Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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C.F. and Department of Veterans Affairs, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System
18-1607 (ECAB): Workplace shooting-related claim sent back for incident facts
C.F., a Veterans Affairs supervisory audiologist, reported an emotional condition after an armed assailant fired shots at her workplace. OWCP denied her claim without fully obtaining the employer’s account of the incident and her involvement. The Board found the factual record incomplete and…
S.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Chicago, IL
18-1398 (ECAB): Carpal tunnel disability split across three periods
S.H., a postal maintenance support clerk, had accepted bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and claimed a recurrence of disability. The Board found insufficient medical proof of total disability through October 25, 2017. The employer confirmed no suitable work was available on October 26 and 27, so…
M.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, San Francisco, CA
18-1365 (ECAB): Left wrist claim sent back for medical evaluation
M.D., a postal mail clerk, claimed left wrist carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive duties. OWCP denied the claim because it found the alleged work exposures were not established. The Postal Service also argued that the claim duplicated her earlier right wrist claims. The Board found this was a…
M.S. and Department of the Air Force, 99th Medical Group, Nellis Air Force Base, NV
18-1280 (ECAB): Neck, back, and shoulder occupational claim denied
M.S., an Air Force nurse educator, attributed neck, back, and shoulder conditions to extended sitting and computer work. OWCP accepted the identified duties but denied her occupational disease claim. The Board found the medical evidence did not adequately explain how those duties caused or…
Lumas Guidry v. Waveland Services, Incorporated
Guidry v. Waveland Services (BRB 18-0483): claimant reconsideration denied
Lumas Guidry asked the Board to reconsider its earlier decision in his case against Waveland Services. The Board found that he had not shown an error and that his arguments had been rejected previously. It denied reconsideration. The Board noted that Guidry would need to file a modification motion…
John Scarbrough v. Shannon Wagner dba Seattle Marine Construction
Scarbrough v. Seattle Marine Construction (BRB 18-0282): disability ruling upheld with late payment assessment
John Scarbrough injured his back and knee while working on a vessel and challenged the periods and amounts of disability benefits awarded after a prior remand. The Board upheld the judge’s findings about when Scarbrough could perform his usual work, the availability of other suitable jobs, and his…
Joel Edwin Miles v. 17 West Mining, Incorporated
Miles v. 17 West Mining (BRB 18-0026 BLA): black lung denial returned for disability review
Joel Miles appealed the denial of a subsequent black lung claim after a judge found no total respiratory disability. The Board found that the judge had not adequately explained his treatment of a 2016 breathing test and had mischaracterized a physician’s disability testimony. It vacated the…
Austin v. BNSF Railway Company
Injury reports did not contribute to dispatcher discharge
BNSF dispatcher Tracie Austin reported a restroom puddle, her resulting fall and injury, and her medical treatment. Days later, surveillance video showed her entering a coworker's workspace and taking a pill bottle from the coworker's purse without contemporaneous notice. The ALJ credited the…
E.S. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, KY
18-1750 (ECAB): Patient-assistance injury and late review request denied
E.S., a Veterans Affairs nurse, reported shoulder and back pain after helping a patient who fell near a wheelchair. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the injury claim for lack of sufficient medical causation evidence. She also requested a review of the written record after the deadline. The…
T.H. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Center, North Chicago, IL
18-1572 (ECAB): Dental clinic injury claim not reopened
T.H., a Veterans Affairs dentist, reported head and neck injuries after striking a surgical lamp while treating a patient. After OWCP denied the claim, he sought reconsideration. The Board found his submission did not meet the requirements for a new merits review and affirmed the nonmerit denial.
