expense Reimbursement Insurance Policy covers public relations expenses
to mitigate adverse publicity to A under certain circumstances, including: actual or imminent
incidents where A's potential liability amount is in excess of $b; product recalls; layoffs and labor
disputes; government or regulatory litigation; bankruptcy or other major financial crisis; loss of
intellectual property rights; unsolicited takeover bids; terrorism; or any other adverse incident
expected to reduce A’s annual gross revenue by at least 25%. The policy also covers all
defense expenses for A's defenses related to actual or alleged civil liability.

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The Excess Employment Practices Liability Insurance Policy covers damages and defense
expenses A becomes legally obligated to pay as a result of any claim made during the covered
period for “wrongful acts.” With respect to employees, “wrongful acts” include wrongful
dismissal, termination, harassment and discrimination, invasion of privacy, retaliation and
breach of employment contract. In addition, the policy covers claims of A’s violation of an
employee’s civil rights and violations of the Family Medical and Leave Act. Acts and claims
against non-employees are also covered. The policy also reimburses A for expenses related to
the above-described acts for business interruptions, psychological counseling for employees,
and other costs required in order to bring workplace productivity back to pre-wrongful act levels.
The coverage applies in excess of any workers compensation benefits.

The Special Risk — Regulatory Changes Insurance Policy covers actual compliance expenses
and business interruptions suffered as a result of any regulatory change having an adverse
impact on A’s normal on-going business operations. The policy does not cover adverse
regulatory changes resulting from A’s substantial noncompliance with regulations or guidelines
or those changes initiated in direct response to A’s negligent acts, omissions, or errors.

The Excess Directors & Officers Liability Insurance Policy provides indemnification subject to
certain limitations to A for A’s indemnification of its officers and directors for wrongful acts,
including errors, omissions, neglect, misstatements, and breach of duty. The policy also covers
similar acts in relation to mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, the policy includes liability for
pollution. The policy also provides direct executive liability coverage for similar acts to A’s
officers and directors.

The Special Risk — Tax Liability Insurance Policy provides A with indemnification up to 115% of
the amount of additional tax liability A may incur on its federal income tax return. No
coverage is provided for additions to tax, civil penalties, or criminal penalties. Defense
expenses and interest on any outstanding tax liability are also covered in the policy.

With respect to each of the above-referenced contracts, you and B entered into an agreement
titled “Joint Underwriting Stop Loss Endorsement.” B is not related to you, A, C, or D. You
represent that B is a regulated insurer. It appears that under this agreement you are
responsible for payment of claims up to certain specified thresholds. If the thresholds are met,
then B becomes liable for payment of claims up to certain specified limits. If the specified limits
for B’s payment of claims are exceeded, then you again become liable. It also appears that for
each of the above-referenced contracts, you receive 81.5% of the total premiums. B receives
18.5% of the total premiums. It is unclear whether A pays you and B directly or whether A pays
you and you remit 18.5% to B.

During Year 2, you entered into two types of reinsurance arrangements. In the first
arrangement, you assumed reinsurance contracts from B. The primary issuers on these
contracts are unaffiliated insurance companies that underwrite credit-type policies (credit
property, credit disability, and/or credit life) and policies for vehicle service contracts. For Year
2, you received $c in “premium” income from this arrangement.

You refer to the second arrangement as a “reinsurance risk pooling program.” In this
arrangement, you participate in a “reinsurance risk pool” with several other unrelated insurance

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companies (“pool participants”). The risk pool is operated by B. Each pool participant has one
or more affiliated operating entities for which it underwrites insurance coverage (generally
casualty type coverage). B insures a portion of the direct insurance underwritten by the pool
participants using a so-called “stop loss” endorsement. B currently participates in over 275
insurance policies with more than 120 insureds. B blends together its direct-written insurance
and then reinsures the entire book on a quota-share basis with each of the pool participants.
During Year 2, you received $d in “premiums” with respect to this second arrangement.

While unclear from the facts provided, it appears that B reinsures its risks associated with the
five direct-written contracts to A via the reinsurance risk-pooling program described above and
of which you are a member.

Your gross income totaled $e of which $f was from “premium” income, $g from investment
income, and $x from consulting fees and other revenue sources.

Of your total premium income for Year 2, 69.4% is from A (assuming you receive 81.5% of the
contract premiums as previously discussed), 14.8% is from the first reinsurance arrangement,
and 15.8% is from the “reinsurance risk pooling program.”

