Federal Agency Decisions
Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board, each with a plain-English summary, the standards it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Barry Billcliff, dba Barry James, et al.
Roofing violations and personal liability affirmed
OSHA inspected roofing work at a hotel and conference center in Devens, Massachusetts, where workers lacked required inspections, head protection, fall protection, training, and compliant ladder access. Barry Billcliff denied controlling the project or employing anyone there, but the judge found…
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Institution Englewood, Colorado and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 709, Council of Prison Locals #33
FCI Englewood and AFGE Local 709 (FLRA 0-AR-5889): Authority sets aside COVID hazard pay and remands remedy
AFGE Local 709 alleged that FCI Englewood failed to protect correctional employees from COVID-19 and owed them a 25 percent hazard-pay differential. An arbitrator found both a regulatory hazard-pay entitlement and a violation of the agreement's requirement to reduce correctional hazards, then…
Secretary of Labor obo Samuel Coleman v. Warrior Met Coal Mining, LLC
Secretary of Labor obo Samuel Coleman v. Warrior Met Coal Mining (FMSHRC SE 2024-0060): Temporary reinstatement granted
Samuel Coleman served as a designated miners' representative at Warrior Met Coal's No. 7 Mine. The Secretary alleged that Coleman questioned a supervisor about another miner's reported safety concerns and termination, said he would inspect the area, and raised a reflective-clothing issue before…
Sigma Air LLC
In re Sigma Air LLC (EAB CAA 23-08C): expedited settlement ratified
The Environmental Appeals Board issued a Final Order for Sigma Air LLC on December 12, 2023. The order says that the Board ratified an Expedited Settlement Agreement and Consent Agreement under 40 C.F.R. § 22.18(b)-(c), and ordered the company to comply with that agreement immediately. The public…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2338 and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, John J. Pershing VA Medical Center, Poplar Bluff, Missouri
AFGE Local 2338 and John J. Pershing VA Medical Center (FLRA 0-AR-5906): Authority denies additional-compensation exceptions
A VA employee challenged the denial of telework and official time following surgery, alleging disability discrimination and retaliation for union activity. During informal resolution, the agency approved temporary telework, removed the employee's absence-without-leave entries, and reimbursed…
Cecil Matney, Jr. v. Rockwell Mining, LLC
Cecil Matney, Jr. v. Rockwell Mining (FMSHRC WEVA 2023-0126): Part 90 complaint sustained
Cecil Matney developed black lung disease and exercised his Part 90 right to work in a lower-dust environment. The judge found that Rockwell Mining kept him as a move crew foreman whose required duties exposed him to excessive dust and changed his work conditions while dust sampling occurred…
Secretary of Labor obo Jordan Kelser v. Peabody Southeast Mining, LLC, et al
Secretary of Labor obo Jordan Kelser v. Peabody Southeast Mining and Jennmar Services (FMSHRC SE 2024-0025): Temporary reinstatement granted
Jordan Kelser worked at Peabody's Shoal Creek Mine through staffing company Jennmar Services. He testified that a conveyor started while he was working on it without lockout protection, causing ankle and lower-back injuries as he pulled himself off, and that a foreman then urged him not to report…
Secretary of Labor v. Select Materials
Uncollected certified mail barred reopening
Select Materials said it never received a proposed assessment and first learned of the penalties when MSHA hand-delivered a collection letter. Postal records showed that certified delivery had been attempted at the operator's correct Ohio address and that multiple notices went uncollected before…
Secretary of Labor v. St. Marys Cement
Proactive data review supported reopening
St. Marys Cement received a proposed assessment shortly before Christmas while personnel were absent and safety leadership was changing. The company also mistakenly believed the citation had been contested through a different assessment. It discovered the error while proactively reviewing MSHA's…
Secretary of Labor v. Heidelberg Materials US Cement, LLC
Omitted scan page supported reopening
Heidelberg Materials timely contested five penalties but unintentionally omitted the assessment's fourth page when scanning the contest form. Three citations on that page were therefore not included. After the Secretary filed a petition on the timely contests, Heidelberg reviewed the filing…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2053, Council 243 and United States Department of the Navy, Commander, Navy Region Southeast
AFGE Local 2053 and Navy Region Southeast (FLRA 0-AR-5886): Authority enforces fourteen-day grievance deadline