K.B. and Federal Housing Finance Agency, Washington, DC
18-1548 (ECAB): Respiratory claim sent back for medical assessment
K.B., a Federal Housing Finance Agency office manager, reported respiratory symptoms after working in offices affected by flooding and a damaged ceiling. The Board found that she had established exposure to water-damaged materials and debris, though she had not proved unhealthy mold levels. It…
S.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Hartford Processing & Distribution Center, Hartford, CT
18-1488 (ECAB): Right shoulder condition not linked to vehicle-exit incident
S.S., a postal motor vehicle operator, reported shoulder pain while exiting her vehicle for another run. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the injury claim. The Board found her medical evidence did not adequately explain how the event caused or aggravated a diagnosed shoulder condition. It…
M.B. and Department of the Army, Saudi Arabian National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
18-1455 (ECAB): Total disability from accepted emotional condition not established
M.B., an Army information technology specialist, had an accepted work-related exacerbation of depression and anxiety. She claimed that the accepted condition caused total disability beginning February 9, 2013. The Board found the medical evidence did not adequately establish inability to work…
K.C. and Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Casual Firefighters, Sundance, WY
18-1330 (ECAB): Toe condition claim from fire work denied
K.C., a Forest Service forestry technician, reported right big toe pain and swelling while hiking and doing mop-up work at a fire. OWCP accepted the identified work factors but denied his claim. The Board found the medical evidence did not adequately establish a diagnosed condition caused by those…
E.L. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Memphis, TN
18-1262 (ECAB): Right leg schedule award claim not reopened
E.L., a Veterans Affairs medical support assistant, had accepted injuries after a workplace fall and sought review of a right leg impairment determination. The Board found her reconsideration materials were irrelevant to the impairment question or repeated medical reports already considered. It…
T.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Cleveland, OH
18-1190 (ECAB): Bilateral wrist condition claim denied
T.D., a postal mail handler, attributed bilateral wrist symptoms to her work duties. OWCP accepted the identified duties but denied the occupational disease claim. The Board found her medical evidence did not adequately explain how those duties caused or aggravated the claimed arm and wrist…
N.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Perry, GA
18-0759 (ECAB): Fall injury denial remanded to review omitted evidence
N.S., a postal rural carrier, tripped and fell while delivering a parcel. OWCP accepted the fall but denied her injury claim, saying the medical evidence did not establish causation. The Board found that OWCP had omitted medical records already in its file when it issued the denial. It set aside…
M.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, West Sacramento, CA
18-1675 (ECAB): Failure to complete impartial examination upheld benefit suspension
M.T., a postal mail carrier, received benefits for accepted right wrist and hand conditions. OWCP directed her to complete an impartial medical examination, including a cervical spine x-ray and a triphasic bone scan of her right arm. The Board found that her failure to schedule and attend both…
S.C. and Department of Defense, Defense Logistics Agency, Tracy, CA
18-1649 (ECAB): Termination of wage-loss benefits for 1998 wrist injury affirmed
S.C., a Defense Logistics Agency transportation clerk, had an accepted 1998 left wrist injury. OWCP terminated wage-loss compensation after finding she no longer had disability caused by that injury. The Board found that the medical evidence supported the termination and that contrary reports did…
C.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Mamaroneck, NY
18-1645 (ECAB): Left knee internal derangement not linked to accepted injury
C.P., a postal city carrier assistant, was struck by a metal object at work and OWCP accepted a left knee contusion. She sought benefits based on a diagnosis of left knee internal derangement. The Board found that the medical evidence did not adequately explain how the work incident caused that…
G.K. and U.S. Postal Service, New Hyde Park Annex, New Hyde Park, NY
18-1594 (ECAB): Knee claim remanded to combine prior case file
G.K., a postal letter carrier, claimed that his work caused or aggravated bilateral knee conditions. OWCP denied the claim while relying on medical evidence from his earlier accepted left knee injury file. The Board found that the files had not been combined and the referenced evidence was absent…
L.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, San Francisco, CA
18-1429 (ECAB): Wage-earning capacity challenge remanded for proper review
L.P., a postal clerk, received reduced wage-loss compensation under a 2013 loss of wage-earning capacity determination. Her later submission argued that medical changes left her unable to perform the selected job. OWCP treated the submission as a reconsideration request, but the Board found it…
B.W. and Department of Defense, Armed Forces Retirement Home, Gulfport, MS
18-1415 (ECAB): Arm schedule awards and reconsideration denial affirmed
B.W., a physical therapy assistant, sought additional schedule awards for impairment of both arms. The Board found no established right arm impairment and no more than the nine percent left arm impairment already compensated. It also found that her reconsideration submission did not meet the…
