Secretary of Labor v. Rulon Harper Construction, Inc.

Plain-English summary

Rulon Harper Construction operated a sand-and-gravel pit near Salt Lake City where MSHA cited an unchocked truck on a grade and an inadequate workplace examination that missed 20 violative conditions. The parties proposed reducing the combined penalties from $22,944 to $3,936, removing both unwarrantable-failure designations, and removing the significant-and-substantial designation from the truck citation. Judge Margaret Miller denied approval because the amended motion offered only a few relevant sentences, did not reconcile its assertions with the inspector's findings, and did not adequately address the statutory penalty criteria. She concluded that the proposed changes understated serious hazards and that paying about 17 cents on the dollar would not protect the public interest or encourage compliance. The Commission later affirmed the settlement denial and remanded the case.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standards: 30 C.F.R. §§ 56.14207 and 56.18002(a); 30 U.S.C. § 820(k)
• Outcome: The amended settlement motion was denied; the Commission later affirmed that denial and remanded the case.
• Subsequent review: The Commission reviewed the ruling in west-2022-0249-commission.
• Key point: Large penalty and designation reductions require concrete, consistent facts tied to the cited hazards and the statutory penalty criteria.

Full text (FMSHRC public release)

FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW
COMMISSION

721 19th St., Suite 443

Denver, CO 80202-2500

Office: (303)
844-5266/Fax: (303) 844-5268

SECRETARY
OF LABOR,                                 :     CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING

MINE
SAFETY AND HEALTH                        :

ADMINISTRATION
(MSHA),                          :     Docket No. WEST 2022-0249

Petitioner,                          :     A.C.
No. 42-02078-554812

:

:

v.                                                   :

:

:

RULON
HARPER CONSTRUCTION, INC,     :

Respondent.                      :     Mine:
Pit 12

ORDER DENYING SETTLEMENT

This case is before me
upon a petition for assessment of a civil penalty under Section 105(d) of the
Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. The parties
have notified the Court that they have reached a settlement agreement in this
case. Based on the proposed modifications and significant penalty reduction, I
deny the settlement motion. The terms of the proposed settlement are as
follows:

Citation/

Order No.

Originally Proposed Assessment

Settlement Amount

Modification

Docket No. WEST 2022-0249

9727214

$
10,868.00

$  662.00

• Modify Type of Action from
  104(d)(1) citation to 104(a) citation;

• Modify gravity from “Reasonably
  Likely” to “Unlikely”;

• Modify negligence from “High” to
  “Moderate”; and

• Modify Significant and
  Substantial from “Yes” to “No.”

9727216

$
12,076.00

$
3,274.00

• Modify Type of Action from
  104(d)(1) order to 104(a) citation; and

• Modify negligence from “High” to
  “Moderate.”

TOTAL

$
22,944.00

$
3,936.00

Section 110(k) of the
Mine Act provides that “[n]o proposed penalty which has been contested before
the Commission under section 105(a) shall be compromised, mitigated, or settled
except with the approval of the Commission.” 30 U.S.C. § 820(k). This provision
of the Act was designed to shed light and scrutiny upon the dealmaking that
takes place between mine operators and government regulators, and to ensure
that settlements further the public interest and the purposes of the Mine Act. See
Black Beauty Coal Co. , 34 FMSHRC 1856, 1860-64 (Aug. 2012).

Commission judges
review settlements to determine whether they are “fair, reasonable, appropriate
under the facts, and protects the public interest.” Am. Coal Co. , 38
FMSHRC 1972, 1976 (Aug. 2016). To enable judges to make this determination,
Commission rules require that a motion to approve a penalty settlement must
include “facts in support of the penalty agreed to by the parties.” 30 C.F.R. § 2700.31(b). A
judge reviews the submitted facts, the six penalty criteria set forth in
section 110(i) of the Act, and all other relevant considerations when
scrutinizing a settlement. See Am. Coal Co. , 38 FMSHRC at 1976,
1982.

I.                   
The
Assessed Penalty, Proposed Settlement, and Amendments

The Respondent owns and
operates a sand-and-gravel operation at Pit 12 near Salt Lake City, Utah. This
docket includes two citations issued to the Respondent on March 29, 2022. The
Respondent contested the citations, and the Secretary filed a petition
proposing a penalty of $22,944.00 on July 20, 2022. See Pet. for Assess.
of Civil Pen. (hereinafter “Pet.”).