For Year 2, your assets totaled $y and total capital equaled $z.

LAW:

Section 501(a) of the Code provides that an organization described in subsection (c) or (d) or
section 401(a) shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle unless such exemption is denied
under section 502 or 503.

Section 501(c)(15) of the Code provides Insurance companies (as defined in section 816(a)
other than life (including inter-insurers and reciprocal underwriters) can apply for tax exempt
status if:

I. The gross receipts for the taxable year do not exceed $600,000, and more than 50% of
such gross receipts consist of premiums, or

II. In the case of a mutual insurance company, the gross receipts of which for the taxable
year do not exceed $150,000, and more than 35% of such gross receipts consist of
premiums.

Section 816(a) of the Code provides that the term ‘insurance company' means any company
more than half of the business of which during the taxable year is the issuing of insurance or
annuity contracts or the reinsuring of risks underwritten by insurance companies.

Section 1.801-3 of the Income Tax Regulations provides that the term insurance company means
a company whose primary and predominant business activity during the taxable year is the
issuing of insurance or annuity contracts or the reinsuring of risks underwritten by insurance
companies. Thus, though its name, charter powers, and subjection to State insurance laws are

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significant in determining the business, which a company is authorized and intends to carry on,
it is the character of the business actually done in the taxable year, which determines whether a
company is taxable as an insurance company under the Code.

Pursuant to Helvering v. LeGierse, 312 U.S. 531 (1941), the United States Supreme Court in
defining the term “insurance contract” held that in order for a contract to amount to an insurance
contract, it must shift and distribute a risk of loss and that risk must be an "insurance" risk.

Pursuant to Epmeir v. United States, 199 F.2d 508, 509-10 (7th Cir. 1952), insurance is a
contract whereby for adequate consideration, one party agrees to indemnify another against
loss arising from certain specific contingencies or perils.

Pursuant to AMERCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 979 F.2d 162, 164-65 (9th Cir. 1992), aff'g. 96
T.C. 18 (1991), “Risk-shifting" means one party shifts his risk of loss to another, and "risk-
distributing" means that the party assuming the risk distributes his potential liability, in part,
among others. An arrangement without the elements of risk-shifting and risk-distributing lacks
the fundamentals inherent in a true contract of insurance.

Pursuant to Allied Fidelity Corp. v. Commissioner, 572 F.2d 1190, 1193 (7th Cir. 1978), the
common definition for insurance is an agreement to protect the insured against a direct or
indirect economic loss arising from a defined contingency whereby the insurer undertakes no
present duty of performance but stands ready to assume the financial burden of any covered
loss.

Pursuant to Commissioner v. Treganowan, 183 F.2d 288, 290-91 (2d Cir. 1950), the risk must
contemplate the fortuitous occurrence of a stated contingency.

Pursuant to Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 797 F.2d 920, 922 (10th Cir. 1986),
historically and commonly insurance involves risk-shifting and risk-distributing. "Risk-shifting"
means one party shifts his risk of loss to another, and "risk-distributing" means that the party
assuming the risk distributes his potential liability, in part, among others. An arrangement
without the elements of risk-shifting and risk-distributing lacks the fundamentals inherent in a
true contract of insurance.

Pursuant to Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co. v. United States, 988 F.2d 1135, 1153 (Fed. Cir.
1993), for insurance purposes, "risk-shifting" means one party shifts his risk of loss to another,
and "risk-distributing” means that the party assuming the risk distributes his potential liability, in
part, among others.

Pursuant to Clougherty Packing Co. v. Commissioner, 811 F.2d 1297, 1300 (9th Cir. 1987), a
true insurance agreement must remove the risk of loss from the insured party.

Pursuant to Humana, Inc. v. Commissioner, 881 F.2d 247, 257 (6th Cir. 1989), risk distribution
involves shifting to a group of individuals the identified risk of the insured. The focus is broader
and looks more to the insurer as to whether the risk insured against can be distributed over a
larger group rather than the relationship between the insurer and any single insured.

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 89-96, 1989-2 C.B. 114, an insurance agreement or contract must involve

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the requisite risk shifting necessary for insurance.

