Clinchfield Coal Company

Plain-English summary

James L. Woody, a long-serving miner at Clinchfield Coal's Moss No. 3 Preparation Plant, objected to being required to work four hours of overtime. He argued that the overtime requirement was connected to earlier complaints about excessive dust and that his age and health made the work unsafe. The judge found that Woody was not discharged, disciplined, or denied pay, and therefore had not shown adverse action. The judge also found no connection between the overtime assignment and his dust complaints, and dismissed the discrimination complaint.

Decision snapshot

• Governing provision: 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)
• Outcome: The discrimination complaint was dismissed.
• Key point: An overtime assignment, without discipline, lost pay, or another adverse employment action, did not establish a Mine Act discrimination claim on this record.

Full text (FMSHRC public release)

CCASE:
J. L. WOODY V. CLINCHFIELD COAL
DDATE:
19890629
TTEXT:

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Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (F.M.S.H.R.C.)
Office of Administrative Law Judges

JAMES L. WOODY, DISCRIMINATION PROCEEDING
COMPLAINANT
Docket No. VA 89-14-D
v.
Moss No. 3 Prep Plant
CLINCHFIELD COAL COMPANY,
RESPONDENT

                             DECISION

Appearances: Jerry O. Talton, Esq., Front Royal, Virginia, for
Complainant; W. Challen Walling, Esq., Penn,
Stuart, Eskridge & Jones, Bristol, Virginia,
for Respondent.

Before: Judge Broderick

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

 Complainant contends that he was discriminated against in

violation of section 105(c) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health
Act of 1977 (the Act), 30 U.S.C. 815(c), in that he was
required to work beyond his regular shift on August 4, 1988.
Respondent denied that Complainant suffered any adverse action
and asserted that if he did, it was not because of activity
protected under the Act. Pretrial discovery was had, and both
parties responded to my prehearing order. Pursuant to notice the
case was heard on the merits in Abingdon, Virginia, on April 25,
1989. Billy L. Bise, James L. Woody, Jerry D. Hearl, and James W.
Hicks testified on behalf of Complainant; Thomas Asbury, Danny
Lee Cromer, Samuel Glen Sanders, and John Bel, Jr., testified on
behalf of Respondent. Both parties have filed post hearing
briefs. I have considered the entire record and the contentions
of the parties, and make the following decision.

FINDINGS OF FACT

                                I

 At all times pertinent hereto, Respondent was the owner and

operator of a coal mine in the State of Virginia known as the
Moss No. 3 Preparation Plant. Complainant was employed by
Respondent at the Preparation Plant as a boom shack operator and
was a miner as defined in the Act. Complainant worked at the mine
for approximately 28 years. The preparation plant is one of

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the largest such facilities in the country. It employs
approximately 150 people, and processes and ships out
approximately three-and-a-half million tons of coal in a three
year period.

                               II

 In the latter part of 1987, Complainant Woody and others

complained on several occasions about excessive dust in their
working area. When the amount of coal coming from the mine to the
preparation plant is reduced, the dryer (part of the prep plant)
will, unless its heat is reduced, over-dry the coal. The result
is excessive dust in the area. During such periods, the dust
severely limited Woody's vision from the boom shack. It also
resulted in respirable dust entering the boom shack where Woody
worked. On December 15, 1987, Woody and two other miners filed a
grievance alleging that Clinchfield had not controlled the dust
problem at the loading out area. Woody complained that on
December 14, 1987, the dust was so bad he could not see to load
the railroad cars. A meeting was held concerning the grievance on
January 19, 1988. Four company representatives, two union
representatives and the three grievants attended. Respondent
presented a written dust control plan which was accepted by the
union as a settlement of the grievance. Woody testified that the
condition was "a lot better" after the meeting (Tr. 127).
However, he also testified that "some days it (the dust control
plan) works, some days it doesn't." (Tr. 122) No further
grievances were filed and no section 103(g) complaints were filed
with the Mine Safety and Health Administration alleging a dust
violation.

                              III

 Beginning in late 1987, miners in the subject plant worked a

mandatory six day week. Coal was processed five days a week and
the sixth day (Saturday) was devoted to maintenance. Prior to
that time, work on Saturday and Sunday was voluntary. The workers
were paid time-and-a-half for Saturday work and double time for
Sunday work. A sufficient number of workers volunteered for
overtime or Sunday work to enable Respondent to maintain its five
day coal production schedule. At some time in 1987 or 1988, the
number of employees volunteering for Sunday work declined; this
resulted in Respondent establishing what was called a mandatory
overtime policy. This policy referred only to work beyond the
normal work day of 7-1/2 or 8 hours. Saturday work was being
performed as a matter of course. A notice was posted notifying
the employees that all employees were subject to mandatory
overtime effective August 1, 1987. (RX3) The policy was not
implemented until the summer of 1988, when the number of
volunteers for overtime and Sunday work sharply fell off.