On September 23, 2022,
the Secretary filed his original Motion to Approve Settlement for this docket. In
that filing, the Secretary proposed a compromised penalty of $3,936.00,
representing a savings for the mine operator of $19,008.00 and a penalty
reduction of 82.8 percent . The motion also proposed numerous
substantive modifications to the text of the citations. But the facts offered
in support of the proposed modifications were lacking.

Accordingly, the Court
notified the parties that their settlement could not be approved as submitted
and gave the parties additional time to renegotiate the settlement or provide
more supporting information. The Secretary filed an Amended Motion to Approve
Settlement on October 3, 2022.  The amended motion contains little, if any,
additional information supporting the settlement.

II.                
The
Proposed Settlement is not Fair, Reasonable, Appropriate Under the Facts, or
Protective of the Public Interest

The Court now turns to
the terms of the agreement. The terms are analyzed based on the facts submitted
in the settlement motion as amended by the parties. Consideration is given to
the monetary and nonmonetary terms of the settlement, and to the criteria
established in section 110(i) of the Mine Act, such as negligence and gravity. On
balance, I find that the modified penalty proposed by the Secretary is not
fair, reasonable, appropriate under the facts, or protective of the public
interest. I find also that the settlement motion does not adequately address
the six penalty criteria. I therefore deny the Secretary’s motion.

A.    
The
Proposed Modifications to Citation No. 9727214

Citation No. 9727214 alleges a
violation of 30 C.F.R. § 56.14207 as follows:

The
Dodge Ram 1500 truck was parked on a roughly 5% grade without being provided
with wheel chocks or any other required means to prevent uncontrolled,
unintended movement. Miners walked up the grade directly behind the vehicle.
Should a miner be struck by the truck, fatal blunt force trauma would be the
expected result. Management engaged in conduct constituting more than ordinary
negligence in that the mine operator was aware of the truck and took no action
to correct or mitigate the hazard. Standard 56.14207 was cited 2 times in two
years at mine 4202078 (2 to the operator, 0 to a contractor). . . . This
violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard.

Pet. at 6. The cited standard
requires that, “[w]hen parked on a grade, the wheels or tracks of mobile
equipment shall be either chocked or turned into a bank.” 30 C.F.R. § 56.14207.
The inspector found that the alleged violation was reasonably likely to result
in an injury, and that the injury could be reasonably expected to be fatal. Pet.
at 6. He marked the citation as high negligence and S&S. Pet. at 6. After
determining that the violation was an unwarrantable failure to comply with a
mandatory standard, the inspector issued the citation under section 104(d)(1)
of the Mine Act. The Secretary assessed a penalty of $10,868.00.

Now, the Secretary
seeks to radically alter this citation. First, he proposes reclassification of
this action from a section 104(d)(1) citation to a 104(a) citation. That
proposed change requires deletion of the unwarrantable failure designation. See
30 U.S.C. § 814(d)(1). Second, he seeks to change the likelihood of injury from
“Reasonably Likely” to “Unlikely.” Third, he proposes a reduction in the
negligence finding from “High” to “Moderate.” And finally, he seeks to remove
the S&S designation. Altogether, these changes would reduce the penalty
from $10,868.00 to $662.00.

The Secretary offers
very few facts in support of these major changes. He states in his motion that
the pickup truck in question was “outfitted with an automatic transmission
which was observed in the ‘park’ position” and that the “parking brake was
set.” Am. Mot. to App. Settlement at 3. He also notes that his “review of the
information provided by the operator supports that there was no one in mine
management aware of any hazards on the pickup truck.” [1] Am. Mot. to App. Settlement at
3.

The violation alleged
here is serious, despite the Secretary’s attempts to downplay it.  Just one
month before the Secretary filed his original motion in this case, a miner was
killed by parked mobile equipment that had not been secured against accidental
movement. [2]
Another miner was killed earlier this year when a dump truck—unsecured against
accidental motion—crushed a miner attempting to troubleshoot a brake issue. [3] Last year, at least three such
fatal accidents occurred. One miner was pinned by his parked truck while helping
a second miner repair a truck parked immediately in front of his own. [4] Another miner died when his haul
truck, parked on a grade without wheel chocks, rolled downhill and crushed him. [5] A third miner with ten years of
experience died while performing a pre-operational examination on a truck with unchocked
wheels. [6]
MSHA’s root-cause analysis found that the death was caused by the contractor’s
failure to ensure that all truck wheels were properly blocked when parked on a
grade. In 2020, a truck ran over a miner who had attempted to adjust its brakes
without blocking it against motion. [7]
In 2018, a miner with eight years of experience was killed by mobile equipment
that was not properly secured against movement while parked. [8] In 2017, a parked pickup truck pinned
a miner against a wall and killed him, in part because the wheels were not
chocked. [9]