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 2002-89; 2002-2 C.B. 984, it is not insurance where a parent company
formed a subsidiary insurance company and 90% of the subsidiary’s earned premium was paid
by the parent company. The Rev. Rul. further held that such arrangement between a parent and
a subsidiary would constitute insurance if less than 50% of the premium earned by the
subsidiary is from the parent company.

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 60-275, 1960-2 C.B. 43, risk shifting not present where subscribers, all
subject to the same flood risk, agreed to coverage under a reciprocal flood insurance exchange.

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 2002-90, 2002-2 C.B. 985, a wholly owned subsidiary that insured 12
subsidiaries of its parent constitute insurance for federal income tax purposes

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 2005-40, 2005-40 I.R.B. 4, an arrangement that purported to be an
insurance contract but lacked the requisite risk distribution was characterized as a deposit
arrangement, a loan, a contribution to capital, an indemnity arrangement that was not an
insurance contract

Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 2007-47, 2007-30 I.R.B. 127, an arrangement that provides for the
reimbursement of inevitable future costs does not involve the requisite insurance risk

ANALYSIS:

Neither the Code nor the regulations define the terms “insurance” or “insurance contract.” The
standard for evaluating whether an arrangement constitutes insurance is Helvering v. LeGierse,
312 U.S. 531 (1941), in which the Court stated that “historically and commonly insurance
involves risk-shifting and risk-distributing in a transaction which involve[s] an actual ‘insurance
risk’ at the time the transaction was executed.” Insurance has been described as “involv[ing] a
contract, whereby, for adequate consideration, one party agrees to indemnify another against
loss arising from certain specified contingencies or perils. Epmeir v. United States, 199 F.2d
508, 509-10 (7th Cir. 1952). Insurance is contractual security against possible anticipated loss.
Id. Cases analyzing “captive insurance” arrangementsI have distilled the concept of “insurance”
for federal income tax purposes to three elements, applied consistently with principles of federal
income taxation: (1) involvement of an insurance risk; (2) shifting and distribution of that risk;
and (3) insurance in its commonly accepted sense. See e.g., AMERCO, Inc. v. Commissioner,
979 F.2d 162, 164-65 (9th Cir. 1992), aff'g. 96 T.C. 18 (1991).

The risk transferred must be risk of economic loss. Allied Fidelity Corp. v. Commissioner, 572
F.2d 1190, 1193 (7th Cir. 1978). The risk must contemplate the fortuitous occurrence of a
stated contingency, Commissioner v. Treganowan, 183 F.2d 288, 290-91 (2d Cir. 1950), and
must not be merely an investment or business risk. LeGierse, 312 U.S. at 542; Rev. Rul. 89-96.

Risk shifting occurs if a person facing the possibility of an economic loss transfers some or all of
the financial consequences of the potential loss to the insurer, such that a loss by the insured
does not affect the insured because the loss is offset by a payment from the insurer. See Rev.

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Rul. 60-275 (risk shifting not present where subscribers, all subject to the same flood risk,
agreed to coverage under a reciprocal flood insurance exchange).

Risk distribution incorporates the statistical phenomenon known as the law of large numbers.
The concept of risk distribution “emphasizes the pooling aspect of insurance: that it is the nature
of an insurance contract to be part of a larger collection of coverages, combined to distribute
risks between insureds.” AMERCO and Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 18, 41 (1991),
aff'd, 979 F.2d 162 (9th Cir. 1992). In Treganowan, 183 F.2d at 291, the court quoting Note,
The New York Stock Exchange Gratuity Fund: Insurance That Isn’t Insurance, 59 Yale L.J. 780,
784 (1950), explained that “[b]y diffusing the risks through a mass of separate risk shifting
contracts, the insurer casts his lot with the law of averages. The process of risk distribution,
therefore, is the very essence of insurance.” See also Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States,
797 F.2d 920, 922 (10th Cir. 1986), (risk distribution “means that the party assuming the risk
distributes his potential liability, in part, among others”); Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co. v.
United States, 988 F.2d 1135, 1153 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (‘[risk distribution involves spreading the
risk of loss among policyholders”).

Distributing risk allows the insurer to reduce the possibility that a single costly claim will exceed
the amount taken in as premiums and set aside for the payment of such a claim. By assuming
numerous relatively small, independent risks that occur over time, the insurer smoothes out
losses to match more closely its receipt of premiums. Clougherty Packing Co. v. Commissioner,
811 F.2d 1297, 1300 (9th Cir. 1987). Risk distribution necessarily entails a pooling of
premiums, so that a potential insured is not in significant part paying for its own risks. See
Humana, Inc. v. Commissioner, 881 F.2d 247, 257 (6th Cir. 1989).

