Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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M.D. and Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service, Moorefield, WV
M.D. (ECAB 11-698): Wage-capacity change and benefit termination affirmed
M.D. challenged OWCP’s decision to end benefits after a prior wage-earning capacity determination. The Board credited a reasoned medical opinion that her accepted injuries had improved and no longer limited full-duty work or required treatment. Another impairment report did not connect its rating…
M.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, New York, NY
M.H. (ECAB 11-644): Vehicle accident injury claim denied
M.H., a postal driver, reported back pain after another car struck his vehicle at an intersection. He did not explain his trip or show that he was carrying out work duties at that location and time. OWCP requested those facts, but he supplied no further account. The Board found that the event was…
B.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Cleveland, OH
B.P. (ECAB 11-588): Impairment claim remanded for adequate medical opinion
B.P., a postal carrier, sought a schedule award after an accepted perianal condition. OWCP’s second opinion physician did not adequately explain his impairment assessment or support it with examination findings and the applicable rating method. Because OWCP had undertaken medical development, it…
L.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Harrisburg, PA
L.D. (ECAB 11-472): Shoulder injury and reopening denials affirmed
L.D., a postal inspector, sought benefits for a claimed work-related shoulder injury. The Board found that the record did not establish a compensable injury from the reported event. His reconsideration request did not provide a qualifying new basis to reopen the merits. It affirmed both OWCP…
R.S. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA
R.S. (ECAB 11-421): Leg impairment dispute remanded for impartial review
R.S., a Veterans Affairs painter, sought schedule awards for leg impairment after an accepted back injury. The Board found a conflict between medical opinions about the extent of impairment caused by that injury. OWCP needed impartial medical review before deciding the ratings. The Board set aside…
R.K. and Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Orleans, LA
R.K. (ECAB 11-343): Emotional condition claim denied
R.K., a FEMA employee, attributed stress-related symptoms to workplace events. The Board found that the record did not establish a compensable work factor for this emotional condition claim. Without that threshold showing, it did not reach the medical evidence. It affirmed the denial.
B.R. and Department of the Navy, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA
B.R. (ECAB 11-153): Early-arrival injury claim denied
B.R., a Navy employee, was injured at the workplace roughly two hours before her scheduled shift. The Board found that whether she was authorized to be there so early was relevant, and the record did not establish that the injury occurred in the performance of duty. It affirmed the denial.
M.E. and Department of the Army, Army National Guard, Montgomery, AL
M.E. (ECAB 11-129): Late hearing request remanded for discretionary review
M.E., an Army National Guard employee, requested an oral hearing after the deadline for a hearing as of right. The Board agreed that the request was late. OWCP had not, however, exercised its discretion to decide whether to grant a hearing anyway. The Board set aside the refusal and remanded for…
O.V. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Denver, CO
O.V. (ECAB 11-98): Part-time wage-capacity finding reversed
O.V. had worked full time before his injury, then returned to a part-time postal position. The Board held that the shorter tour of duty could not be treated as suitable work for measuring his wage-earning capacity under OWCP’s procedure. It reversed the reduction based on his actual part-time…
B.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Burlington, NC
B.H. (ECAB 10-2372): Shoulder benefit termination reversed
B.H., a postal carrier, challenged termination of benefits for an accepted shoulder condition. OWCP relied on a physician referred to resolve work capacity, but that physician went beyond the referral to dispute accepted medical causation. The Board found that OWCP had not met its burden to…
C.S. and Department of Labor, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, New York, NY
C.S. (ECAB 10-2266): Work stress claim remanded for medical review
C.S., a Department of Labor employee, attributed an emotional condition to demanding work duties. The Board found that the record established substantial case-management and nurse-supervision duties that could be compensable work factors. OWCP had denied the claim without evaluating medical…
F.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Cleveland, OH
F.H. (ECAB 10-2183): Back and leg occupational disease claim denied
F.H., a postal carrier, attributed lower back and leg conditions to work duties. The Board found that the medical opinion did not address the accepted work factors or explain how they caused or aggravated a diagnosed condition. Symptoms appearing after work exposure alone did not establish…
G.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Denver, CO
G.B. (ECAB 10-1784): Rescission of total disability acceptance reversed