Navy Region Southeast placed employees on a compressed schedule in 2018 and did not pay overtime for hours exceeding eight per day or forty per week. AFGE Local 2053 challenged the practice in 2022, but the collective-bargaining agreement required grievances within fourteen days after the incident…
Secretary of Labor v. Entact
Returned assessment never became final
MSHA mailed Entact's proposed assessment to a former Pennsylvania address, and Postal Service records showed it was returned because the occupant had moved. Entact's current safety director and address of record were in Illinois, and the company found no copy of the assessment in its offices or…
Secretary of Labor v. Dyno Nobel
Holiday staffing and citation confusion excused delay
Dyno Nobel received a proposed assessment during the holiday period while personnel were absent and offices were closed. The assessment was not forwarded to counsel, and staff also confused the citation with a related citation issued on the same date. The company discovered the final order by…
Wildcat Renovation, LLC
EAJA fee application denied after citations were vacated
OSHA cited Wildcat Renovation after a concrete wall fell during demolition and struck an employee, who died from his injuries. The judge later vacated both demolition citations, and Wildcat applied for attorney fees and expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act. Although Wildcat was allowed to…
Matter of M-R-M-S-, et al.
Family membership was incidental to a cartel’s land-acquisition goal
The Board reviewed Mexican family members’ applications for asylum and withholding of removal after a criminal cartel forced them from their land and killed a family member. The Board held that the evidence showed the cartel’s goal was to obtain control of the land, making family membership…
Federal Education Association, Stateside Region and United States Department of Defense Education Activity, Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools
Federal Education Association and DOD Education Activity (FLRA 0-AR-5656): Authority upholds competitive-service hiring change
DOD Education Activity decided to fill certain vacancies and new positions through the competitive service while leaving current employees in the excepted service. After an earlier Authority remand, the arbitrator found that the change did not violate the agreement's priority-consideration clause…
Secretary of Labor obo Alvaro Saldivar v. Grimes Rock, Inc. (amended)
Secretary of Labor obo Alvaro Saldivar v. Grimes Rock, Inc. (FMSHRC WEST 2021-0178): Reinstatement continued through finality and required full pay
Alvaro Saldivar received temporary economic reinstatement after alleging that Grimes Rock fired him for safety complaints, with the company initially paying the difference between his new wages and his former mine wages. After Saldivar was incarcerated and Grimes discovered additional…
Kreb v. Integra Aviation, LLC
Untimely interlocutory petition not accepted
Robert Kreb asked the Board to review an administrative judge's denial of his motion to disqualify Integra Aviation's counsel in an AIR21 case. He filed 18 days after the judge's order, outside the regulation's ten-business-day deadline for a petition. The Board therefore did not accept the case…
General Motors Company and Ultium Cells LLC
In re General Motors Company and Ultium Cells LLC (EAB TSCA 23-04C): TSCA penalty settlement approved
General Motors Company and Ultium Cells LLC voluntarily disclosed potential violations involving three confidential chemical substances that were imported, processed, used, or distributed before the required TSCA notices and certifications were complete. The Consent Agreement describes alleged…
Kreb v. Integra Aviation, LLC
Judge-disqualification appeal denied
Robert Kreb sought immediate Board review of an administrative judge's refusal to recuse himself and certify that ruling for interlocutory appeal in an AIR21 case. Kreb alleged bias, case-assignment errors, erroneous rulings, and a constitutional defect in the judge's appointment. The Board…
Mar-Jac Poultry MS, LLC
Eviscerator guarding and warning-sign violations affirmed
Mar-Jac operated poultry eviscerators at its Hattiesburg, Mississippi processing plant. An employee cleaning chicken parts and viscera around an operating eviscerator was caught in the machine and suffered fatal injuries. The judge found that the machine was unguarded, lacked safety-instruction…
Secretary of Labor v. Warrior Met Coal Mining, LLC
Secretary of Labor v. Warrior Met Coal Mining (FMSHRC SE 2023-0146): Summary decision denied and amended answer allowed
The Secretary alleged that Warrior Met interfered with Mine Act walkaround rights by pursuing state-court contempt sanctions connected to union representatives' efforts to accompany MSHA inspections during a strike. She sought summary decision based largely on facts stated in the pleadings. The…
Frantz v. Hoselton Automotive Group
MAP-21 dismissal upheld on same-action defense