In Situation 1 of Rev. Rul. 2002-89, S a wholly owned subsidiary of P, a domestic parent
corporation, entered into an annual arrangement with P whereby S provided coverage for P’s
professional liability risks. The liability coverage S provided to P accounted for 90% of the total
risks borne by S. Under the facts of Situation 1, the Service concluded that insurance did not
exist for federal income tax purposes. On the other hand, in Situation 2 of Rev. Rul. 2002-89,
the premiums that S received from the arrangement with P constituted less than 50% of S’s total
premiums for the year. Under the facts of Situation 2, the Service reasoned that the premiums
and risks of P were pooled with those of unrelated insureds and thus the requisite risk shifting
and risk distribution were present. Accordingly, under Situation 2, the arrangement between P
and S constituted insurance for federal income tax purposes.

In Rev. Rul. 2002-90, S a wholly owned insurance subsidiary of P, directly insured the
professional liability risks of 12 operating subsidiaries of its parent. S was adequately
capitalized and there were no related guarantees of any kind in favor of S. Most importantly, S
and the insured operating subsidiaries conducted themselves in a manner consistent with the
standards applicable to an insurance arrangement between unrelated parties. Together, the 12
operating subsidiaries had a significant volume of independent, homogeneous risks. Under the
facts presented, the ruling concludes the arrangement between S and each of the 12 operating
subsidiaries of S’s parent constitute insurance for federal income tax purposes.

Situation 1 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, describes a scenario where a domestic corporation operated a
large fleet of automotive vehicles in its courier transport business covering a large portion of the

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United States. This represented a significant volume of independent, homogeneous risks. For
valid non-tax business purposes, the transport company entered into an insurance arrangement
with an unrelated domestic corporation, whereby in exchange for an agreed amount of
“premiums,” the domestic carrier “insured” the transport company against the risk of loss arising
out of the operation of its fleet in the conduct of its courier business. The unrelated carrier
received arm's length premiums, was adequately capitalized, received no guarantees from the
courier transport company and was not involved in any loans of funds back to the transport
company. The transport company was the carrier’s only “insured.” While the requisite risk-
shifting was seemingly present, the risks assumed by the carrier were not distributed among
other insured’s or policyholders. Therefore, the arrangement between the carrier and the
transport company did not constitute insurance for federal income tax purposes.

The facts in Situation 2 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40 mirror the facts of Situation 1 except that in
addition to its arrangement with the transport company, the carrier entered into a second
arrangement with another unrelated domestic company. In the second arrangement, the carrier
agreed that in exchange for “premiums,” it would “insure” the second company against its risk of
loss associated with the operation of its own transport fleet. The amount that the carrier
received from the second agreement constituted 10% of the total amounts it received during the
tax year on a gross and net basis. Thus, 90% of the carrier's business remained with one
insured. The revenue ruling concluded that the first arrangement still lacked the requisite risk
distribution to constitute insurance even though the scenario involved multiple insureds.

In Situation 4 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, 12 LLCs elected classification as associations, each
contributing between 5 and 15% of the insurer's total risks. The Service concluded that this
transaction constituted insurance for federal income tax purposes.

The principal concern with regard to your activities is whether there is sufficient risk distribution.
As discussed above, the idea of risk distribution involves some mathematical concepts. For
example, risk distribution is said to incorporate the statistical phenomenon known as the “law of
large numbers” whereby distributing risks allows the insurer to reduce the possibility that a
single costly claim will exceed the amount taken in as premiums. The concept hinges on the
assumption of “numerous relatively small” and “independent risks” that “occur randomly over
time.” Clougherty Packing Co., 811 F.2d 1297 at 1300.

As discussed, the Service in Rev. Rul. 2002-90, concluded that insurance existed where 12
insureds each contributed between five and 15% to the insured’s total risks. Similarly, in
Situation 4 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, the Service concluded that insurance existed where 12 LLCs,
electing classification as associations, each contributed between five and 15% of the insurer's
total risks. Moreover, in Situation 2 of Rev. Rul. 2002-89, supra, the Service concluded that
insurance existed where a wholly owned subsidiary insured its parent, but the arrangement
represented less than 50% of the insurer’s total risk for the year.