G.B., a postal employee, challenged OWCP’s withdrawal of an accepted recurrence of total disability. The Board found that the earlier wage-earning capacity determination was erroneous because it relied on part-time earnings for a worker employed full time when injured. It also found that the…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R-109 (Union) and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Newington, Connecticut (Agency)
NAGE Local R-109 and VA Connecticut (FLRA 0-NG-3046): Equipment proposals dismissed
VA Connecticut used patients in a compensated work therapy program to perform tasks involving mechanical and powered equipment. NAGE Local R-109 proposed barring those patients from operating the equipment or, alternatively, requiring the VA to give the union records of their training and…
United States Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review (Agency) and National Association of Immigration Judges (Union)
EOIR and National Association of Immigration Judges (FLRA 0-AR-4759): Rescission of one-day suspension upheld
The Executive Office for Immigration Review suspended an immigration judge for one day over inappropriate comments made during hearings several years earlier. An arbitrator found misconduct but rescinded the suspension because the agency delayed discipline after learning of the conduct, the judge's…
Patent Office Professsional Association (Union) and United States Department of Commerce, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Agency)
Patent Office Professional Association and USPTO (FLRA 0-AR-4456): Flat Goal program challenge denied
The Patent and Trademark Office introduced a voluntary pilot program that gave patent examiners a fixed quarterly production goal. Its union grieved the program, arguing that the standard failed to account for leave and other duties and that the agency ended bargaining unlawfully. An arbitrator…
United States Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Wage and Investment Division (Agency) and National Treasury Employees Union (Union)
IRS Wage and Investment Division and NTEU (FLRA 0-AR-4263): Inventory-day bargaining award largely upheld
IRS collection representatives previously had one day every two weeks to work on administrative tasks without making taxpayer calls. After a technology change, the IRS reduced those inventory days from 26 to 18 a year without bargaining with the union. An arbitrator found a bargaining violation and…
United States Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Austin, Texas (Agency) and National Treasury Employees Union (Union)
IRS Austin and NTEU (FLRA 0-AR-4060): Vision-accommodation award upheld
An IRS employee with a vision impairment had difficulty reading small print while scanning and transcribing tax documents, and the work caused eyestrain and headaches. An arbitrator found that the IRS took too long to evaluate her workstation and provide effective accommodation, including…
Secretary of Labor on behalf of Burdette Billings v. Proppant Specialists, LLC
Temporary economic reinstatement ordered
The Secretary alleged that Proppant Specialists discharged front-end loader operator Burdette Billings after he complained to MSHA about workers walking through hot sand. Proppant waived a hearing and argued that it fired Billings for four unrelated instances of misconduct. Judge Jacqueline Bulluck…
Allen Williams v. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Incorporated
Williams v. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding (BRB 11-0132): shipyard parking lot held covered
Allen Williams injured his shoulder in a parking lot after a shift as a nuclear pipe worker at Northrop Grumman's shipyard. A judge denied Longshore Act benefits because the lot was separated from the production area by a fence and security gate. The Board held that the lot was still within the…
K.D. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Newark, NJ
K.D. (ECAB 11-841): Emotional condition claim after supervisor meeting denied
K.D., a transportation security employee, reported a panic attack after meeting with a supervisor. The Board found that neither her account nor witness statements described what was said at the meeting. Without facts showing supervisory error or abuse, it could not identify a compensable work…
C.L. and Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Casper, WY
C.L. (ECAB 11-782): Hip injury claim after ice fall denied
C.L., a census field representative, reported falling on ice while walking to a trailer for work. The Board accepted the incident but found no sufficient physician opinion diagnosing a hip injury and explaining its connection to the fall. Physical therapy notes and test results did not fill that…
A.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Air Mail Facility, Jacksonville, FL
A.W. (ECAB 11-687): Back and knee occupational claim denied
A.W., a postal mail handler, attributed back and knee conditions to pushing, pulling, and lifting at work. The Board found that the submitted medical reports did not explain a causal link between his duties and the diagnosed conditions, including later neck and shoulder complaints. It affirmed the…
V.N. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Brooklyn, NY
V.N. (ECAB 11-684): Low back injury claim denied
V.N., a postal carrier, reported low back symptoms after a December 2010 work incident. The Board found that the medical evidence did not adequately explain how the incident caused or aggravated his low back condition. It affirmed the claim denial.