E.G. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Los Angeles, CA
18-1383 (ECAB): Renewed medical treatment for 2009 injury denied
E.G., a Veterans Affairs care specialist, fell at work in 2009 and had accepted right wrist and knee injuries. She later requested further treatment for knee and hand symptoms. The Board found that the medical reports did not establish a renewed need for treatment causally related to the accepted…
C.C. and Department of the Navy, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA
18-1229 (ECAB): Hearing loss claim remanded over inconsistent medical opinion
C.C., a Navy shipyard planner and estimator, claimed hearing loss from workplace noise. OWCP’s second-opinion physician gave an internally inconsistent account of his noise exposure. The Board found that OWCP could not rely on that opinion to deny the claim. It ordered clarification and a new…
M.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Woodbridge, NJ
18-1228 (ECAB): Spine conditions remanded for clarification of impartial opinion
M.S., a postal carrier, sought to add cervical and lumbar conditions to a claim arising from a 2014 work injury. OWCP relied on an impartial examiner to deny the expansion. The Board found that the examiner’s opinion needed clarification on the cervical and lumbar conditions. It set aside the…
C.J. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Vista, CA
18-1202 (ECAB): Alleged travel overpayment remanded to reconstruct missing record
OWCP alleged that C.J., a postal employee, received $178,197.45 in improper travel reimbursements. Its decision relied on 978 reimbursement forms, but only two were in the record before the Board. The Board could not verify the alleged incorrect mileage or the amount. It set aside the decision and…
L.G. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Arlington, VA
18-0519 (ECAB): Arm and leg impairment claims remanded for medical development
L.G., a transportation security specialist, injured her right leg and arm in a workplace fall. She sought greater schedule awards than the 20 percent leg and 3 percent arm impairment already compensated. The Board directed OWCP to decide whether the right hip rating duplicated a prior award and to…
K.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, New Orleans, LA
18-0055 (ECAB): Timely hearing request on knee surgery denial remanded
K.W., a postal city carrier, requested authorization for right knee replacement surgery. OWCP denied the surgery by an August 16, 2017 letter, then rejected his August 28 hearing request. The Board held that the letter was an appealable adverse decision and the hearing request was timely. It…
Independent Union of Pension Employees for Democracy and Justice (Respondent/Union) and Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Charging Party/Agency)
IUPEDJ and PBGC (FLRA WA-CO-13-0227, WA-CO-15-0158): Reconsideration and stay denied
The Authority had previously found that the union committed unfair labor practices by improperly contacting arbitrators, asking them to resign, and trying to dismantle an arbitration panel. The union sought reconsideration and a stay, renewing arguments about disputed facts, the governing statute…
David Collins v. Electric Boat Corporation
Collins v. Electric Boat (BRB 18-0531): lung disease claim denial affirmed
David Collins worked at Electric Boat for decades and sought benefits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, citing exposure to dust and solvents. A judge found that the employer rebutted the presumption connecting the disease to work and that Collins had not proved a work connection on the…
Van Guaraggi v. Puckett Machinery
Guaraggi v. Puckett Machinery (BRB 18-0430): claimed work accident not established
Van Guaraggi sought disability and medical benefits after reporting that he had injured his back while working as a diesel mechanic. A judge found that he had not established that the claimed accident occurred at work. The Board upheld the judge’s assessment of Guaraggi’s testimony, the delayed…
W.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Conyers, GA
18-1651 (ECAB): Injury and untimely hearing denial affirmed
W.C., a postal employee, claimed an injury at work on January 31, 2018. The Board found that he had not established the alleged injury in the performance of duty. It also found that his request for an oral hearing was untimely and that OWCP did not abuse its discretion by denying it. The Board…
D.N. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Chesterland, OH
18-1630 (ECAB): Carpal tunnel reconsideration refusal affirmed
D.N., a former postal carrier associate, had an accepted bilateral carpal tunnel claim. OWCP later terminated benefits and she requested reconsideration. The Board found that her submission did not raise a qualifying legal argument or supply relevant new evidence for reopening. It affirmed the…
J.R. and Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Engraving, Washington, DC
18-1609 (ECAB): Left foot injury claim denial affirmed
J.R., an offset pressman, reported left foot pain after walking on a catwalk at work. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the injury claim. The Board found that the medical reports did not adequately explain how the incident caused the diagnosed foot condition. It affirmed the denial.
E.M. and U.S. Postal Service, General Mail Facility, San Antonio, TX
18-1599 (ECAB): Right knee injury claim denial affirmed
E.M., a postal general clerk, said his shoe caught on a chair at work and his right knee popped. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the injury claim. The Board found that evidence of pain and imaging findings did not establish a knee condition caused by the incident. It affirmed the denial.
