Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System

Plain-English summary

Three public-interest organizations challenged EPA Region IX's approval of a Class 2 modification to the U.S. Army's permit for the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System. The modification removed a five-year operating restriction so the facility could continue operating while its permit renewal was considered. The Environmental Appeals Board held that the restriction was a permit condition and that the regulation barred only extensions beyond the ten-year maximum, not this modification. It denied review of the classification issue because Part 124 did not provide jurisdiction to review Class 2 versus Class 3 determinations.

Decision snapshot

• Cited authorities: 40 C.F.R. §§ 124.19, 270.42, 270.50, and 270.51; 42 U.S.C. § 6901
• Outcome: Review was denied on the permit-duration issue and for lack of jurisdiction on the modification-classification issue.
• Key point: A permit condition may be modified within the regulatory maximum term, while the Region's Class 2 versus Class 3 classification was not appealable under Part 124.

Full text (EPA EAB public release)

174 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS

IN RE JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT
DISPOSAL SYSTEM

RCRA Appeal No. 95-6
ORDER DENYING REVIEW

Decided September 26, 1995

Syllabus

Petitioners Chemical Weapons Working Group, the Pacific-Asian Council of Indigenous
Peoples, and the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs seck review of U.S. EPA
Region IX’s decision to grant a “Class 2” modification of a permit issued to the U.S. Army for
the Johnson Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System JACADS) under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA), 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq. The modification deleted a provision in the
permit that limited operation of the facility to a five-year period following construction; that pro-
vision would have required JACADS to cease operations on June 30, 1995. Petitioners contend
that the Region erred in using the permit modification process to delete the five-year operating
restriction. In the alternative, petitioners contend that even if permit modification was appro-
priate, the Region should have classified the modification as “Class 3” instead of “Class 2.”

Held: Review of the petition is denied. First, the Board rejects petitioners’ contention that
40 C.F.R. § 270.50 prohibits extending a permit’s duration by modification in this instance. The
permit provision at issue is a “condition” of the permit that is not governed by § 270.50; in any
event the Board construes the regulation as only prohibiting modifications that extend a per-
mit’s duration beyond the ten-year maximum set forth in the regulation. Second, the Board con-
cludes that it is without jurisdiction to consider petitioners’ challenge to the Region's classifica-
tion of the modification as “Class 2” rather than “Class 3.”

Before Environmental Appeals Judges Ronald L. McCallum
and Edward E. Reich.

Opinion of the Board by Judge Reich:

The Chemical Weapons Working Group, the Pacific-Asian Council
of Indigenous Peoples, and the Institute for the Advancement of
Hawaiian Affairs (collectively “petitioners”) have filed a petition for
review of U.S. EPA Region IX’s decision to grant a “Class 2” permit
modification to the U.S. Army’s permit for the Johnston Atoll Chemical
Agent Disposal System (JACADS), issued under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq. The
modification deleted a condition in the permit that would have

VOLUME 6
JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM 175

required JACADS to cease operations on June 30, 1995. Petitioners
contend that the Region erred in granting the modification request,
because, in petitioners’ view, the “effective life” of a RCRA permit may
be extended only through the issuance of a new permit, not by mod-
ification of the existing permit. Alternatively, petitioners contend that
the Region erred in classifying the modification request as “Class 2”
and that it should have been processed as a more significant “Class 3”
modification. For the reasons explained below, the Board hereby
denies review of the petition.

I. BACKGROUND

JACADS is a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facility located on Johnston Atoll, a small island in the central Pacific
Ocean. According to the Army’s facility description (which is not dis-
puted by petitioners) “JACADS is the first full scale operational facil-
ity constructed as part of the U.S. Army’s Chemical Stockpile
Disposal Program” required by a 1985 law. Army’s Public Notice of
Permit Modification Request (Jan. 3, 1995). The purpose of the facil-
ity is to destroy a portion of the nation’s stockpile of lethal chemi-
cal weapons, including rockets, mines, and bombs containing nerve
agent (Sarin and “VX") and blister agent (mustard gas). JACADS is a
prototype for similar facilities planned for construction in the conti-
nental U.S.'