Laurie Frantz, a warranty processor at an automotive dealership, alleged that she was fired after objecting to warranty claims for corrosion-prevention work performed by technicians who lacked Toyota certification. The Board held that Toyota's private safety requirements were not federal…
Defense Health Agency; American Federation of Government Employees; American Nurses Association Illinois; Association of Civilian Technicians; International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades; Metal Trades Council; National Association of Government Employees; National Association of Independent Labor; and National Federation of Federal Employees
Defense Health Agency successorship proceeding (FLRA WA-RP-22-0056): Authority upholds three-unit configuration
The Defense Health Agency reorganized 7,409 civilian medical employees from 82 bargaining units into its Small Market and Stand-Alone Military Treatment Facility Organization. A regional director found the agency was the successor employer and approved three larger bargaining units proposed by AFGE…
Ward Vessel & Exchanger Corporation
Lockout and injury-reporting citations vacated
Ward Vessel used a cord-and-plug plate roller to form metal cylinders at its Texas workshop. A supervisor troubleshooting an energized power problem activated the rollers without clearing the area, pinching an employee's fingertips and causing injuries later classified as amputations. The judge…
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Complex Victorville, California and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3969, Council of Prison Locals #33
FCC Victorville and AFGE Local 3969 (FLRA 0-AR-5880): Authority upholds missed-overtime remedy
FCC Victorville used a negotiated list to select employees for overtime but began marking some assignments list-exempt. An arbitrator credited testimony that the union learned of the practice on April 29, making its June 2 grievance timely under the agreement's forty-day deadline. She found that…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 987 and United States Department of the Air Force, Warner Robins Air Logistics Center, 78 ABW/Civilian Personnel Office, Warner Robins Air Force Base, Georgia
AFGE Local 987 and Warner Robins Air Logistics Center (FLRA 0-AR-5867): Authority orders new arbitrator for overtime merits
AFGE Local 987 alleged that Warner Robins Air Logistics Center failed to schedule an employee for overtime. The agreement required one arbitrator to decide a threshold arbitrability question and, if the grievance was arbitrable, a different arbitrator to hear the merits. The first arbitrator found…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2408 and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Caribbean Health Care System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
AFGE Local 2408 and VA Caribbean Health Care System (FLRA 0-AR-5885): Authority denies unsupported exceptions
AFGE Local 2408 asked the Authority to issue an expedited, abbreviated decision on its exceptions to an arbitration award, and the VA did not oppose that request. The Authority granted the request after considering the case's complexity, possible precedential value, similarity to other decisions…
United States Postal Service, Lehigh Valley PDCF
Obstruction citations affirmed, willful classification reduced
During the 2020 pandemic and holiday mail surge, staffing shortages and increased volume caused mail containers and equipment to accumulate at the Postal Service's Lehigh Valley processing plant. OSHA found blocked traffic aisles, emergency exit routes, a fire-alarm pull station, and insufficient…
Asplundh Tree Expert, LLC
Dead-tree trimming citation vacated
Asplundh trimmed dead cottonwood trees near power lines in New Castle, Colorado. A climber fell about 35 feet after a cut tree section struck the branch supporting him, causing a broken leg and permanently disabling spinal injuries. The judge found that Asplundh and its industry recognized fall and…
National Treasury Employees Union, Chapter 14 and United States Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service
NTEU Chapter 14 and IRS (FLRA 0-AR-5855): Authority denies reconsideration of attorney-fee ruling
An arbitrator sustained a grievance over an IRS employee's performance evaluation, raised the scores, and directed a related monetary award. He later denied the union's attorney-fee request because the agreement did not require performance awards, so the payment did not constitute pay under the…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3184 and Social Security Administration
AFGE Local 3184 and Social Security Administration (FLRA 0-AR-5814): Authority remands attorney-fee calculation
An arbitrator sustained a grievance challenging an employee's suspension and, after an earlier Authority remand, awarded $5,925 in attorney fees. The union had also requested $5,400 for work litigating the fee dispute, but the two-paragraph remand award did not address those hours. The Authority…
Collins v. Next Marketing, Inc.