C.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Baltimore, MD
18-1569 (ECAB): Emotional condition reconsideration refusal affirmed
C.R., a postal city carrier, claimed stress and depression related to work. OWCP denied the claim, and she later asked for reconsideration. The Board found that her request contained no new evidence or qualifying argument, although she said supporting materials were attached. It affirmed the…
J.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Springfield, MO
18-1334 (ECAB): Denial of additional left arm schedule award affirmed
J.M., a postal mail processing clerk, sought compensation for more than eight percent permanent impairment of his left arm. The Board reviewed the medical impairment evidence and found that it did not establish a greater rating. It affirmed OWCP’s June 14, 2018 decision. The existing eight percent…
M.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Spartanburg, SC
18-1278 (ECAB): Arm injury and reconsideration denials affirmed
M.C., a postal rural carrier, reported right arm pain after lifting a package at work. The Board found that she had not established the alleged injury in the performance of duty. It also found that her reconsideration request did not warrant reopening the claim for merits review. The Board affirmed…
K.K. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Barnegat, NJ
18-1209 (ECAB): Rotator cuff tear claim denial affirmed
K.K., a postal rural letter carrier, stumbled while delivering mail and claimed a right rotator cuff tear. OWCP accepted the work incident but denied the injury claim. The Board found that the medical evidence did not adequately connect the diagnosed tear to that incident. It affirmed the denial.
C.P. and Department of the Navy, Commander, Navy Installations Command, San Diego, CA
18-0786 (ECAB): Left arm award remanded to add prior case evidence
C.P., a Navy firefighter, sought a left arm schedule award after a work-related shoulder injury. OWCP denied an additional award by relying on a prior twelve percent award from another claim file. The Board found that the earlier file evidence was missing from the record under review. It ordered…
D.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Hidenwood Post Office, Newport News, VA
18-0483 (ECAB): Reconsideration denial remanded for missing explanation
D.W., a postal letter carrier, sought reconsideration of his denied emotional condition claim. OWCP rejected the request as untimely and referred to an enclosure for its reasons. The enclosure was absent, leaving the Board unable to review the stated basis for denial. It ordered OWCP to issue an…
C.A. and Department of the Interior, Chinle Agency, Many Farms, AZ
18-0470 (ECAB): Medical benefit termination remanded for missing notice
C.A., a special education teacher, had an accepted chest wall contusion from a work incident. OWCP denied further treatment based on a second-opinion examination, effectively ending medical benefits. The Board found that OWCP had not issued the required advance notice of proposed termination. It…
F.N. and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Oakland, CA
18-1543 (ECAB): Late reconsideration request denied
F.N., an IRS contact representative, sought reconsideration of a claim involving cervical radiculopathy. OWCP found that her request was untimely and did not show clear evidence of error. The Board agreed with both findings and affirmed the denial. It did not reopen the underlying claim for a new…
E.S. and Department of the Treasury, U.S. Mint, West Point, NY
18-1493 (ECAB): Emotional condition claim denial affirmed
E.S., a U.S. Mint coin production supervisor, reported emotional distress after a conversation with her supervisor. OWCP denied her workplace emotional condition claim. The Board found that she had not established a compensable employment factor causing the claimed condition. It affirmed the denial.
H.W. and Department of Defense, New Cumberland Army Depot, Fairview, PA
18-1472 (ECAB): Wage-loss termination and schedule award denial affirmed
H.W., an Army depot employee, challenged termination of wage-loss benefits and sought a schedule award. The Board found that OWCP had met its burden to end wage-loss compensation effective February 13, 2018. It also found that he had not established permanent impairment of a scheduled body member…
E.G. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Orlando, FL
18-1446 (ECAB): Knee claim reconsideration refusal affirmed
E.G., a transportation security officer, claimed that work caused a bilateral knee condition. After OWCP denied the claim, he requested reconsideration. The Board found that his submission did not satisfy the requirements for reopening the merits. It affirmed the nonmerit decision without deciding…
N.U. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, La Puente, CA
18-1430 (ECAB): Hip and knee occupational disease denial affirmed
N.U., a retired postal letter carrier, claimed that work duties caused conditions in both hips and knees. OWCP initially accepted his description of regular carrier duties, but later found that his actual work had mostly involved limited-duty Express Mail delivery since 1991. It denied the injury…
N.G. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Atlanta, GA
18-1340 (ECAB): Knee surgery denial and benefit termination affirmed
N.G., a transportation security officer, had an accepted left knee sprain after bending for a passenger’s shoe. OWCP declined to authorize knee surgery and later ended her wage-loss and medical benefits effective May 4, 2018. The Board found no abuse of discretion in the surgery denial and found…
R.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing & Distribution Center, Garden City, NY
18-1281 (ECAB): Back injury claim denial affirmed
R.M., a postal motor vehicle operator, reported back injury while lifting mail bags on March 9, 2017. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the injury claim. The Board found that the medical evidence did not establish a back condition caused by that incident. It affirmed the denial.