Miners are killed year
after year in these accidents—accidents that are completely avoidable if
operators were to follow the regulations with diligence and care. That is why
the inspector’s original finding of S&S is well founded: the violation
alleged here is serious, and mine operators need to take them seriously or else
miners will continue to die.

The Secretary now seeks
to remove the S&S designation. I cannot accept this proposed modification
based on the two sentences that he offers in support of the change. The
Secretary points to other required safety features, like the parking brake, to
show that the alleged violation is not significant or substantial. However, I
am precluded from considering redundant safety measures as part of S&S
analysis. See Cumberland Coal Res., LP v. FMSHRC , 717 F.3d 1020, 1028-29
(D.C. Cir. 2013). The relevant inquiry here is the magnitude of risk presented
by the operator’s failure to chock the wheels of a truck parked on a grade. Given
the number of serious accidents caused by this condition, I find that the
inspector has set forth no basis for S&S and that the Secretary’s facts cannot
support deletion of the S&S designation. Accepting the facts, even if true,
stand in opposition to the current case law regarding S&S. I cannot accept
a settlement that is contrary to law.

As additional support for the
S&S changes, the Secretary insists that he has “discretion to modify the
significant and substantial designation” based on two Commission cases: American Aggregates of Michigan, Inc ., 42 FMSHRC
570, 576-79 (Aug. 2020), and Mechanicsville Concrete, Inc ., 18 FMSHRC
877, 879-80 (June 1996). Am. Mot. to App. Settlement at 4. But the Secretary’s reliance on these cases is misplaced. The
Commission in Mechanicsville held that an ALJ may not add an
S&S designation on her own initiative, and the Commissioners merely
reiterated this holding in American Aggregates . By contrast, the present
case involves the Secretary’s proposal to remove an S&S designation.
The case citations of the CLR are irrelevant here. It appears they were
drafted by an attorney and are used in every settlement agreement by a CLR who
is not qualified to cite to legal authority. I find that the Secretary’s claim
of discretion regarding S&S is erroneous, and that his decision to remove
the S&S designation wrongfully dispenses with decades of history and
precedent.

I further find that the
submitted facts cannot support the negligence changes. The Secretary attests
that a “review of the information provided by the operator supports that there
was no one in mine management aware of any hazards on the pickup truck.” Am.
Mot. to App. Settlement at 3. This statement raises several concerns. It does not specify the basis of the “information provided
by the operator” or whether it is credible. Id . It does not mesh with
the inspector’s account, which noted that management “was aware” of the
violative condition. Pet. at 6. And it does not even say explicitly that
management lacked knowledge of the unchocked wheels—only that management was
unaware of any conditions that it deemed a “hazard.” Am. Mot. to App.
Settlement at 3.

Moreover, even if
management lacked actual knowledge of the unchocked wheels, this fact would
still not negate negligence. The Secretary defines negligence as when “[t]he
operator knew or should have known of the violative condition.” 30
C.F.R. § 100.3 (emphasis added). The Commission looks to “the operator’s actual
or constructive knowledge of the violative condition or practice” to
determine its negligence.   Knight Hawk Coal, LLC , 38 FMSHRC 2361, 2369
(Sept. 2016) (emphasis added). The record indicates that management should have
known of the condition since miners routinely “walked up the grade directly
behind the vehicle.” Pet. at 6. The Commission also looks to the operator’s
“supervision, training, and disciplining of its employees to determine if [it]
has taken reasonable steps necessary to prevent the rank-and-file miner’s
violative conduct.” Knight Hawk , 38 FMSHRC at 2369. Here, the Secretary
has submitted no facts regarding the operator’s supervision or training
practices. Accordingly, the facts do not mitigate the operator’s negligence as
alleged in the petition.

Finally, and most
importantly, I must deny the proposed penalty reduction associated with this
citation. The threadbare information submitted cannot support such a
drastically compromised penalty. For further discussion of the penalty, see infra ,
Section II.C.

