Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Zavaleta v. Alaska Airlines, Inc.
Zavaleta v. Alaska Airlines (DOL ARB 2015-0080): Aviation retaliation claim remanded
Jeremias Zavaleta alleged that Alaska Airlines retaliated after he reported improperly installed landing gear. He said the company investigated his timekeeping, changed his job conditions, and passed him over for a management role. An administrative law judge dismissed the aviation whistleblower…
G.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Merrick, NY
G.C. (ECAB 17-0389): Two-day back disability recurrence denied
A postal carrier had accepted sacroiliitis after a coworker kicked him in the lower back. He later sought compensation for two days away from his modified duties. His physician excused him from work but did not explain how the accepted condition had worsened enough to prevent those duties. The…
S.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Fairborn, OH
S.H. (ECAB 17-0174): Knee impairment rating returned for clarification
A postal carrier sought a larger left leg schedule award than the 13 percent previously granted. The medical record contained differing ratings based on diagnosis and knee motion. The Board directed OWCP to obtain a clarification from its referee physician about the motion-based method and to…
D.S. and Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Federal Corrections Institution, Manchester, KY
D.S. (ECAB 16-1801): Knee injury claim lacked medical causation
A correctional counselor said his left knee popped while he bent to search an inmate. OWCP accepted that the August 29, 2014 incident occurred. The Board found that Dr. Perry did not explain his meniscal tear diagnosis, Dr. Morris relied on a tear not shown by imaging, and Dr. Allen had not…
D.L. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Tomah, WI
D.L. (ECAB 16-1639): Air-conditioner hearing and insomnia claim denied
A Veterans Affairs pharmacist attributed hearing loss and ringing in his ears to a nearby air conditioner, and attributed insomnia to the ear symptoms. Workplace testing showed normal noise readings. The Board also found that the physician’s reports did not explain how the alleged exposure caused…
A.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Coppell, TX
A.T. (ECAB 16-1584): Bilateral arm occupational claim denied
A postal clerk attributed arm symptoms to heavy lifting and other work duties. A physician diagnosed left wrist tendinitis but did not explain how the specific duties caused the claimed bilateral condition. A nurse practitioner’s report could not establish medical causation under FECA. The Board…
M.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Massena, NY
M.W. (ECAB 16-1560): Hearing request and recurrence claim denied
A postal carrier with accepted neck and chest injuries sought review of an earlier wage-loss denial and claimed a later recurrence of disability. The Board found no right to the requested hearing and no abuse of discretion in OWCP’s refusal. It also found the medical evidence insufficient to…
M.B. and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Jacksonville, FL
M.B. (ECAB 16-0917): Air traffic supervisor’s emotional claim denied
An air traffic control supervisor attributed an emotional condition to excessive workload and treatment by coworkers and managers. The Board found his workload assertions unsupported by specific evidence. It also found that the record did not establish the alleged mistreatment directed at him as a…
Secretary of Labor v. Prosperity Coal, LLC
Service defects split nineteen penalty cases
Prosperity Coal sought to reopen 19 proposed penalty assessments that it said it never received. MSHA mailed 13 assessments to Tennessee addresses that were not the operator's address of record, so the Commission held that valid service never occurred and the contest deadlines never began. Those 13…
Secretary of Labor obo Jerry Ramsey v. Vulcan Construction Materials
Retaliatory discharge found after protected safety activity
Jerry Ramsey worked as an equipment operator at Vulcan Construction Materials' Bristol Quarry. He reported several safety concerns, filed an earlier discrimination complaint, and sought information needed to apply to become a miners' representative. Vulcan fired him after accusing him of using a…
Secretary of Labor v. M-Class Mining, LLC and M-Class Mining, LLC v. Secretary of Labor
Secretary of Labor v. M-Class Mining, LLC (FMSHRC LAKE 2015-587, LAKE 2015-285 R, LAKE 2015-286 R): Serious hydraulic injury required immediate reporting
A high-pressure hydraulic hose ruptured at M-Class Mining's underground coal mine and injected fluid into a worker, causing serious internal injuries. Judge Priscilla M. Rae held that the visible bleeding, the worker's symptoms, and the 4,200-psi mechanism gave management ample reason to recognize…
Matter of J. M. ALVARADO
Personal motive does not defeat the persecutor bar
The Board reviewed the Department of Homeland Security's appeal from a grant of special rule cancellation of removal to a Salvadoran respondent who served in the Salvadoran National Guard during the civil war. The respondent detained a person, stood guard while his superiors interrogated and…
Shevchenko v. Elbrus Logistics, Inc.
