Determination 1024066: IRS denied exemption to an internet media software organization

Plain-English summary

The IRS denied an organization exemption under IRC § 501(c)(6) as a business league. The organization had no members, and its activities focused on developing and promoting its own free media software rather than improving conditions for an entire line of business. The IRS also concluded that the organization's planned grants to individuals would violate the prohibition on private inurement. The determination explains why the membership, common-business-interest, and non-inurement requirements were not met.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the organization qualify for exemption under IRC § 501(c)(6) as a business league?
• Outcome: Denied
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 501(a), 501(c)(6), and 6110; Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(6)-1; Rev. Ruls. 67-251 and 83-164; American Auto. Assoc. v. Commissioner, 19 T.C. 1146 (1953); National Muffler Dealers Assn. v. United States, 440 U.S. 472 (1979)

Full text (IRS public release)

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION

Number: 201024066 Contact Person:
Release Date: 6/18/2010

Identification Number:
Date: March 23, 2010

Contact Number:

UIL: 501.06-00
Employer Identification Number:
Form Required To Be Filed:
Tax Years:

Dear

This is our final determination that you do not qualify for exemption from federal income tax
under Internal Revenue Code ( hereafter “Code”) section 501(a) as an organization described in
Code section 501(c)(6 ).

We made this determination for the following reason(s):

You failed to show that you have any members, that you are supporting a line of business,
and that no part of your earnings will inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

You must file federal income tax returns on the form and for the years listed above within
30 days of this letter, unless you request an extension of time to file. File the returns in
accordance with their instructions, and do not send them to this office. Failure to file the returns
timely may result in a penalty.

We will make this letter and our proposed adverse determination letter available for public
inspection under Code section 6110, after deleting certain identifying information. Please read
the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the
instructions in Notice 437. If you agree with our deletions, you do not need to take any further
action.

Please note that we have removed from our proposed adverse determination the name of
the state in which you were incorporated along with the date of your incorporation, and in their
place substituted the generic terms “State” and “Date.”

If you have any questions about this letter, please contact the person whose name and
telephone number are shown in the heading of this letter. If you have any questions about your

federal income tax status and responsibilities, please contact IRS Customer Service at
1-800-829-1040 or the IRS Customer Service number for businesses, 1-800-829-4933. The
IRS Customer Service number for people with hearing impairments is 1-800-829-4059.

Sincerely,

Robert Choi
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings & Agreements

Enclosure
Notice 437
Redacted Proposed Adverse Determination Letter
Redacted Final Adverse Determination Letter

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20224

TAX EXEMPT AND
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

DIVISION

Date: November 10, 2009 Contact Person:
Identification Number:

UIL: 501.06-00 Contact Number:
FAX Number:
Employer Identification Number:

Legend:

Applicant =

State =

Date =

Dear

We have considered Applicant's application for recognition of exemption from federal
income tax under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (hereafter
“Code”), as an organization described in section 501(c)(6) of the Code. Based on the
information submitted, we have concluded that Applicant does not qualify for exemption under
that section. The basis for our conclusion is set forth below.

The information Applicant submitted indicates that Applicant was incorporated under the
laws of the State on Date. Applicant’s Articles of Incorporation do not state the nature of the
business or the purposes it conducts or promotes. Rather, Applicant stated in its letter dated
July 30, 2009, that the line of business Applicant was established to further is the following:

The ‘industry’ that we serve is the internet media industry and the
manufacturers that create devices for accessing that media. [Applicant]
develops free software that is of benefit to any business, organization,
or individual that wants to display (or provide access to) animated
media, or streaming video, or real time video on the internet. Our
software is designed to run on multiple operating systems, multiple
microprocessors, and a variety of devices used to access internet
content (from desktops to small hand held devices). Since our software
is free of charge, and our source code is 100% within the public domain,
(we retain no copyright and no patent ownership), it provides a great
alternative to anyone wanting to provide access to animated internet
content without the cost and legal headaches of proprietary software.

Applicant stated in its letter dated July 30, 2009, that Applicant engages in several
activities to further the internet media industry. Specifically, Applicant stated that it engages in
the following:

A fully functional open media infrastructure (comprised entirely of free
software) does not currently exist. The activities of [Applicant] are
intended to fill this gap so that the internet media industry has an
alternative to the costs and headaches of proprietary media distribution
software. Specifically, we are currently developing a free flash player
that displays animation and video content on the web. We are also
working on a companion server to that free flash player. Finally, we are
striving to make our free flash player compatible with as many popular
media websites as possible so that it is of maximum benefit to the
industry. In addition to developing this software, we promote it via the
[Applicant’s website] and by attending and speaking at free and open
source software conferences.

Applicant further stated in its letter dated July 30, 2009, that it supports its stated line of
business, the internet media industry, by its intent to make grants. Specifically, Applicant stated
that “[t]o date, [Applicant] has been engaged solely in the development and promotion of our
software. We have not directed any resources at grant-making activities but would like to
reserve the right to do so in the future. These future grants are likely to be in the form of student
scholarships for attendance at free software developer conferences or general free and open
source software conferences whether hosted by [Applicant] or other organizations.” [Emphasis
added].