B.     
The
Proposed Modifications to Order No. 9727216

Order No. 9727216 alleges a
violation of 30 C.F.R. § 56.18002(a) as follows:

The mine operator failed to ensure
that an adequate examination of working places was being conducted prior to
miners working around the crusher and wash plant areas. During this inspection
20 violative conditions were noted and cited. The workplace examination record
noted 0 safety concerns. Some of the conditions cited were extensive and
obvious and had been in existence for days or weeks. The failure to identify
and correct hazards is known to contribute to fatal accidents across the mining
industry. Mine management engaged in conduct constituting more than ordinary
negligence in that they did not complete the required examinations and allowed
hazards to exist with no mitigation. . . . This violation is an unwarrantable
failure to comply with a mandatory standard.

Pet.
at 7. The inspector found that the operator’s failure to conduct an adequate
exam was reasonably likely to result in an injury that could reasonably be
expected to be fatal. He marked the order as S&S and high negligence. After
determining that the violation was an unwarrantable failure to comply with a
mandatory safety standard, the inspector issued the order under section
104(d)(1) of the Mine Act. He withdrew the crusher and the wash plant from
operation until the mine operator terminated the order by training a designee
to conduct a thorough workplace examination.

Section 56.18002(a) requires that
“a competent person designated by the operator shall examine each working place
at least once each shift before miners begin work in that place, for conditions
that may adversely affect safety or health.” 30 C.F.R. § 56.18002(a). Merely
performing an examination is not enough to satisfy the standard—the operator
must perform an adequate examination. Under Commission case law, a
workplace examination “must be adequate in the sense that it identifies
conditions which may adversely affect safety and health that a reasonably
prudent competent examiner would recognize.” Sunbelt Rentals, Inc. , 38
FMSHRC 1619, 1627 (July 2016).

The first fact put forward by the
Secretary—that a “workplace examination had been conducted and documented”—is
therefore hollow. See Am. Mot. to App. Settlement at 3. This fact does
not negate the fact of violation, the negligence finding, or the unwarrantable
failure designation. The workplace examination has to be meaningful to satisfy
the safety standard; haphazard inspections do not protect miners. For instance,
in Sunbelt Rentals , the operator performed and recorded a workplace
examination. The exam failed to identify the loose material that would later
strike a miner and knock him unconscious. 38 FMSHRC at 1627; Sunbelt
Rentals, Inc. , 40 FMSHRC 573, 583-90 (Apr. 2018) (ALJ). The operator did
not protect the miner with its inadequate examination and could not avoid
liability under section 56.18002(a).

Here, the record supports a finding
that the examination was inadequate. The inspector noted twenty violative
conditions. Some of the violations were “extensive and obvious,” and some had
been in existence for “days or weeks.” Pet. at 7. Meanwhile, the operator’s
workplace exam noted none of these issues.

The inspector’s report tends to
contradict the second and final fact offered by the Secretary in support of
settlement: that “there was no evidence that the examination was inadequate.” [10] Failure to identify and address
safety violations can be evidence of an inadequate examination. LRock
Industries , 39 FMSHRC 1429 (July 2017) (ALJ); APAC-Kansas, Inc. , 38
FMSHRC 2560 (Oct. 2016) (ALJ). The inspector documented the operator’s failure
to identify twenty violations despite the extensiveness and duration of the
violative conditions. Accordingly, there is evidence that the
examination was inadequate.

I cannot say how the Secretary has
now concluded that “no evidence” exists in the face of the inspector’s report. He
provides no further context or explanation for his conclusion, even when asked
to supplement his original filing on this precise issue. Instead, he wants me
to ignore the evidence of an inadequate examination and to accept his current
version of events without further facts or scrutiny. To accept the Secretary’s
facts uncritically would be a derogation of my statutory duty under section
110(k) of the Mine Act.

By attempting to make such a
drastic change with such weak and inconsistent facts, the Secretary again
conveys that he does not take this violation seriously. But this is a serious
offense. Miners continue to suffer injuries, fatal and otherwise, due to
inadequate workplace examinations. Just days before the Secretary filed his
motion in this case, he released a fatality alert indicating that a miner died
due in part to the failure to conduct an adequate workplace examination. [11] Accordingly, I take the
allegations in this case seriously and would require concrete and specific
facts to justify the dramatic changes proposed. The Secretary’s motion is
devoid of such facts. I therefore must deny the proposed changes as
unreasonable and inappropriate under the facts.