Shevchenko v. Elbrus Logistics (DOL ARB 2017-0035): Late appeal dismissed
Yevgeniy Shevchenko sought Board review after an administrative law judge dismissed his Surface Transportation Assistance Act case. The Board found that his petition arrived more than 14 days after the judge's ruling. His attorney argued that he understood the filing period to be 30 days and that…
T.B., Jr. and Department of Veterans Affairs, H. John Heinz III Veterans Administration, Pittsburgh, PA
T.B., Jr. (ECAB 17-0444): Fume exposure claim lacked factual detail
A Veterans Affairs housekeeping employee reported lightheadedness that he attributed to fumes while cleaning. OWCP asked for details about the alleged exposure, but he did not supply them. The Board found that the employment factor itself remained unestablished and affirmed the claim denial.
J.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Baton Rouge, LA
J.G. (ECAB 17-0293): Two percent arm impairment award upheld
A postal maintenance mechanic sought a larger left arm award after a forearm and elbow injury. OWCP’s referral physician rated two percent impairment for ulnar nerve involvement, and its medical adviser agreed. The Board found no evidence supporting a higher rating or a compensable shoulder…
R.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Fredericksburg, VA
R.C. (ECAB 17-0280): Fraud conviction forfeiture upheld
A postal carrier had received benefits for an accepted injury. After he pleaded guilty in federal court to making a false statement to obtain workers’ compensation, OWCP terminated compensation under FECA’s forfeiture rule. The Board upheld the termination date tied to the plea in open court. It…
D.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Indianapolis, IN
D.P. (ECAB 16-1550): Schedule award for leg impairment denied
A postal mail handler sought a leg schedule award based on accepted lumbar radiculopathy. One physician rated lower-extremity impairment, but OWCP’s referral physician found no objective basis for impairment attributable to the accepted condition. The Board gave weight to the detailed referral…
R.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing & Distribution Center, Las Vegas, NV
R.T. (ECAB 16-1518): Shoulder and spine injury claims denied
A postal processing clerk attributed shoulder and spine conditions to lifting parcels in September 2012. The Board accepted that the work incident occurred and reviewed additional medical reports following an earlier appeal. It found no sufficiently reasoned medical explanation linking the…
M.W. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Grand Island, NE
M.W. (ECAB 16-1299): Left leg impairment remains at 11 percent
A Veterans Affairs nurse sought a higher left leg schedule award after an accepted lumbar injury and surgery. An earlier award had been revisited after a Board remand for proper use of the impairment guides. The Board found that the later physician and medical adviser adequately supported an 11…
Jesco, Inc.
Demolition power-line citation vacated
Jesco replaced an 80-to-85-foot bucket conveyor system at a Mississippi pet food plant while employees used the top of an electrically powered man lift as a work platform. During removal, a lifted conveyor casing struck electrical conduit serving the lift, causing the lift to rise and fatally crush…
A.E. and Department of the Army, Fort Monmouth, NJ
A.E. (ECAB 17-0128): Little finger impairment rating returned
An Army employee sought a greater award than the eight percent impairment previously assigned to her left little finger. The Board found that upper-extremity awards had been rated inconsistently under diagnosis-based and range-of-motion approaches. It returned the case for a consistent application…
B.W. and Department of the Army, Fort Bragg, NC
B.W. (ECAB 16-1860): Hearing request timely after holiday
An Army employee requested a telephone hearing after OWCP denied her claim. OWCP counted the request as late, but the Board found that the deadline rolled forward past Saturday, Sunday, and a federal holiday. Her hearing request was postmarked on the resulting business day. The Board directed OWCP…
A.H. and Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command - Stations, San Diego, CA
A.H. (ECAB 16-1835): Request to change treating physician denied
A Navy employee treated for injuries after a work-related vehicle collision asked to switch doctors because her condition had not improved. The Board reviewed OWCP’s discretionary decision under its physician-change rule. It found that dissatisfaction with progress and treatment options on this…
L.L. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Portland, OR
L.L. (ECAB 16-1189): Arm schedule award returned for rating method
A postal mail handler sought a schedule award after accepted right arm fractures and a shoulder condition. The Board identified an unresolved question about using diagnosis-based or range-of-motion methods for upper-extremity ratings. It directed OWCP to develop the record under a consistent method…
S.F. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, McCordsville, IN
S.F. (ECAB 16-1019): Reconsideration request did not reopen injury claim