L.C. and Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Orleans, LA
L.C. (ECAB 11-648): Disability period remanded for medical development
L.C., a FEMA housing adviser, sought disability compensation for February through May 2009 after an accepted injury. Her physician’s reports lacked a full explanation and did not address the exact disability period, but they raised an uncontroverted inference of injury-related disability. The Board…
R.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Cleveland, OH
R.B. (ECAB 11-636): Right knee schedule award denied
R.B., a postal custodian, sought an award for permanent impairment after an accepted right knee sprain. The Board found that the medical record did not establish ratable permanent impairment caused by that sprain. It affirmed the denial.
L.I. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Bethpage, NY
L.I. (ECAB 11-575): Right knee benefit termination affirmed
L.I., a postal mail handler, injured her knee when a wire cage struck it at work. The Board found that OWCP met its burden to terminate benefits for the accepted sprain effective December 8, 2010. The evidence did not establish a claimed meniscal tear or another continuing injury caused by that…
S.G. and Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Browning, MT
S.G. (ECAB 11-552): Printer-lifting back claim denial affirmed
S.G., a Bureau of Indian Affairs employee, reported back pain after lifting a printer at work. The Board’s analysis found that the medical reports did not adequately explain how that event caused or aggravated a specific back injury. It affirmed OWCP’s denial. The release’s conclusion uses…
K.N. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing and Distribution Center, Bellmawr, NJ
K.N. (ECAB 11-538): Shoulder medical benefits termination affirmed
K.N., a postal mail processor, challenged the end of medical benefits for an accepted shoulder and arm injury. The Board found that OWCP’s medical evidence established no further treatment need caused by that injury as of June 30, 2010. It affirmed the termination.
P.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Brooklyn, NY
P.C. (ECAB 11-509): Low back injury claim remanded for specialist review
P.C., a postal employee, reported a low back injury after twisting, bending, and lifting mail trays. His medical reports did not fully prove causation, but one physician’s report raised an uncontroverted inference of a work connection. The Board directed OWCP to obtain a reasoned specialist…
D.H. and Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Phoenix, AZ
D.H. (ECAB 11-497): Computer security wage-capacity finding affirmed
D.H., a Bureau of Prisons employee, challenged a reduction based on a constructed computer security specialist position. The Board found that OWCP adequately established the job as medically and vocationally suitable and reasonably available. His difficulty obtaining a job in the field did not…
C.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing and Distribution Center, Kansas City, MO
C.S. (ECAB 11-387): Five percent right arm award and reopening refusal affirmed
C.S., a postal sorter clerk, sought a higher right arm impairment award. The Board found that the medical evidence supported no more than five percent permanent impairment. Her reconsideration request did not warrant another merits review. It affirmed both OWCP decisions.
R.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Hale Thorpe Post Office, Baltimore, MD
R.M. (ECAB 11-353): Denial of additional arm awards affirmed
R.M., a postal carrier, sought higher bilateral arm schedule awards. The Board found that the current evidence showed five percent right arm impairment and three percent left arm impairment, with no basis for awards above the five percent already granted for each arm. It affirmed both OWCP…
S.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Memphis, TN
S.M. (ECAB 11-299): Emotional condition claim based on alleged harassment denied
S.M., a postal clerk, attributed an emotional condition to alleged sexual harassment by a supervisor. The Board found that the specific allegations were not corroborated by the submitted statements or the available EEO material. Without an established compensable work factor, it did not reach…
K.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Baltimore, MD
K.C. (ECAB 11-172): Right arm impairment rating remanded
K.C., a postal employee, sought a right arm schedule award above four percent. The Board found that the impartial physician had not fully explained his rating under the A.M.A. Guides. OWCP’s medical adviser had substituted his own judgment for the impartial physician’s rather than merely checking…
Daniel Crowe Roof Repair and its Successors
Fall protection and training citations affirmed
Daniel Crowe Roof Repair hired two roofers to replace a residential roof in Pennsylvania, and one inexperienced worker fell about 17 feet and suffered multiple fractures. The judge found that the roofers were employees, not independent contractors, because Crowe controlled the work, supplied the…
National Air Traffic Controllers Association (Union) and United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (Agency)
NATCA and FAA (FLRA 0-NG-2934): Five audit and radar-replay proposals negotiable
The FAA began using random audits and radar replays to identify air traffic control errors after they occurred. NATCA proposed six limits and notice rules for how the FAA could use those findings when evaluating or disciplining controllers. The Authority found Proposals 1 through 5 within the duty…