STAA matter dismissed after no review petition
Danny Collins withdrew his STAA complaint before an administrative judge and said he intended to pursue his rights in federal district court. The judge dismissed the complaint with prejudice. Forty-eight days later, Collins sent the Board what appeared to be a copy of the dismissal order, not a…
Trivedi v. General Electric
Third reconsideration request denied as late
The Board had affirmed dismissal of Madhuri Trivedi's SOX and Consumer Financial Protection Act retaliation complaint as several years late, then denied two reconsideration requests. More than six months after the second denial, Trivedi filed a motion to amend even though no pleading or other…
Matter of Aldwin Junior BRATHWAITE
Pending direct criminal appeal prevented conviction finality for removability
The Board reconsidered a Trinidad and Tobago lawful permanent resident’s removability after the Second Circuit addressed the finality of his New York criminal convictions. The Board held that an appeal accepted under New York Criminal Procedure Law section 460.30 is a direct appeal, so the…
Romancing the Stone, Inc.
Contest dismissed after failure to answer
OSHA issued Romancing the Stone three failure-to-abate citations involving hearing conservation and crystalline-silica protections, with proposed penalties totaling $122,364. The company filed a notice of contest but did not answer the Secretary's complaint. It also did not respond to a show-cause…
Social Security Administration and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3428
Social Security Administration and AFGE Local 3428 (FLRA 0-AR-5861): Authority vacates punitive damages but preserves compensation
An arbitrator found that the Social Security Administration discriminated and retaliated against an employee by timing her restroom use despite known medical issues and awarded $50,000 each in compensatory and punitive damages. The Authority held that the agency's exceptions were timely because the…
Secretary of Labor v. Arepet Industries, LLC
Secretary of Labor v. Arepet Industries (FMSHRC CENT 2022-0221): MSHA jurisdiction over sand plant upheld
Arepet Industries argued that its Von Ormy sand plant belonged under OSHA because it bought commercially available wet sand and did not extract minerals. The plant stockpiled and dried the sand, used a separator to remove waste, and sold the processed material for use at oil and gas drilling sites…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1012 and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, Lyons Campus, Lyons, New Jersey
AFGE Local 1012 and VA New Jersey Health Care System (FLRA 0-AR-5887): Authority upholds employee lounge changes
After limiting employee use of a patient cafeteria, the VA New Jersey Health Care System prepared two rooms and other spaces for employee breaks. An arbitrator found that the agreement required lounges or similar spaces but did not prescribe their contents, define reasonable accessibility, or…
Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health and Becker v. Smithstonian Materials, LLC
Assistant Secretary and Becker v. Smithstonian Materials, LLC (DOL ARB 2021-0048): back pay reduced and interest extended until payment
Michael Becker was constructively discharged after refusing to drive an unsafe, unregistered dump truck for Smithstonian Materials, and liability under the STAA was already established. In resolving damages, the Board explained that back pay equals lost wages minus allowed offsets and that an…
Ireland Contracting, LLC
Roofing citations vacated because subcontractors controlled the work