A postal rural carrier sought to reopen a denied claim after reporting abdominal and leg symptoms from heavy lifting. Her lawyer argued that earlier medical reports supported the injury claim. The Board found that the request offered no new legal point or relevant evidence sufficient to require…
S.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Tulsa, OK
S.S. (ECAB 15-0532): Left leg award and hearing denial upheld
A postal distribution clerk sought an increased left leg schedule award and an oral hearing. The Board reviewed the impairment ratings and found no basis for an award above the 60 percent already granted. It also found the hearing request untimely and no abuse of discretion in OWCP’s refusal to…
A.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Stone Mountain, GA
A.D. (ECAB 17-0145): Carpal tunnel files must be combined
A postal employee filed a new bilateral carpal tunnel occupational claim after earlier hand and wrist claims. OWCP had accepted carpal tunnel syndrome in one prior file but did not associate the related records when deciding the new claim. The Board directed OWCP to combine the three files, review…
K.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Woodbridge, VA
K.B. (ECAB 16-1910): Injury claim not reopened on reconsideration
A postal clerk sought to reopen a denied left knee claim following a workplace fall. Her reconsideration submission contained general materials about Board appeals and procedure, rather than evidence addressing the medical causation issue. The Board found that it did not satisfy the requirements…
W.M. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
W.M. (ECAB 16-1658): Disability recurrence and back claim denied
A Veterans Affairs employee had accepted right ankle and knee injuries after a work-related fall. He later claimed that those injuries caused renewed disability beginning February 11, 2015 and contributed to a back condition through an altered gait. The Board found the medical reports…
A.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Harrisburg, PA
A.B. (ECAB 16-1640): Right foot occupational claim denied
A postal carrier attributed a right foot condition to her work. Her physician identified several foot diagnoses but did not supply a reasoned explanation connecting them to specific duties. The Board also found no new relevant evidence or legal argument in her reconsideration request. It affirmed…
C.M. and Department of the Air Force, Reserve Officer Training Corps, Clemson, SC
C.M. (ECAB 16-1569): Cadet’s reconsideration request was timely
An Air Force ROTC cadet sought compensation for a back injury while running. OWCP first denied the claim for lack of a line-of-duty statement, then accepted that requirement but denied medical causation in a later letter. The Board treated the later letter as the final decision that started the…
J.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, City of Industry, CA
J.C. (ECAB 16-1496): Multi-joint occupational claim denial upheld
A postal mail handler attributed shoulder, back, hip, knee, and ankle conditions to years of pushing, pulling, and lifting mail. OWCP accepted the described duties, but the Board found the medical reports insufficient to establish causation. It also found that a repeated medical report did not…
D.N. and U.S. Postal Service, Astrodome Station, Houston, TX
D.N. (ECAB 16-1439): Additional nerve and spasm conditions denied
A postal carrier had accepted thoracic back conditions after pulling mail in 2007. She sought acceptance of additional brachial and sciatic nerve, muscle spasm, and disc conditions. The Board weighed the medical reports and found no sufficiently reasoned causal link between those additional…
C.C. and Department of Homeland Security, Customs & Border Protection, Orlando, FL
C.C. (ECAB 16-1237): Wage-capacity modification requires correct review
A Customs and Border Protection officer sought additional benefits after an earlier wage-earning capacity ruling. OWCP treated his submission as a request to reconsider a recurrence denial. The Board held that OWCP first had to apply the rules for modifying the wage-capacity determination. It…
Secretary of Labor v. The American Coal Company
Settlement denied for lack of citation-specific facts
The Secretary again asked Judge William B. Moran to approve a settlement covering 32 citations against The American Coal Company. The proposal kept every citation as written while reducing every penalty by 30 percent, but supplied no citation-specific facts tied to the penalty criteria. The judge…
L.A. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, San Diego, CA
L.A. (ECAB 17-0152): Standing-related foot claim denied
A transportation security officer attributed bilateral plantar fasciitis to long periods of standing. OWCP accepted her work duties but had no medical evidence connecting them to a diagnosed condition when it ruled. The Board could not consider new material first submitted on appeal. It affirmed…
M.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Saunders Station, Richmond, VA
M.A. (ECAB 17-0122): Foot injury claim denied for lack of causal proof
A postal letter carrier slipped on a loose porch board while delivering mail. OWCP accepted that the incident occurred. The Board found the podiatrist’s reports insufficiently reasoned on how that event caused or aggravated the right foot conditions. It affirmed the injury denial.