C.     The Proposed Penalty Reduction

The other major defect
in the present motion is the penalty reduction. The Secretary proposes a
drastic penalty reduction from the assessed penalty of $22,944.00 to the
compromised value of $3,936.00. Based on the reasoning below, I find that the
proposed penalty reduction is unfair and contrary to the public interest.

Before passage of the
Mine Act, mine operators were governed by the Coal Act and its regulations. Operators
and regulators negotiated settlements that never saw public scrutiny, and
negotiations often led to large penalty reductions for operators. Senator
Richard Schweiker (R-Pennsylvania) described the dysfunction:

[Mine operators] get slapped [with]
a fine of $100 or $200 or $300. They accumulate a whole lot of them and go back
in court and ultimately settle them at 10 or 20 cents on the dollar… So what
you actually assess them at and what they settle for are worlds apart and is
part of the frustration of dealing with the act.

123
Cong. Rec. S10,277, reprinted in Senate Subcomm. on Labor, Comm. on Human Res., Legislative History of the Federal
Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 , at 1072-73 (1978) (“ Legis.
Hist. ”). This system failed to deter hazardous workplace conduct, and
devastating mine accidents continued to occur. Members of Congress knew that
paltry settlement amounts would not be sufficient incentive for mine operators
to adopt safe and compliant practices. As Senator Wendell Ford (D-Kentucky)
said:

The
settlement of penalty assessments in the past, often for as little as 30 cents
on the dollar, has been a disgrace, as well as a serious obstacle to effective
use of the civil penalty mechanism to encourage compliance.

123 Cong. Rec. S10,209, reprinted in Legis. Hist. , at 922 . There was bipartisan consensus
that compromised settlements had become an impediment to ensuring miner safety.

Congress decided to
reshape the settlement regime with the Mine Act .
Congress identified the compromise of assessed penalties in settlement as a
problem with prior legislation, and it crafted section 110(k) of the Mine Act
as a solution. By subjecting settlements to judicial review, Congress intended
to avoid “the unwarranted lowering of penalties as a result of off-the-record
negotiations” and to ensure that “the public interest is adequately protected
before approval of any reduction in penalties.” S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 45
(1977), reprinted in Legis. Hist. , at 633.

It is therefore my duty
to review compromised penalties. Motions proposing large penalty
reductions—where the operator would pay only “10 or 20” or “30 cents on the
dollar”—demand particular attention because they are the very settlements that
Congress saw as an obstacle to regulatory compliance. 123 Cong. Rec. S10,277,
S10,209, reprinted in Legis. Hist. , at 1072-73, 922. The parties must
present concrete facts, review the six penalty criteria, and demonstrate how
the proposed settlement will be fair and protective of the public interest.

Here, the public
interest is not adequately protected. Encouraging compliance with safety
regulations was a key public interest motivating Congress to pass the Mine Act,
and it has been a key public interest considered by the Commission when
scrutinizing settlements. Black Beauty , 34 FMSHRC at 1866. I fail to see
how this settlement could promote compliance. Instead, by allowing the operator
to pay just seventeen cents on the dollar for these two serious alleged
violations, the Secretary encourages the operator to embrace the status quo and
accept the minor settlement amounts as the cost of doing business. The
Secretary has not submitted any information to dissuade me of this thinking, or
to show that a reduced penalty furthers the public interest. Accordingly, I
find that the large penalty reduction undermines operator compliance, fails to
deter dangerous behavior, and therefore contravenes the public interest.

D.     Non-monetary aspects of the
settlement

I have also considered
the non-monetary aspects of this settlement motion. Just as in all other
settlement motions, the Secretary includes the rote recitation that he “has
evaluated the enforcement value of the compromise and is maximizing his
prosecutorial impact in settling this case on appropriate terms.” Am. Mot. to
App. Settlement at 2. He says that resolution of this case through settlement
is of “significant enforcement value to the Secretary” in part because the
citations, as modified, are “preserved for future enforcement actions and are
not subject to potential vacatur or further downward adjustment after a
hearing.” Am. Mot. to App. Settlement at 2-3.

I accord significant
weight to the value of avoiding litigation and its attendant uncertainty. However,
the Secretary’s boilerplate statements do little more to help me understand how
this particular settlement meets the AmCoal standard. Stripping
citations of their S&S and unwarrantable failure designations also impacts
future enforcement actions, but the Secretary provides no explanation of these
specific changes and how they maximize prosecutorial impact.