Applicant stated that it is a membership organization composed of three classes of dues
paying members. Specifically, in its letter dated July 30, 2009, Applicant stated the following:

Annual dues were structured as follows: Platinum ($200,000), Gold
($100,000) and Silver ($50,000). Platinum members were automatically
offered a seat on our Technical Advisory Committee. Unfortunately,
despite much effort, we have not succeeded in recruiting any corporate
members with this fee structure...therefore we have no members to
date. All our revenue to date has come from grants and individual
donations. I don’t know if this means we need to reapply as a 501c3 or
not. Our inability to recruit corporate members is something that could
not have been foreseen. In order to recruit corporate members, and
particularly in this economic climate, we may need to significantly lower
our annual dues. Alternatively, we may need to make membership
available to individuals. [Emphasis added]

Applicant elaborated on how the fee structure for its membership class was determined
and specifically, in its letter dated July 30, 2009, stated the following:

The annual dues structure for our membership classes was determined
by estimating what corporations would consider to be a reasonable
contribution (in the form of annual dues) in exchange for having a free
flash player to replace proprietary flash. Since our software is designed
to benefit all corporations in the internet media industry (small, medium,

and large) we offered three classes of membership with corresponding
annual dues.

Along with the review of Applicant’s 1024 application for tax exemption, we have also
reviewed and considered the additional material Applicant submitted, including but not limited to
its Articles of Incorporation, By-Laws, Membership Agreement, and software licenses.

Section 501(c)(6) of the Code exempts from federal income taxation business leagues,
chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues
(whether or not administering a pension fund for football players), not organized for profit and no
part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of the Income Tax Regulations (hereafter “regulations”) provides that
a business league is an association of persons having some common business interest, the
purpose of which is to promote such common interest and not to engage in a regular business
of a kind ordinarily carried on for profit. It is an organization of the same general class as a
chamber of commerce or board of trade. Thus, its activities should be directed to the
improvement of business conditions of one or more lines of business as distinguished from the
performance of particular services for individual persons. An organization whose purpose is to
engage in a regular business of a kind ordinarily carried on for profit, even though the business
is conducted on a cooperative basis or produces only sufficient income to be self-sustaining, is
not a business league.

Rev. Rul. 67-251, 1967-2 C.B. 196, holds that an organization seeking exempt status as a
business league violated the prohibition against inurement when part of the net earnings of the
league inured to the benefit of private individuals through the organization furnishing financial
aid and welfare services to its members.

Rev. Rul. 83-164, 1983-2 C.B. 95, holds that a nonprofit organization whose primary
activity is promoting the common business interests of users of one particular brand of computer
does not qualify for exemption from federal income tax as a business league under section
501(c)(6) of the Code as the activity of the organization in promoting one brand of computer
provides a competitive advantage to said brand at the expense of other brands in the industry
and is not promoting a line of business but rather a particular product in said line of business.

In American Auto. Assoc. v Commissioner, 19 T.C. 1146 (1953), the Tax Court held that
an automobile club, composed of individual motorists, automobile clubs, and commercial vehicle
organizations, failed to meet the common business interest requirement where membership in
the club, under its bylaws, was available to individual motorists without regard to business
interests or activities.

In National Muffler Dealers Assn. v United States, 440 U.S. 472, 99 S. Ct. 1304, 59 L. Ed.
2d 519 (1979), the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Court of Appeals and held that an
organization whose membership consisted of franchisees of one particular brand of automobile
muffler did not constitute a line of business within the meaning of section 501(c)(6) of the Code
as the organization was promoting a particular product at the expense of others in the industry.

Under section 501(c)(6) of the Code, organizations that are business leagues are exempt
from federal income taxation. The regulations go into greater detail and provide that a business
league must be an association of persons having a common business interest, whose purpose
must be to promote such common business interest, and whose earnings, if any, must not inure
to the benefit of any private person. See, section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of the regulations.

A tax-exempt business league under section 501(c)(6) of the Code and section
1.501(c)(6)-1 of the regulations must be an association of persons having a common business
interest. As a membership organization, membership support, both in the form of dues and
involvement in the organization’s activities, must be at a meaningful level. However, as
Applicant stated in its letter dated July 30, 2009, Applicant has no members to date.
Specifically, Applicant stated that “Unfortunately, despite much effort, we have not succeeded
in recruiting any corporate members with this fee structure...therefore we have no members to
date. All our revenue to date has come from grants and individual donations... Our inability to
recruit corporate members is something that could not have been foreseen.” Without
members, an organization cannot be an association of persons having a common business
interest and must fail as a business league under section 501(c)(6) of the Code. Applicant does
state that it may allow individuals to become members in its organization. However, even if
Applicant manages to secure individuals as members, it could still fail the membership test, as
business league members must be organized to promote a common business interest and
thereby must have a common business interest. As the Tax Court held in American Auto.
Assoc. v Commissioner, 19 T.C. 1146, 1159 (1953), an automobile club failed to meet the
common business interest requirement where membership in the club, under its bylaws, was
available to individual motorists without regard to business interests or activities. Furthermore,
Applicant reports that its operating revenue is comprised of donations from individuals and
grants, but not any revenue from members. As a result of Applicant’s failure to secure any
members and any meaningful membership support, Applicant failed to establish that it is an
association of persons having a common business interest as required under section 501(c)(6)
of the Code and section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of the regulations.