S.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Louisville, KY
S.C. (ECAB 17-0103): Right knee occupational claim denied
A postal clerk attributed right knee arthritis to standing, bending, and walking at work. The Board accepted those duties as factual. A physician checked a causation box without providing an explanatory medical opinion. The Board found the causal link unproved and affirmed the claim denial.
S.H. and Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Center, Victorville, CA
S.H. (ECAB 17-0022): Benefits termination not reopened
A prison warden sought reconsideration after OWCP ended wage-loss and medical benefits for accepted hand and wrist conditions. He submitted a progress note describing ulnar entrapment, a condition OWCP had not accepted. The Board found that the note did not address the disability or treatment…
L.Q. and Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Atlanta, GA
L.Q. (ECAB 16-1709): Leg award denied, arm rating returned
A Bureau of Prisons employee sought schedule awards after accepted left ankle and right shoulder injuries. The medical opinions agreed that her ankle condition left no permanent leg impairment. For the right arm, the Board required OWCP to resolve inconsistent rating methods and issue a new…
R.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Southeastern Processing & Distribution Center, Southeastern, PA
R.B. (ECAB 16-1481): Wage-loss termination upheld
A postal distribution clerk received benefits for accepted upper-extremity nerve conditions. An impartial specialist found she could work, and OWCP ended wage-loss compensation. The Board gave that opinion controlling weight and found later treating reports insufficient to establish continuing…
D.B. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Coppel, TX
D.B. (ECAB 16-0904): Neck claim returned for second opinion
A transportation security screener fell and struck her head during work. OWCP accepted back conditions but denied expansion to include neck conditions. The Board found that treating physicians’ opinions linking the neck problems to the fall required more medical development. It directed OWCP to…
G.H. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Salisbury, NC
G.H. (ECAB 16-0876): Cervical acceptance restored, shoulder benefits ended
A Veterans Affairs nursing assistant injured her neck and shoulder while repositioning a patient. OWCP later rescinded its acceptance of a cervical herniated disc and ended compensation for the shoulder condition. The Board found the rescission unsupported, so the cervical condition remained…
B.F. and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Kansas City, MO
B.F. (ECAB 17-0347): Two percent awards for each arm upheld
An IRS tax examining clerk sought higher bilateral arm awards after accepted carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger thumbs. Her physician rated three percent impairment of each arm, but OWCP’s medical adviser applied the impairment guides to her findings and rated two percent each. The Board found that…
G.M. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Fort Wayne, IN
G.M. (ECAB 17-0345): Foot claim not reopened
A Veterans Affairs nursing assistant sought reconsideration of a denied leg, ankle, and foot injury claim. She resubmitted a statement of her work duties and added medical records. The Board found the statement repetitive and the medical material irrelevant to the unresolved factual question. It…
R.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Miami, FL
R.A. (ECAB 17-0303): Missed telephone hearing treated as abandoned
A postal carrier requested a telephone hearing in her compensation case. OWCP mailed notice more than 30 days before the hearing, including the call-in information. The Board applied the presumption of delivery for properly mailed notices. Because she did not call in or provide a timely…
T.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Birmingham, AL
T.P. (ECAB 17-0169): Late reconsideration request denied
A postal mail handler sought reconsideration of a denied low back claim after the ordinary filing period. The Board found that a new medical report and counsel’s arguments did not raise a substantial question about the earlier denial. It affirmed the refusal to reopen and did not decide the…
L.G. and U.S. Postal Service, General Mail Facility, Boston, MA
L.G. (ECAB 17-0160): Claimed workplace altercation unproved
A postal processing clerk said she was frightened by a verbal altercation between coworkers at work. The employer disputed that the event occurred during her shift, and she did not provide the requested factual details or supporting evidence. The Board found no established compensable incident and…
Berardi's Fresh Roast
Coffee bagger guarding violation affirmed
Berardi's Fresh Roast used an automatic machine to fill, heat-seal, and cut foil coffee bags. Bags regularly stuck near the machine's heated jaws and knife, and operators often reached through a gap beneath the interlocked doors to remove them while the machine kept running. An operator's fingertip…