American Federation of Government Employees, Council 236 (Union) and United States General Services Administration, Region 2, New York, New York (Agency)
AFGE Council 236 and GSA Region 2 (FLRA 0-AR-4771): Arbitration exceptions denied
AFGE Council 236 challenged an arbitration award involving the General Services Administration's Region 2 office. The Authority's short decision does not describe the underlying grievance or the arbitrator's ruling. It concluded that the union had not shown a legal error, arbitrator bias, an unfair…
United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Customs and Border Protection (Agency) and National Border Patrol Council (Union)
Customs and Border Protection and Border Patrol Council (FLRA 0-AR-4457): Uniform remedy upheld
Customs and Border Protection issued agents three new rough duty uniforms. The Border Patrol Council sought six and filed a grievance after bargaining failed. An arbitrator found that the agency bargained in bad faith and violated its agreement by implementing the uniform change without adequately…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3627 (Union) and Social Security Administration, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Tupelo, Mississippi (Agency)
AFGE Local 3627 and SSA Tupelo (FLRA 0-AR-4219): New promotion selections and backpay upheld
The Social Security Administration filled two paralegal positions in its Tupelo office. An arbitrator found that the selecting official improperly gathered information about candidates after a qualified list was established, contrary to the collective bargaining agreement. He ordered new selections…
INR-WV Operating, LLC
Reopening denied without prejudice after unexplained delay
INR-WV asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that became final when its human resources department failed to forward the contest form to the safety director. The Secretary opposed reopening and noted that the company waited about three and a half months after receiving a delinquency…
J & A Trucking
Reopening denied without prejudice for insufficient detail
J & A Trucking asked to reopen two final penalty assessments, saying a part-time office worker mistakenly failed to contest one and the company never received the other. The Commission found the explanations too general because the company did not describe the mistake, explain why it failed to…
Dana Mining Company of Pennsylvania, LLC
Accumulation and preshift orders vacated
MSHA alleged that Dana Mining allowed combustible accumulations at its underground 4 West Mine and failed to identify them during preshift examinations. The inspector viewed the material as fine coal, but company witnesses gave detailed testimony that the mine floor was largely black shale and…
Southern Scrap Materials Co., Inc.
Lead, cadmium, first-aid, and guarding violations yield $114,500 penalty
Southern Scrap Materials operated a Louisiana scrap-recycling facility where workers torch cut metal and used industrial machinery. The Commission rejected the company's broad challenges to OSHA's inspection, testing, and the validity of the lead and cadmium standards. It found that Southern…
E.R. and Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Paicines, CA
E.R. (ECAB 11-770): Wage-capacity modification request remanded
E.R., a former National Park Service worker, sought modification of an earlier wage-earning capacity finding. OWCP treated his request as an ordinary reconsideration application and refused merit review. The Board held that modification of a wage-capacity finding uses a different standard with no…
M.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Chicago, IL
M.H. (ECAB 11-757): Schedule award record consolidation ordered
M.H., a postal employee, challenged a schedule award decision involving upper extremity impairment and concurrent disability payments. A related accepted knee claim could affect whether she was entitled to the award, but its file was absent from the appeal record. The Board directed OWCP to…
F.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Raleigh, NC
F.T. (ECAB 11-720): Timely reconsideration request remanded
F.T., a postal employee, mailed a reconsideration request on the last day of the one-year filing period. OWCP had treated it as untimely. The Board held that the postmark made the request timely and directed OWCP to assess the accompanying evidence under the proper standard. It set aside the…
L.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Brooklyn, NY
L.T. (ECAB 11-713): Knee claim files ordered consolidated
L.T., a postal employee, reported renewed knee pain and said it related to an earlier work injury. OWCP treated the claim as a new injury, but the earlier claim file was absent from the record. The Board found that it could not determine the correct treatment of the claim without those materials…
W.S. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Central Arkansas Health Clinic System, Little Rock, AR
W.S. (ECAB 11-707): Hearing award and hearing-aid requests denied
W.S. sought a schedule award and hearing aids for left-ear hearing loss. The Board found no ratable hearing impairment and no abuse of discretion in denying hearing aids. It also found that OWCP properly treated his failure to attend a scheduled hearing as abandonment. It affirmed both decisions.