A tax-exempt business league under section 501(c)(6) of the Code and section
1.501(c)(6)-1 of the regulations must also have as its purpose the promoting of a common
business interest. Applicant states that the line of business it serves is the “internet media
industry and the manufacturers that create devices for accessing the media.” Although this is a
very broad line of business, the interests of all members in a business league are to promote
their line of business, with business defined broadly as almost any enterprise or activity
conducted for remuneration. Applicant reported that its sole activity to date has been the
development and promotion of its software. Applicant further reported that it furthers the
internet media line of business by providing its software for free as an “alternative to the costs
and headaches of proprietary media distribution software.” As the Supreme Court stated in
National Muffler Dealers Assn. v United States, 440 U.S. 472, 484, 99 S. Ct. 1304, 1310, 59 L.
Ed. 2d 519 (1979), promoting a particular product at the expense of others in the industry is not
promoting a line of business. Whereas in Rev. Rul. 83-164, supra, the Service holds that an
association of users of a single brand of computer, who were organized to develop and
disseminate information about this particular brand of computer, were not promoting a line of
business but were promoting a product. Similar to National Muffler Dealers Assn., id. at 484, 99
S.Ct. at 1310, and Rev. Rul. 83-164, supra, Applicant’s activities are directed solely toward
promoting the development and distribution of its own software—a particular product—rather

than a particular line of business. Applicant did not report engaging in any other meaningful
activity other then the development and promotion of its product. Furthermore, by Applicant’s
development of its free media software, Applicant is in direct competition with the software
manufacturers that comprise the internet media industry that Applicant is claiming to promote.
As a result of Applicant’s sole activity of developing and promoting its software product,
Applicant has established that its activities are directed to promoting its own interests and not
the common business interests of the whole internet media industry and the manufacturers that
create devices for accessing the media. Therefore, Applicant does not promote a common
business interest as required under section 501(c)(6) of the Code and section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of
the regulations.

Furthermore, under section 501(c)(6) of the Code and section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of the
regulations, a tax-exempt business league’s net earnings must not inure to the benefit of any
private shareholder or individual. Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 67-251, 1967-2 C.B. 196, financial aid
to members is a form of inurement and would preclude an organization from being recognized
as a tax-exempt business league under section 501(c)(6) of the Code. Applicant has stated that
it intends to engage in grant-making activities, “likely in the form of student scholarships for
attendance at free software developer conferences or general free and open software
conferences whether hosted by [Applicant] or other organizations.” Although the Applicant has
not provided any grant applications for review, grants to individuals would violate the prohibition
against inurement. As such, Applicant would not comply with the prohibition against inurement
as required under section 501(c)(6) of the Code and section 1.501(c)(6)-1 of the regulations for
an organization seeking recognition as a tax-exempt business league if it made such grants.

Based upon the above, we have made a determination that Applicant fails to meet the
requirements necessary to be recognized as a tax-exempt businesses league under section
501(c)(6) of the Code. Applicant has the right to file a protest if it believes this determination is
incorrect. To protest, Applicant must submit a statement of its views and fully explain its
reasoning. Applicant must submit the statement, signed by one of its officers, within 30 days
from the date of this letter. We will consider Applicant’s statement and decide if the information
affects our determination.

Applicant’s protest statement should be accompanied by the following declaration:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this protest statement,
including accompanying documents, and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the
statement contains all the relevant facts, and such facts are true, correct, and
complete.

Applicant also has a right to request a conference to discuss its protest. This request
should be made when Applicant files its protest statement. An attorney, certified public
accountant, or an individual enrolled to practice before the Internal Revenue Service may
represent Applicant. If Applicant wants representation during the conference procedures, it
must file a proper power of attorney, Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of
Representative, if it has not already done so. For more information about representation, see
Publication 947, Practice before the IRS and Power of Attorney. All forms and publications
mentioned in this letter can be found at www.irs.gov, Forms and Publications.

If Applicant does not intend to protest this determination, it need not take any further
action. If we do not hear from Applicant within 30 days, we will issue a final adverse
determination letter. That letter will provide information about filing tax returns and other
matters.

Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, and any supporting documents to this
address:

Internal Revenue Service
TE/GE (SE:T:EO:RA:T:3)
1111 Constitution Ave, N.W.
Washington, DC 20224

Applicant may also fax its statement using the fax number shown in the heading of this
letter. If Applicant faxes its statement, please call the person identified in the heading of this
letter to confirm that he or she received your fax.

If you have any questions, you may contact the person whose name and telephone
number are shown in the heading of this letter.

Sincerely,

Robert Choi
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings & Agreements