Region IX issued a ten-year RCRA permit on August 30, 1985,
authorizing the Army to construct and operate JACADS. The permit
authorized the incineration of a fixed quantity of waste, consisting of
the chemical weapons stockpile stored on Johnston Atoll. This waste
originally constituted approximately 5% of the total U.S. stockpile;
the amount of waste on Johnston Atoll subsequently was raised to
6.6% of the U.S. stockpile because of the receipt of additional
weapons from a stockpile in Germany. Although the permit was
issued for a ten-year term, until August 30, 1995, it also contained the
following provision: “The facility may not be operated for more than
five years once constructed.” According to the Region’s response to
the petition, the five-year operating provision was included because

' According to the Region’s response to the petition for review, in 1985 Congress passed a
law directing the Department of Defense to destroy at least 90% of the nation’s chemical
weapons stockpile by September 30, 1994. The date was later extended to December 31, 2004,
consistent with the Chemical Weapons Convention signed by the U.S. and other nations in
January 1993. Chemical weapons destruction is also required by the Bilateral Agreement on
Destruction and Non-Production of Chemical Weapons, entered into between the U.S. and the
former Soviet Union. See Region’s Response to Petition at 2 and n.1,

VOLUME 6
176 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS

“EPA and the Army expected that five years would be sufficient to
complete this task.”

The facility began operating on June 30, 1990. On January 3,
1995, the Army submitted a request for a “Class 2” permit modifica-
tion pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 270.42(b). The Army requested that the
Region modify the permit by deleting the permit provision limiting
operation of JACADS to a five-year period following construction,
thereby allowing JACADS to operate under the permit until its August
30, 1995 expiration date. In the public notice of the modification
request, the Army stated that it was not possible to process all of the
chemical weapons on Johnston Atoll within the five-year operating
period, because additional weapons had been sent to the island for
destruction after issuance of the permit,! and because JACADS had
experienced “{ulnexpected operational problems.” Public Notice at 3.
The problems included equipment malfunctions, a release of chemi-
cal agent that necessitated a shutdown, personnel evacuations
because of hurricane threats, and repair of damage caused by a hur-
ricane in August 1994. 7d. Further, on February 21, 1995, the Army
submitted a permit renewal application for the entire permit. The
renewal application continues the terms and conditions of the origi-

? However, in its response to comments on the proposed permit modification, the Region
indicated that it did not know why the five-year restriction was included in the permit. The
Region stated that “the five-year restriction was not in the draft permit that was public noticed
in 1985. It was added after public comment was submitted, although we can find no record of
a public comment that specifically suggested such a provision, or a record of how this was
responsive to other public comments. In addition, the staff working on the project at that time
*** have since left EPA.” Response to Comments at 11. The Region also stated that it believed
the JACADS permit was the only permit containing such a restriction. /d.

• The Board has explained that:

{[PJermittee-requested modifications are [organized] into three
separate “classes” according to the substance of the requested
change. Modifications classified under section 270.42 as “Class
2° or “Class 3” require prior notice to the public, an opportu-
nity for public comment, and a public meeting, whereas
“Class 1° modifications involve less-significant changes and
may therefore be implemented without prior public notice. In
addition, modifications classified under section 270.42 as
“Class 2” or “Class 3” are appealable to the Environmental
Appeals Board, but “Class 1” modifications are not.

In re Waste Technologies Indus., 5 E.A.D. 646, 652 (EAB 1995) (citations omitted).
' According to the Region’s response to comments, processing of additional weapons

received from Germany was authorized by a Class 3 permit modification. Response to
Comments at 4.

VOLUME 6
JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM 177

nal permit beyond its expiration date (August 30, 1995) pending the
Region’s review of the application. See 40 C.F.R. § 270.51(a).°

In accordance with the requirements of 40 C.F.R. § 270.42(b) con-
cerning processing Class 2 permit modifications, the Army publicly
noticed its modification request, held a public meeting concerning the
proposed modification, and the Region accepted comments on the
modification request for sixty days following the public notice. It is
undisputed that petitioners participated in the process by submitting
comments and/or participated in the public hearing.® On May 3, 1995,
the Region announced its approval of the modification, and provided
its response to the comments received from the public. The Region
explained that:

The five-year permit condition is atypical for a RCRA
incineration permit. It is not unusual for a facility to
continue operating while a new permit is being con-
sidered.

The modification does not change the conditions
which limit the amount of weapons to be destroyed at
JACADS. It also does not change how the weapons
will be destroyed or the operating conditions which
the facility must meet.