Ireland Contracting sold and scheduled two residential roof replacements in Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, then hired separate subcontractors to supply and supervise the roofing crews. OSHA cited Ireland Contracting for fall protection, eye protection, powered-industrial-truck, and scaffold violations…
Secretary of Labor obo John Collins v. Crimson Oak Grove Resources, LLC
Loader safety concern supported temporary reinstatement
John Collins repeatedly told his supervisor that he was uncomfortable using a smaller front-end loader to lift heavy pan line. During the second lift, the loader's rear rose more than five feet, the load slid off, the machine crashed back down, and Collins injured his back. Crimson later discharged…
Secretary of Labor obo John Collins v. Crimson Oak Grove Resources, LLC
Loader safety concern supported temporary reinstatement
John Collins repeatedly told his supervisor that he was uncomfortable using a smaller front-end loader to lift heavy pan line. During the second lift, the loader's rear rose more than five feet, the load slid off, the machine crashed back down, and Collins injured his back. Crimson later discharged…
Gates v. UPS Freight
STAA appeal dismissed after opening brief was not filed
An administrative judge dismissed Horando Gates's STAA retaliation complaint on causation and same-action grounds. Gates initially sent the Board only a copy of the judge's decision, but he responded to a first show-cause order and later filed a petition that the Board accepted. He did not then…
Secretary of Labor obo Phillip Bowman v. Lexington Coal Company, LLC
Secretary of Labor obo Phillip Bowman v. Lexington Coal Company (FMSHRC WEVA 2023-0363): Economic reinstatement tolled after mine shutdown
Lexington Coal sought to toll Phillip Bowman's temporary economic reinstatement after the Twilight Surface Mine was idled and employees with Bowman's skill set were laid off. The judge accepted evidence that the shutdown resulted from losing a high-price coal sales contract and that no comparable…
Charles Bridge, LLC
In re Charles Bridge, LLC (EAB TSCA Appeal No. 23-03): Default order remanded for service review
EPA Region 1 charged Charles Bridge, LLC with violations of section 409 of the Toxic Substances Control Act involving a civil penalty proceeding. After Charles Bridge failed to answer, the Regional Judicial Officer found it liable by default and assessed a $56,109 penalty. The Environmental Appeals…
Secretary of Labor v. GCC Dacotah, Inc.
Email-address typo treated as a unique mistake
GCC Dacotah attempted to email its contest on time, but a typo in MSHA's address prevented delivery and the company's system produced no error notice. After learning of the problem, it moved to reopen within 30 days and circulated a memorandum to safety personnel. The Commission majority…
Bryan K. Clark
In re Bryan K. Clark (EAB CERCLA Appeal No. 23-01): filing dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
Bryan K. Clark submitted a filing concerning a dispute with a contractor and seeking relief that included references to wages, fiduciary duties, pension statements, and CERCLA response costs. The filing did not identify an EPA permitting decision or other decision within the Board's jurisdiction…
United States Department of the Army, U.S. Army Garrison, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey and International Association of Firefighters, Local F-169
Picatinny Arsenal and IAFF Local F-169 (FLRA 0-AR-5864): Authority remands fire-staffing remedy for clarification
Picatinny Arsenal indefinitely closed one of two fire stations for budget reasons and reduced staffed positions per shift from twelve to nine. An arbitrator treated the union's grievance as alleging continuing staffing violations, found it timely, and ordered the agency to restore staffing as it…
Secretary of Labor v. Kingston Mining, Inc.