Your application and the facts therein are analogous to the analysis under Situation 1 of Rev.
Rul. 2002-89, supra, and Situation 2 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, supra. In Situation 1 of Rev. Rul.
2002-89, supra, the liability coverage provided to the parent corporation by its wholly owned
subsidiary accounted for 90% of the total risks borne by the subsidiary. Similarly, in Situation 2
of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, supra, a second insurer contributing 10% of the insured’s risks was added

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to the single-insured scenario of Situation 1. The Service concluded in both of the above
scenarios that insurance did not exist because there lacked a sufficient number of insureds to
provide for an adequate premium pooling base.

With respect to your case, we make no determinations as to whether all of the agreements
between you and A qualify as insurable risks. See Rev. Rul. 2007-47, in part, holding that an
arrangement that provides for the reimbursement of believed-to-be inevitable future cost does
not involve the requisite insurance risk for purposes of determining whether the assuming entity
may account for the arrangement as an “insurance contract” for purposes of Subchapter L of the
Internal Revenue Code. Furthermore, it appears that the various risks insured are not
homogeneous and thus must be separated from one another and analyzed separately as to
whether there is risk distribution as to that risk. See Rev. Rul. 2002-89, supra; see also Rev.
Rul. 2005-40.

Assuming that all of the agreements do constitute insurable risks or that a significant majority of
the contracts qualify as insurable risks, over 50% of your total risks for the year are with A.
Likewise to Situation 1 of Rev. Rul. 2002-89, supra, and Situation 2 of Rev. Rul. 2005-40, supra,
there exists an inadequate premium pooling base for insurance to exist. The addition of the two
other insurance arrangements does not change the conclusion that the agreement with A lacks
risk distribution. Therefore, you do not qualify as an insurance company.

In your response to our request for additional information, you rely on Harper Group &
Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 45 (1991) to support your argument that you qualify as
an insurance company. You argue that in Harper Group, the court held that where a single-
insured paid 71% of the total premium, risk distribution was sufficient to qualify the arrangement
as insurance. You argue here that less than 70% of your risk is from A and thus, the
arrangement should qualify as insurance under Harper Group. You misunderstand the holding
in Harper Group. In Harper Group, the 71% of the total premium received by the insurer was
not related to a single corporate policyholder. Rather, the 71% was the total percentage from all
related policyholders, including brother-sister corporations. Moreover, the risks in Harper Group
were diverse and widespread—an extensive variety of cargo shipments throughout the world via
a variety of means and vessels. Thus, Harper Group supports our conclusion as discussed
above

CONCLUSION:

Because you do not qualify as an insurance company for federal tax purposes, you fail to meet
the requirements of section 501(c)(15) of the Code. Thus, you do not qualify for recognition of
exemption under section 501(a) of the Code as an organization described in section 501(c)(15)
as as a result, you must file federal income tax returns.

YouI have the right to file a protest if you believe this determination is incorrect. To protest, you
must submit a statement of your views and fully explain your reasoning. You must submit the
statement, signed by one of your officers, within 30 days from the date of this letter. We will
consider your statement and decide if the information affects our determination.

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Your protest statement should be accompanied by the following declaration:

Under penalties of perjury, |I declare that |I have examined this protest statement, including
accompanying documents, and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement
contains all the relevant facts, and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

You alsoI have a right to request a conference to discuss your protest. This request should be
made when you file your protest statement. An attorney, certified public accountant, or an
individual enrolled to practice before the Internal Revenue Service may represent you. If you
want representation during the conference procedures, you must file a proper power of attorney,
Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, if youI have not already done
so. For more information about representation, see Publication 947, Practice before the IRS
and Power of Attorney. All forms and publications mentioned in this letter can be found at
www.irs.gov, Forms and Publications.

If you do not intend to protest this determination, you do not need to take any further action. If
we do not hear from you within 30 days, we will issue a final adverse determination letter. That
letter will provide information about filing tax returns and other matters.

Please send your protest statement and any supporting documents to this address:

Internal Revenue Service
1111 Constitution Ave, N.W.
Washington, DC 20224

You may also fax your statement using the fax number shown in the heading of this letter. If
you fax your statement, please call the person identified in the heading of this letter to confirm
that he or she received your fax.

If youI have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone number are

shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

Robert Choi
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings & Agreements