Furthermore, “[t]he Commission
recognized that significant non-monetary value flows from accepting the
citations as written.” Solar Sources Mining , 41 FMSHRC 594, 601 (Sept.
2019) (internal citations omitted). Here, the Secretary has elected to modify both
of the citations in this docket and forfeit the non-monetary value that would
flow from preserving them as written.

Altogether, although there are some
non-monetary benefits to this settlement, none of the Secretary’s generalized
statements convince me that the particular changes proposed here are “fair,
reasonable, appropriate under the facts, and protect[] the public interest.” Am.
Coal Co. , 38 FMSHRC at 1976.

III.             
Conclusion

This case boils down to facts. The
Secretary must submit facts in support of the proposed settlement, and I must
scrutinize those facts. Here, the Secretary has submitted a grand total of
three relevant sentences to support the 82.8 percent penalty reduction proposed.
Most of the information submitted is conclusory and redundant. Few of the facts
are concrete or specific. He does nothing to explain why the submitted facts
differ from the inspector’s report. He fails to tailor the facts to the penalty
criteria or the modified portions of the citations. He ignores the seriousness
of the alleged violations. And, when asked for more information, he rebuffs the
Court and merely rearranges the information already encapsulated in the original
motion.

It is my statutory duty to review
the sufficiency of the Secretary’s facts. If I were to approve this proposed
settlement based on the submitted facts, the judicial review provision in
section 110(k) of the Mine Act would be rendered meaningless. I cannot close my
eyes to the deficiencies of the facts submitted here, nor to the risk presented
to miners by the violations alleged in this case. I must deny this motion.

WHEREFORE,
the Amended Motion to Approve Settlement is hereby DENIED .

/s/
Margaret A. Miller

Margaret A. Miller

Administrative Law Judge

Distribution:
(Electronic and Certified Mail)

Bruce H.
Jakubauskas, CLR, U.S. Department of Labor, MSHA, Thornhill Industrial Park,
178 Thorn Hill Road, Suite 100, Warrendale, PA 15086, [email protected]

Dennis Sorter, Harper Companies, P. O. Box 18549, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84118, [email protected]

[1] Any other
information adduced by the Secretary regarding this citation was either
redundant or mere conclusion. Often, when a motion to approve settlement is
filed by an MSHA conference and litigation representative (CLR), the motion
relies heavily on legal conclusions that are either improperly applied or
inadequately supported. The standard boilerplate language used by every CLR
contains legal information that they are not sufficiently trained to understand
or qualified to use in a legal document.  Moreover, the Commission requires the
Secretary to provide “facts,” not conclusions, in support of settlement. 30
C.F.R. § 2700.31(b).  

[2] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, Fatality Alert: August 4, 2022 Fatality, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2022/august-4-2022-fatality/fatality-alert .

[3]
Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S. Dep’t of Labor,
Fatality Alert: January 26, 2022 Fatality, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2022/january-26-2022-fatality/fatality-alert .

[4] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, December 13, 2021 Fatality – Preliminary Report, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2021/december-13-2021-fatality/preliminary-report-0 .

[5] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, Report of Investigation: Surface (Construction Sand and Gravel)
Fatal Power Haulage Accident –
April 19, 2021, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2021/april-19-2021-fatality/final-report .

[6] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, Report of
Investigation: Facility (Coal) Fatal Power Haulage Accident – August 11, 2021, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2021/august-11-2021-fatality/final-report .

[7] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, Report of Investigation: Surface Mine (Sand) Fatal Power
Haulage Accident – September 16,
2020, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2020/september-16-2020-fatality/final-report .

[8] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S. Dep’t of Labor,
Report of Investigation: Underground Metal Mine (Gold Ore) Fatal Power Haulage
Accident
– November 11, 2018, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2018/fatality-16-november-11-2018/final-report .

[9] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, Report of Investigation: Surface Nonmetal Mine (Crushed Stone)
Fatal Power Haulage Accident –
March 24, 2017, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2017/fatality-3-march-24-2017/final-report .

[10] Any other
information adduced in support of the proposed modifications was nonfactual and
conclusory in nature.

[11] Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S. Dep’t of Labor,
Fatality Alert: September 9, 2022 Fatality https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/fatality-reports/2022/september-9-2022-fatality/fatality-alert .