The current permit is protective of human health
and the environment, and the Army must continue to
abide by the requirements of this permit while a new
one is being considered[.]

• Section 270.51(a) states:

(a) EPA permits, When EPA is the permit-issuing authority,
the conditions of an expired permit continue in force * * *
until the effective date of a new permit * * * if:
(1) The permittee has submitted a timely applica-
tion * * * for a new permit; and
(2) The Regional Administrator through no fault of
the permittee, does not issue a new permit with an
effective date * * * on or before the expiration date
of the previous permit * * *.

40 C.F.R. § 270.51 (a).

6 In accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 124.19(a), filing comments or participating in the public
hearing are prerequisites to having standing to seek review of a final permit decision.

VOLUME 6
178 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS

Region [IX News Release (May 3, 1995). The petitioners filed a timely
petition for review of that decision on June 2, 1995.

Il. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review

Under the rules governing this proceeding, a RCRA permit ordi-
narily will not be reviewed unless it is based on a clearly erroneous
finding of fact or conclusion of law, or involves an important matter of
policy or exercise of discretion that warrants review. 40 C.F.R.
§ 124.19(a); see, e.g., In re Chemical Waste Management of Indiana,
Inc., © E.A.D. 66, 70 (EAB 1995); In re Marine Shale Processors, Inc.,
5 E.A.D. 751, 763 (EAB 1995). The preamble to § 124.19 states that “this
power of review should be only sparingly exercised,” and that “most
permit conditions should be finally determined at the Regional level *
**” 45 Fed. Reg. 33,412 (May 19, 1980). The burden of demonstrating
that review is warranted is on the petitioner. 40 C.F.R. § 124.19(a); see
also Chemical Waste Management, 6 E.A.D. at 70; Marine Shale
Processors, 5 E.A.D. at 764. In this instance, petitioners have not met
their burden of demonstrating that review is warranted.

B. Petitioners’ Claims

Petitioners first contend that the Region's approval of the modifi-
cation request deleting the five-year operating restriction was “inap-
propriate and contrary to law” because it effectively extends the active
life of the facility. Petition at 6. Petitioners specifically claim that “[t]he
removal of the permit condition has the effect of extending the oper-
ational life of the facility for an indefinite period as long as the new
permit application is under review, where the facility would have oth-
erwise been required to cease operations at the end of the five-year
period, and during the permit renewal review process.” Id. at 7.
Petitioners argue that the only appropriate mechanism for effecting
such a change in permit terms is obtaining a new permit. In support
of their argument, petitioners point to 40 C.F.R. § 270.50, which states
in pertinent part that:

(a) RCRA permits shall be effective for a fixed term not
to exceed 10 years.

(b) Except as provided in § 270.51, the term of a per-
mit shall not be extended by modification beyond the
maximum duration specified in this section.

(c) The Director may issue any permit for a duration that
is less than the full allowable term under this section.

VOLUME 6
JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM 179

40 C.F.R. § 270.50(a)-(c). Petitioners argue that the five-year operating
restriction established a permit duration “less than the full allowable
term” pursuant to § 270.50(c), and that the five-year permit duration
cannot be extended by modification because of the prohibition con-
tained in § 270.50(b) (“the term of a permit shall not be extended by
modification beyond the maximum duration specified in this sec-
tion.”). In response, the Region contends that the five-year’ operating
restriction is simply an operating condition of a ten-year permit, not a
permit “duration” within the meaning of § 270.50(c), and therefore that
section is inapplicable. The Region further contends that even if the
modification is interpreted as an extension of the permit’s “duration,”
then the modification nevertheless is allowable under § 270.50(b).
We agree.

First, the Region’s contention that § 270.50(b) is inapplicable to
the five-year operating restriction has some force. The permit estab-
lishes a ten-year term from August 30, 1985, until August 30, 1995; the
five-year restriction is not the permit term but a condition of the per-
mit affecting the operation of JACADS following completion of con-
struction, which the parties apparently expected to occur at some
point during the ten-year permit period, but which could not be pre-
dicted with certainty. Second, even if § 270.50(b) applies to the con-
dition at issue, the language of the regulation contradicts the inter-
pretation advanced by petitioners. Section 270.50(b) provides that the
duration of a permit “shall not be extended by modification beyond
the maximum duration specified in this section.” Id. (emphasis added).
We construe the “maximum duration specified in this section” as a ref-
erence to the ten-year maximum set forth in § 270.50(a) (‘RCRA per-
mits shall be effective for a fixed term not to exceed 10 years.”). We
agree with the Region that had the Agency intended to prohibit all
extensions of permit durations by modification, it could have done so
expressly. Instead, the regulation only prohibits modifications that
extend a permit’s duration beyond the ten-year regulatory maximum.