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IV

 Complainant Woody is 60 years of age. He has worked for

Respondent almost 29 years. He is a member of the United Mine
Workers of America. He has been an officer in the union and was
mine committeeman until 1984. He worked the majority of Saturdays
and 13 Sundays in 1987. In 1988, he worked 20 Saturdays and two
Sundays; however, he only worked one additional overtime hour
(beyond his normal workday) in 1987 and 4-1/2 such hours in 1988.

                               V

 The Union objected to the mandatory overtime policy

established in 1987, and prepared a protest form. (CX1) Woody and
most of the union employees signed the forms and submitted them
to management. Among other things the form advised management
"that because of the unsafe conditions which the extended day
will create, I contend that this policy of involuntary overtime
interferes with my safety rights under the Federal Mine Safety
and Health Act. If my health and safety are jeopardized by this
policy, I may file a 105(c) discrimination complaint . . . under
the authority of Eldrige v. Sunfire Coal Company, 5 FMSHRC 480
(1983)."

                               VI

 Beginning in July 1988, the mandatory overtime policy was

implemented at the preparation plant. This was done because of
large orders for coal, higher than normal absenteeism, the
failure of employees to volunteer for overtime and other factors.
Woody was scheduled to work four hours (4 p.m. to 8 p.m.) on
Thursday, August 4, 1988 (RX7). When the schedule was posted,
Woody protested to his immediate supervisor and to the acting
plant superintendent. He also protested to the union safety
committeeman, telling him that he had doctors' statements
excusing him from working overtime. The Safety Committeeman asked
Sam Sanders, the Plant Superintendent on August 3 for a meeting
on the matter. Sanders said he would review the doctors'
statements and tell Woody the next morning of his decision. The
letters (Comp. Ex. 13 and 14) were addressed to Sanders. Dr.
James Cross concluded that if possible Woody should not work more
than 8 hours per day and that "12 hour days . . . I feel would
cause excessive fatigue, aggravation of his hiatal hernia,
increased anxiety, and deterioration of his health." Dr. W.A.
Davis stated that in his opinion Woody "is able to work eight
hours a day for six days a week but . . . is not able to work 12
hours a day, due to his physical condition and his age." Sanders
was not satisfied with the reports, and he called Dr. Davis.

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Davis told him that Woody had requested that he write the letter
because Woody did not feel like working over eight hours and
"felt exhausted if he worked over eight hours." (Tr. 281) Based
on the letters and this conversation, Sanders concluded that
there was no bona fide medical reason for Woody not working
overtime. He so notified Woody during the morning shift. At the
conclusion of the shift, Sanders met with Woody and the mine
committee, and the evening shift foreman. Sanders repeated his
decision, and Woody reacted angrily. When Woody threatened to go
home and not work the overtime, Sanders told him that before he
returned to work, he would have to bring a doctor's slip stating
that he was "100 percent able to perform [his] . . . work." (Tr.
290). Woody took this to mean that he had to work overtime or be
discharged. For this reason, he went to the job and worked the
remaining 3 or 3-1/2 hours (the meeting took 30 to 45 minutes,
and Woody was permitted to leave 30 minutes early because he did
not take a lunch hour). He was paid four hours at the overtime
rate. His work involved cleaning and washing the tipple floor
with a water hose. The hose was approximately 1-1/4 or 1-1/2
inches in diameter. The floor was wet and slippery. He returned
to his regular work in the boom shack the following day, and was
not requested to work beyond his 8 hour day thereafter.

                              VII

 As a boom shack operator, Woody worked in an enclosed area,

operating levers to fill railroad cars with coal coming from the
dryers. The work does not involve heavy lifting or other
strenuous activity. When he worked on Saturdays or other overtime
hours, he had various duties, including washing and cleaning the
tipple floor, cleaning track, working on pumps or other
machinery. Some of the work is strenuous. There are normal mining
hazards in connection with some of it. Woody has a hiatal hernia,
and had surgery for the removal of polyps in July 1988. He also
complained of the symptoms of an ulcer. He testified that after
he worked his regular shift on Saturdays, he was exhausted and
had to rest all day Sunday.