S.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Melville, NY
18-1119 (ECAB): Neck and back occupational disease claim remanded
S.T., a postal mail processor, claimed cervical and lumbar conditions from repetitive work duties. OWCP denied the claim while pointing to preexisting medical problems. The Board found that her physician’s reports were consistent with work-related injury and sufficient to require further…
T.L. and U.S. Postal Service, South Jersey Processing & Distribution Center, Belmawr, NJ
18-0578 (ECAB): Disability and cervical claim remanded to combine files
T.L., a postal mail handler, was struck by a hamper at work and had an accepted right leg and thigh contusion. OWCP denied claimed wage-loss disability and a cervical condition while relying on evidence from a separate shoulder claim file. That evidence was absent from the case record before the…
Watts v. Perdue Farms, Inc.
Poultry grower outside FSMA whistleblower coverage
Craig Watts contracted with Perdue Farms to raise chickens and alleged retaliation after reporting that Perdue misled consumers about its farming practices and chicken health. The Board held that the Poultry Products Inspection Act exempts poultry and poultry products from the Federal Food, Drug…
J.J. and Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Irving, TX
18-1615 (ECAB): Schedule award denial affirmed
J.J., a Justice Department legal assistant, sought a schedule award for permanent impairment. The Board found that the medical evidence did not establish impairment of a scheduled body member or function. It affirmed OWCP’s denial. The decision did not award additional compensation.
P.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Middleton, WI
18-1588 (ECAB): Injury claim denial affirmed
P.S., a postal employee, claimed an injury from a January 17, 2018 work incident. OWCP accepted that the incident occurred but denied the injury claim. The Board found that the medical record did not establish an injury causally related to the incident. It affirmed the denial.
J.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Warren, MI
18-1467 (ECAB): Right leg impairment remanded for clearer medical opinion
J.M., a postal employee, sought a schedule award above the two percent right leg impairment already compensated. OWCP gave special weight to a physician whom the Board had previously classified as a second-opinion examiner. The Board also found that his impairment report did not explain its rating…
A.Y. and Social Security Administration, Escondido, CA
18-1463 (ECAB): Benefit suspension for missed examination affirmed
A.Y., a Social Security Administration employee, did not attend a scheduled medical examination. OWCP suspended her compensation benefits under the examination rule. The Board found that the suspension was proper and affirmed the decision. The suspension took effect June 14, 2018.
E.J. and U.S. Postal Service, Morrisania Station, Bronx, NY
18-1428 (ECAB): Benefit suspension for missed examination affirmed
E.J., a postal employee, did not attend a scheduled medical examination. OWCP suspended his compensation benefits under the examination rule. The Board found that the suspension was proper and affirmed the decision. The suspension took effect July 23, 2017.
L.L. and Department of Defense, Defense Agencies, Aviano, Italy
18-1103 (ECAB): SSA offset overpayment and recovery affirmed
L.L., a Defense Department employee, received Social Security benefits while also receiving federal workers’ compensation. The Board affirmed OWCP’s finding that an overpayment arose from the overlap, that she was at fault, and that OWCP could deduct $500 every 28 days. The official release gives…
L.T. and Department of Veterans Affairs, American Lake Medical Center, Tacoma, WA
18-1031 (ECAB): Existing right and left arm awards affirmed
L.T., a Veterans Affairs employee, sought additional compensation for permanent impairment of both arms. She had already received schedule awards for 34 percent right arm impairment and 12 percent left arm impairment. The Board found that the record did not establish greater impairment of either…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.