Accordingly, we reject petitioners’ contention that the Region
erred as a matter of law in modifying the JACADS permit to delete the
five-year operating restriction. Petitioners further contend, however,
that as a matter of policy any extension of a permit’s duration (when
the original duration is shorter in length than the ten-year regulatory
maximum) should be handled as a permit renewal rather than modi-
fication. In particular, petitioners argue that permit expiration and reis-
suance is an important mechanism for providing regular scrutiny of
permit compliance and revising permit conditions. The Region
acknowledges that “regular scrutiny of permits is essential.” Response
to Petition at 9. However, as the Region points out, the permit modi-

VOLUME 6
180 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS

fication in this case did provide an opportunity for scrutiny with
respect to the five-year operating restriction contained in the original
permit, and the JACADS permit as a whole is undergoing timely scruti-
ny as the Region considers whether to renew the permit.’ In these cir-
cumstances, we cannot conclude that the Region's decision to modi-
fy the permit by. deleting the five-year operating restriction raises a
policy consideration which the Board should review.

Petitioners argue in the alternative that if modification is an
appropriate means for deleting the five-year operating restriction, then
the Regional Administrator abused her discretion by failing to require
that the modification be processed as a “Class 3” modification instead
of “Class 2.”8 40 C.F.R. § 270.42 Appendix I sets forth a list of various
types of permit modifications and the “classes” into which they fall for
purposes of processing modifications. Class 1 modifications involve
relatively minor permit changes and may be implemented without
public notice. Class 2 modifications require a public comment period
on the proposed modification and a public meeting sponsored by the
permittee. Class 3 modifications require the Region to issue a draft
permit setting forth the proposed modifications, provide a 45-day
comment period, and hold a public hearing Gf requested, or if the
Region decides a hearing is appropriate). 40 C.F.R. § 270.42. In peti-
tioners’ view, although removal of an operating restriction such as the
one at issue here is not specifically classified in the regulations, dele-
tion of the restriction is a serious permit change that should receive
the utmost process afforded by the Class 3 modification procedures
(assuming any modification procedures can be utilized, which of
course petitioners do not concede).

• In announcing its decision to modify the permit, the Region stated that:

The U.S. EPA is fully committed to providing another oppor-
tunity for the public to comment during the review of the
JACADS permit application. In addition to holding a public
hearing, a workshop will be held this summer to provide an
information exchange between the regulating agencies and
the public about the JACADS facility and other operations at
Johnston Atoll. The permit renewal application is currently
available for comment.

EPA News Release (May 3, 1995).
8 Petitioners moved for leave to file a reply brief supplementing its argument on this issue
on August 23, 1995. The Region has not opposed that motion. Petitioners’ motion is hereby

granted, and the reply brief appended to the motion is accepted for filing as part of the Board's
record on appeal.

VOLUME 6
JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM 181

While the Region asserts that the classification was proper, it
argues preliminarily that the Board is without jurisdiction to review
the actual classification of the modification as “Class 2” (as opposed
to a decision on the substance of a modification request). We agree.
The applicable regulations provide that:

The [Region’s] decision to grant or deny a Class 2 or
3 permit modification request under this section may
be appealed under the permit appeal procedures of 40
C.F.R. § 124.19.

40 C.F.R. § 270.42(g)(2) (emphasis added). In promulgating this regu-
lation, the Agency specifically rejected a proposal that would have
subjected the Region’s classification decisions to administrative appel-
late review. In the preamble to the final permit modification regula-
tions, the Agency stated that:

For Class 1 modifications, temporary authorizations,
and Classification determinations, the appeal proce-
dures of Part 124 do not apply, although in many cases
there are opportunities to seek a change in the modi-
fication or authorization, as discussed in more detail
below.

Permit Modifications for Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
(Preamble), 53 Fed. Reg. 37,912 at 37,921 (1988) (emphasis added).
Based on the foregoing, the Board has previously noted that “classifi-
cation decisions are no more appealable to the Board than are the
merits of Class 1 modification decisions.” In re Waste Technologies
Indus., 5 E.A.D. 646, 653 (EAB 1995).