Snake-bite reporting citation affirmed, penalty reduced
Kingston Mining operated the Kingston No. 2 mine. MSHA cited it under 30 C.F.R. § 50.20(a) for not reporting within ten working days that a miner was bitten by a copperhead snake on the mine access road and missed nine days of work. The judge found that the access road was mine property and that…
Tidewater Region Market, Defense Health Agency, United States Department of Defense; American Federation of Government Employees; and National Association of Independent Labor
Defense Health Agency Tidewater Market successorship proceeding (FLRA WA-RP-22-0035): Authority leaves professional-unit election pending
The Defense Health Agency reorganized employees from several military treatment facilities into its Tidewater Market. A regional director found the market was the successor employer, rejected facility-specific units sought by the National Association of Independent Labor, and found market-level…
Dean v. South Carolina Department of Transportation
Late Clean Water Act hearing request remanded
Robert Dean requested a hearing one day after the 30-day deadline following OSHA's dismissal of his Clean Water Act retaliation complaint. He said that he miscalculated the deadline and waited for records from a Freedom of Information Act request that he thought might affect the case. The…
Xanthopoulos v. Mercer Investment Consulting
SOX blacklisting claim rejected
Apostolos Xanthopoulos alleged that Mercer Investment Consulting blacklisted him by passing negative information through former colleagues and preventing Charles Schwab from hiring him. The Board upheld summary decision because the proposed chain of communications was speculation and the record…
Americold Logistics, LLC
Powered-vehicle aisle and training citations vacated
Americold operated powered industrial vehicles in a large Georgia cold-storage facility where pedestrians and vehicles shared the loading-dock floor. An untrained and unauthorized employee drove a vehicle and severely injured his ankle while trying to avoid a bollard. The judge vacated the aisle…
Arrow Plumbing, LLC
Three excavation violations affirmed, spoil-pile item vacated
Arrow Plumbing replaced a residential sewer line in Grain Valley, Missouri, using an excavation more than nine feet deep. Its owner and project supervisor worked inside without hard hats, with exposed utilities and a near-vertical wall but no trench box or other cave-in protection. The judge…
United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 0519, National Joint Council of Food Inspection Locals
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service and AFGE Local 0519 (FLRA 0-AR-5849): Authority upholds bargaining remedies for inspector details
USDA changed its poultry-inspector positions and eliminated dedicated relief inspectors, leading to more frequent involuntary details and travel. An arbitrator found that those detailing changes had more than a minimal effect on working conditions and that the agency failed to bargain over their…
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and National Treasury Employees Union, Chapter 335
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and NTEU Chapter 335 (FLRA 0-AR-5756): Authority revises management-rights test and requests briefing
An arbitrator set aside a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau employee's reprimand because the employee did not receive an opportunity to respond before the agency decided on discipline. The Authority rejected the agency's claims that the arbitrator exceeded his authority, misread the agreement…
Secretary of Labor v. R.E. Pierson Materials Corp.
Mail-processing errors excused two missed contests
R.E. Pierson received two proposed assessments, but mine administrative staff did not forward them to the operations manager for review and processing. The company discovered the errors only after MSHA sent delinquency notices and then contacted outside counsel. It reported taking corrective…
United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Southern Nevada Health Care System and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1224
VA Southern Nevada Health Care System and AFGE Local 1224 (FLRA 0-AR-5835): Authority dismisses pay-reduction exceptions
A VA dental hygienist accepted a move from Reno to Las Vegas at a lower grade but a higher salary after the agency offered GS-9, step 9. Three years later, the agency said the offer should have been step 7 and reduced the employee's pay. An arbitrator found that the employee reasonably relied on…
Secretary of Labor obo James Louis Groves v. Consol Pennsylvania Coal Company, LLC
Secretary of Labor obo James Louis Groves v. Consol Pennsylvania Coal Company (FMSHRC PENN 2023-0049): Default denied and late answer accepted
The Secretary sought default judgment after Consol Pennsylvania Coal did not answer a discrimination complaint by the deadline. Consol's original attorney stated under oath that the electronically sent complaint and related emails never reached his inbox, and new counsel filed an answer after…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission and Board decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.