ISSUES

 1. Did complainant Woody suffer adverse action by being

required to work 4 hours overtime on August 4, 1988?

 2. If he did, was the adverse action the result of activity

protected under the Mine Act?

 3. If it was, what are the appropriate remedies?

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CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

                               I

 Complainant and Respondent are subject to and protected by

the provisions of the Mine Act, complainant as a miner and
Respondent as a mine operator. I have jurisdiction over the
parties and subject matter of this proceeding.

 Under the Act, a miner establishes a prima facie case of

discrimination if he proves that (1) he was engaged in protected
activity, and (2) was subjected to adverse action, which (3) was
motivated in any part by the protected activity.
Secretary/Pasula v. Consolidation Coal Co., 2 FMSHRC 2786 (1980),
rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Consolidation Coal Co. v.
Marshall, 663 F.2d 1211 (3rd Cir. 1981); Secretary/Robinette v.
United Castle Coal Co., 3 FMSHRC 803 (1981). The mine operator
may rebut the prima facie case by showing either that no
protected activity occurred or that the adverse action was not
motivated in any part by the protected activity. If the operator
cannot rebut the prima facie case in this manner, it may defend
affirmatively by proving that it was also motivated by the
miner's unprotected activity, and would have taken the adverse
action for that activity in any event.

                               II

  Complainant Woody was not discharged, did not lose any pay,

was not reprimanded or otherwise disciplined. So far as the
record shows, his personnel file does not contain any reference
to the incident involved here. He was required to work 4 hours
overtime to which he objected ostensibly for health reasons. But
he did work and was paid for the work. So far as the record
shows, he did not suffer any ill effects and no safety problems
were encountered. He returned to his regular work the following
day and worked continually until the mine went on strike April 5,
1989.

 For many personal reasons Woody disliked working overtime.

The Union objected on behalf of all its members to the mandatory
overtime policy of the operator. But neither Woody's distaste nor
the Union's objection establishes an adverse action. Had Woody
refused to work the 4 hours overtime and been disciplined, he
would have suffered adverse action and, if he could show that it
was related to protected activity, could make out a prima facie
case of discrimination. But the facts are that he did not refuse,
and was not disciplined. I conclude that Complainant James Woody
has failed to show that adverse action was visited on him when he
was required to work overtime on August 4, 1988.

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III

 Assuming that requiring Woody to work 4 hours overtime

constituted adverse action, the next question is whether it
resulted in any part from activity protected under the Mine Act.
Complaints of excessive dust detailed in Findings of Fact II
above clearly constitute protected activity. Refusal to work is
protected if it results from a good faith reasonable belief that
the work is unsafe or unhealthful. Pasula, supra. Refusal to
perform overtime work because of a reasonable good faith belief
that a miner's physical and mental exhaustion would present a
safety hazard to himself and others is protected. Eldridge v.
Sunfire Coal Company, 5 FMSHRC 408 (1983) (ALJ). Cf.
Secretary/Bryant v. Clinchfield Coal Company, 4 FMSHRC 1379
(1982) (ALJ).

                               IV

 There is no credible evidence that Respondent's requiring

Woody to work overtime on August 4, 1988, was in any way related
to his complaints of excessive dust in 1987 and thereafter. I
conclude that it was not.

                               V

 Complainant objected to the overtime work because he

believed that his age, poor health and physical exhaustion, would
result in safety hazards to himself or his co-workers. Although
the objection to mandatory overtime was sponsored by the union,
and Respondent tried to create the inference that Woody was a
front or stalking horse for the union, I conclude that
Complainant Woody's objections to the overtime were made in the
good faith belief that his health would be endangered. The work
Woody was asked to perform on August 4, 1988 after his shift was
not more onerous or hazardous than the work he normally performed
on Saturdays. There was nothing about the nature of the work that
created special hazards, nor is the discrete (4 hours) period of
overtime so onerous as to create health or safety problems per
se. I conclude that in the terms of the Mine Act, complainant's
objection to overtime work though made in good faith was not
reasonably related to a health or safety hazard.

                               VI

 For all the above reasons, I conclude that Complainant has

failed to establish that he was subjected to adverse action
because of activity protected under the Mine Act.

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ORDER

 Based on the above findings of fact and conclusions of law

IT IS ORDERED that the complaint of discrimination filed herein
is DISMISSED.

                           James A. Broderick
                           Administrative Law Judge