The petitioners argue that the preamble language quoted above,
read in context with other preamble language, indicates only that the
Agency intended not to adopt an earlier proposal that would have
allowed administrative appellate review of the classification decision
independent of an appeal on the merits. Petitioners argue that the pre-
amble language does not indicate that the Agency intended to fore-
close all administrative review of a classification decision. For exam-
ple, the petitioners quote the following passages from the preamble
that follow the language quoted above:

In the case of Agency classification determinations,
there will be subsequent public notification of the pro-
posed changes as the facility proceeds with its modifi-
cation request. The public will be able to raise con-

VOLUME 6
182 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS

cerns at that time if they believe that tbe modification
request has been incorrectly classified. For these rea-
sons, EPA believes that the [separate notice in the pro-
posed rule] regarding a classification determination
would be redundant, and therefore is not adopting it
in today’s rule.

[The proposed rule] provided for the appeal of the
Director’s decision to classify a permit modification
request, under the procedures of Part 124. One com-
menter objected to the public being able to provide
input and delay progress on the processing of an
unclassified facility change. While EPA maintains that
public involvement in these decisions is useful and
important, it also believes that once a determination
has been made as to the appropriate modification pro-
cedures for a particular facility change, the permittee’s
application should be processed accordingly. As dis-
cussed earlier, the modification review process will
provide an opportunity for indicating concerns regard-
ing the Agency's classification decision. However, if a
formal appeal were allowed for the classification deci-
sion, then a single appeal request could effectively
require any modification to follow the class 3 process
— or else delay the modification process for months
while awaiting the Administrator’s decision on the
appeal — regardless of the merits of the appeal.
Therefore, today’s rule does not provide for appeals of
[classification decisions].

53 Fed. Reg. at 37,922 (emphasis supplied by petitioners).

Based only on the foregoing paragraphs, petitioners’ argument
that the Agency rejected only an independent appeal of the classifica-
tion decision might appear to have some merit. However, the remain-
der of the preamble language relied upon by petitioners seriously
undermines that interpretation. The preamble goes on to say that:

As discussed above, during the modification approval
process the commenters will be able to indicate any
concerns with the classification assigned by the
Agency. If the Agency agrees with the comments, then
it could reclassify the permittee’s request and initiate

VOLUME 6
JOHNSTON ATOLL CHEMICAL AGENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM 183

the appropriate modification procedures. For example,
if in the course of a Class 2 modification process the
Agency is convinced by commenters to follow the Class
3 procedures instead, then the Agency would prepare
the appropriate notification and draft permit as
required by Part 124 after the Class 2 comment period
is concluded. However, if the Agency disagrees with
the request to reclassify the modification, then it must
provide its response in the administrative record; such
decision constitutes a final Agency determination and
is not subject to appeal under Part 124 procedures.

53 Fed. Reg. at 37,922 (emphasis added). The preamble could not be
more plain: classification determinations are not subject to Part 124
review at any time. Petitioners’ only argument to counter the plain
meaning of the preamble language is that the word “not” in the final
sentence quoted above is a typographical error. In their view, the con-
text of the paragraph generally reflects an intent to allow classification
determinations to be raised on appeal; otherwise the Region would
not be required to justify its refusal to reclassify a modification “in the
administrative record.” Id. We disagree. While the paragraph does
reflect an intent to allow classification issues to be raised in comments
during the modification process with the purpose of persuading the
Agency to reclassify the pending modification, the preamble plainly
states that classification determinations are not subject to administra-
tive appeal. We find no support for the cavalier contention that the
word “not” in the final sentence is a typographical error. The conclu-
sion that classification decisions are not reviewable on appeal is fur-
ther supported by the language of the final regulation, which limits
appeals to the Region’s decision to “grant or deny” the modification
request. 40 C.F.R. § 270.42(f)(2). Accordingly, the Board is without
jurisdiction to consider petitioners’ challenge to the classification deci-
sion, and review is therefore denied.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is hereby
denied with respect to petitioners’ contention that the Region erred as
a matter of law or policy in modifying the JACADS permit to delete
the five-year operating restriction. The petition is denied for lack of
jurisdiction with respect to petitioners’ claim that the Region erred in
classifying the modification as “Class 2.”

So ordered.

VOLUME 6