D.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Coppell, TX
D.G. (ECAB 11-650): Overpayment decision remanded for requested conference
D.G., a postal employee, requested a telephone conference before OWCP issued a final overpayment decision. OWCP issued the decision without responding to that request. The Board found that he had been denied the requested opportunity to present testimony. It set aside the decision and remanded for…
D.L. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Daytona Beach, FL
D.L. (ECAB 11-649): Occupational claim record reconstruction ordered
D.L., a Veterans Affairs employee, appealed an occupational disease decision. The file supplied to the Board omitted related claims and materials considered by OWCP’s hearing representative. Without the complete record, the Board could not review the decision. It set the decision aside and ordered…
M.D. and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
M.D. (ECAB 11-639): Fall abrasions recognized; other conditions denied
M.D., a National Institutes of Health employee, fell at work in July 2009. The Board found that the evidence established abrasions from the fall. It did not establish that claimed cellulitis or other conditions and disability were caused by the incident. The Board affirmed OWCP’s decision as…
M.R. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
M.R. (ECAB 11-632): Wage-capacity decision remanded for proper service
M.R., a Veterans Affairs employee, appealed a reduction based on her earnings as an admissions nurse. She had an authorized representative who was to receive claim decisions, but OWCP did not send him the decision. The Board held that the decision was therefore not properly issued. It set the…
R.S. and Department of the Navy, Pacific Fleet, Bremerton, WA
R.S. (ECAB 11-584): Right arm award remanded for sixth-edition rating
R.S., a Navy worker, sought an increased right arm schedule award. OWCP evaluated the claim using an earlier edition of the A.M.A. Guides, although its September 8, 2010 hearing decision came after the sixth edition took effect on May 1, 2009. The Board held that the sixth edition governed and…
A.S. and Department of Defense, Defense Logistics Agency, Albany, GA
A.S. (ECAB 11-563): Back and shoulder claim remanded for related-file review
A.S., a Defense Logistics Agency worker, linked current back and shoulder complaints to an earlier accepted fall. OWCP treated her filing as a separate occupational disease claim without incorporating the prior injury record or clearly identifying the accepted work events. The Board found the…
L.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Cincinnati, OH
L.M. (ECAB 11-551): Bilateral leg award claim remanded for report review
L.M., a postal employee, sought a larger right leg award and an award for the left leg. A relevant physician report was in the record but had not been considered by OWCP’s hearing representative. The Board vacated the decision and directed OWCP to review that report before deciding both award…
A.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Washington, DC
A.M. (ECAB 11-512): Reconsideration remanded for merit decision
A.M. had timely requested reconsideration of an earlier OWCP merit decision. A prior Board order called for a decision on the merits, but OWCP instead issued another refusal to review. The Board set aside that refusal and remanded for the overdue merit decision.
S.B. and Peace Corps, Peace Corps Volunteer Service, Washington, DC
S.B. (ECAB 11-460): Wage-capacity modification request remanded
S.B. sought reconsideration of a prior wage-earning capacity determination. The Board found that OWCP should have treated the filing as a request to modify that determination under the applicable criteria. It set aside the decision and directed OWCP to adjudicate modification on the merits.
R.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Port Reading, NJ
R.W. (ECAB 11-456): Sixth-edition two percent leg award affirmed
R.W., a postal employee, challenged the edition of the A.M.A. Guides used to rate his right leg impairment. The Board held that the edition in force when OWCP made the award decision governed, rather than the edition in force at maximum medical improvement or filing. The sixth edition therefore…
T.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Coppell, TX
T.H. (ECAB 11-425): Related claim and wage-loss appeals consolidated
T.H., a postal employee, appealed two denials of emotional condition claims and a denial of wage-loss compensation under an earlier accepted claim. The Board found that OWCP needed to consolidate the related records and make findings on each allegation. It set aside the decisions and remanded for a…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.