J.S. and Department of Defense, Defense Logistics Agency, El Toro, CA
J.S. (ECAB 16-1582): Later heart attacks not linked to accepted conditions
A Defense Logistics Agency employee had accepted work-related anxiety and a temporary aggravation of angina. He later sought recognition of heart attacks in 2003 and 2007 as consequences of those conditions. The Board found no sufficiently reasoned medical opinion connecting the attacks to the…
Barnard Construction Company, Incorporated
Grinder and floor-cover items partly affirmed
Barnard Construction faced safety and health citations arising from work at a federally owned Kentucky power project. The judge affirmed a serious bench-grinder item because its work rests exceeded the permitted gap and the accessible machine had not been effectively tagged or removed from employee…
P.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Long Branch, NJ
P.C. (ECAB 16-0961): Knee-benefit termination reversed
A postal employee received benefits for accepted knee conditions. OWCP relied on a referral physician to stop wage-loss and medical benefits, but the Board found his opinion insufficiently explained. An attending surgeon also described ongoing effects of the accepted meniscal injuries. The Board…
S.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Sappington Branch, St. Louis, MO
S.B. (ECAB 16-0562): Right arm impairment rating returned
A postal carrier sought a larger right arm schedule award than the three percent previously granted. The Board found that OWCP had applied the impairment guides inconsistently to upper-extremity claims. It returned the case for an appropriate rating under a uniform method. The final arm percentage…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2258 (Union) and Social Security Administration, Dallas, Texas (Agency)
AFGE Local 2258 and Social Security Administration (FLRA 0-AR-5234): Workplace-conduct grievance denial upheld
A union officer and another bargaining-unit employee had a verbal workplace dispute. The union later filed a grievance alleging that the employee had violated a contract requirement for professional and respectful conduct. An arbitrator found insufficient evidence of wrongdoing in the incident and…
Secretary of Labor v. United Rentals Northwest
Final assessment reopened after unrelated credit
United Rentals said it intended to contest a penalty assessment but neither of the two employees responsible for MSHA assessments received it. MSHA applied an unrelated overpayment to the penalty, so the operator received no delinquency notice; United Rentals said it learned of the final assessment…
Secretary of Labor v. HNS, Inc.
Officer's absence excused missed contest
HNS failed to contest a penalty assessment while its secretary and treasurer was away during the summer. Mine employees did not know they needed to follow up with MSHA, and the contest was filed after the officer returned. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. The Commission found an inadvertent…
Klondex Midas Operations, Inc v. Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Labor v. Klondex Midas Operations, Inc. and Secretary of Labor v. Klondex Gold and Silver Mining Company
Klondex Midas Operations, Inc v. Secretary of Labor (FMSHRC WEST 2015-416 M): Partial summary decision denied after fatal accident investigation
Klondex Midas Operations contested citations and orders issued after a miner was found unresponsive at the Midas Mine, an underground gold mine, and after later inspections at the Fire Creek Mine. Klondex argued that the Secretary lacked evidence to support the enforcement actions and that the…
Secretary of Labor v. Ohio Valley Coal Company
Obsolete MSHA address excused missed contest
Ohio Valley Coal mailed its penalty contest using labels that listed MSHA's former address during a transition between safety directors. The returned contest was readdressed and sent the same day, but the new safety director did not learn until months later that MSHA had rejected it as late. The…
Gallas v. The Medical Center of Aurora
Health care claim remanded
Kitty Gallas alleged that The Medical Center of Aurora fired her after she raised concerns about its TeleMental Health program. The Board upheld summary dismissal of her Sarbanes Oxley claim because her care and compliance complaints did not establish a reasonable belief of conduct covered by that…
Matthew Bane v. Denison Mines (USA) Corp., now known as Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.
Matthew Bane v. Denison Mines (USA) Corp. (FMSHRC WEST 2012-1224 DM): Safety complaints did not cause layoff
Matthew Bane, an electrician at Denison's underground uranium and vanadium mine, alleged that the company laid him off because he raised safety and health concerns. Judge L. Zane Gill found that Bane engaged in protected activity by reporting a supervisor's unsafe conduct, complaining about dust…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.